问答题TOPIC The more I learn, the more ignorant I find myself to be.

问答题Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and what it can do for us now than formerly. Summer homes, European vacations, travel, BMW's—such items do not seem less in demand than they did a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot admit their dreams as easily and openly as they once could, lest they be thought of as pushing, acquisitive, and vulgar. For such people and many more perhaps not so outstanding, the proper action seems to be, "Succeed at all costs but refrain from appearing ambitious. " The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles, while its public defenders are few and ineffective. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and cultivated in the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its urges, but only that since it is no longer openly honored, it is therefore less often openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground or made devious.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}} Write an essay of 250 words on the ANSWER SHEET, discussing the influence that advertising has had on your life or the lives of your friends.{{/I}}

问答题科学家是一小群努力洞悉自然，在表面的杂乱无序中寻求规律的人，他们具有一种特殊的思考与分析能力，具有无限的耐心进行观察和收集数据。但是，并不能把一切科学发现都归因于能力和耐心，科学发现常常与创造性的想像力紧密相关，的确，想像力的飞跃往往是通向发现的第一步。另外，科学家也以其诚实而著称。他们非常重视诚实，主要是因为诚实对他们的事业至关重要。他们提出的每一个理论都要受到进一步的检验。每一个错误或谎言必将被发现，因此，如果发现了与他们的想法相矛盾的证据，科学家不是隐瞒证据，而是修改甚至放弃他们的想法。这样，他们积累了极其大量的知识，这些知识帮助我们更好地了解自己及周围的世界。

问答题To most of us, nuclear is an all-or-nothing word. Nuclear war is unthinkable. Nuclear weapons must never be used. Nuclear power plants must be perfectly safe. (1) Nuclear meltdown is the end of the world, and "Going nuclear" means you've hit the fatal button, and there's no turning back. The crisis in Japan is teaching us that this isn't true. Nuclear safety, like nuclear doom, is never certain. Too many things can go wrong. And then, just when catastrophe seems inevitable, things can go right. (2) Our challenge in managing the current crisis, and in preparing for the next one, is to broaden our options. We can't anticipate or prevent every scenario. But we can give ourselves a fighting chance. (3) Two days ago, I spoke highly of the reactor containment at the Fukushima Daiichi (福岛) power plant for surviving the earthquake and tsunami that knocked out their primary and backup cooling system. "Everything that could go wrong did," I wrote. Hours later, and explosion damaged one of the containers. Now officials say a second container may have ruptured. Take that as a corollary to Murphy's Law. (4) Anyone who says " Everything that could go wrong did" is overlooking something else that could go wrong. No one could have predicted every misfortune that hit this plant. (5) First a quake bigger than any quake in Japan's history took out the power grid. Then a tsunami arrived with unprecedented speed and took out the backup diesel generators. An explosion at one reactor knocked out four of five pumps at another. A valve malfunction blocked water from being pumped into one of the reactors. Gauges failed. Instrument panels failed. A fire erupted in a spent-fuel storage pool in a reactor that had been offline for months. We don't know how this story will turn out. And that's the point. Failure is an option. So is success.

问答题The dimensions of tourism are astonishing. In 2012, the U. N. tourism organization celebrated reaching 1 billion international trips in a single year. In gross economic power it is in the same company as oil, energy, finance and agriculture. At least one out of every ten people around the world is employed by the industry, according to Wolfgang Weinz of the International Labour Organization. Travel has also become a default fund-raising technique. 【T1】 Today poor nations see tourism as their best bet out of poverty, second only to oil and energy as the major engine of development. Thailand is the world's biggest exporter of rice, yet its tourism is its number-one money earner. Costa Rica has turned its wilderness into a venue for highly profitable ecotourism. As some as Sri Lanka, and now Burma, began seeing an end to conflict, they opened the door to a rush of tourists. After the Arab Spring uprising, Egypt sent out a plea to cruise companies and tour operators to return and kick-start the economy. 【T2】 The U. N. tourism organization now places poverty reduction as one of its top objectives, along with the high-minded ideals of improving international peace and prosperity. Since the end of the Cold War and the opening of the world for travel, tourism has become an important industry that requires some infrastructure, from airfields to modern highways, it is less expensive than building factories. In theory, poor countries should be able to use the new revenue from the tourism industry to pay for the infrastructure while raising standards of living and improving the environment. One hundred of the world's poorest nations do earn up to 5 percent of their gross national product from foreign tourists who marvel at their exotic customs, buy suitcases of souvenirs and take innumerable photographs of stunning landscapes. 【T3】 But just as tourism is capable of lifting a nation out of poverty, it is just as likely to pollute the environment, reduce standards of living for the poor because the profits go to international hotel chains and corrupt local elites , and cater to the worst of tourism, including condemning children the exploitation of sex tourism. Like any major industry, tourism has a serious downside, especially since tourism and travel is underestimated as a global powerhouse, its study and regulation is spotty at best. 【T4】 Tourism is one of those double-edged swords that may look like an easy way to earn desperately needed money but can ravage wilderness areas and undermine native cultures to fit into package tours : a fifteen-minute snippet of a ballet performed in Southern India; native handicrafts refashioned to fit oversize tourists. What is known is that tourism and travel is responsible for 5. 3 per cent of the world's carbon emissions and the degradation of nearly every tropical beach in the world. To make way for more resorts with spectacular views, developers destroy native habitats and ignore local concerns. 【T5】 Preservationists decry the growing propensity to bulldoze old hotels and buildings in favor of constructing new resorts, water holes and entertainment spots that look identical whether in Singapore, Dubai or Johannesburg , a world where diversity is replaced with homogeneity. Another catastrophe for countries betting on tourism has come from wealthy vacationers who fall in love with a country and but so many second houses that locals can no longer afford to live in their own towns and villages.

问答题一个成熟的公共服务系统一建立起来，它将来成为社会持续发展的重要推动力量。

问答题1. Industrial-era thinking forces companies into characterizing their business models as being either product-or service-focused. This is a false choice. Making a product doesn"t define the market a company is creating or competing in. Describing a business as a manufacturer immediately constrains business model innovation opportunities. If we want to bring back manufacturing we have to start by changing our thinking about manufacturing. 2. When you graduate from the university, you exit with thousands of papers of personal text on which are inscribed beliefs and values shaped by years of education, family interactions, relationship, experience. These philosophies and ideologies certainly left an impression on you, but the rigor of the distillation process, the exercise of refinement, that"s where the real learning happened.

问答题道别是一种社交礼仪，它象征一次活动的终结。 在英国、美国和其他许多西方国家，告别具有特定的程式化表达模式。这些表达模式依不同的时间、地点、参加人和文化而变化。一般来说，客人应该先向主人告别。参加同一活动的两位宾客应该谁先告别并没有特定要求。有意思的是，在西方国家，客人提出告辞后不会马上离开，而是会再多待上10到15分钟再离开。出于礼貌，客人要反复告辞两三次以表示自己确实不愿离开。主人送客时会在门口与客人道别。更重要的是，客人要对主人的招待表示感谢。主人则要表示再次相聚的愿望。 在中国，送别客人所花费的时间要多得多。事实上，许多好客的主人会坚持把客人送出居民区，一直送到停车场或公共汽车站。而客人则要再三劝主人不必如此客气，而他们的努力自然是不会奏效的，因为双方的做法都是在遵循传统的礼仪规范。事实上，主人要等到客人再也看不见了才可以离开。在新疆，多数当地少数民族居民认为客人在门口道别离开后还要转身再次向主人表示感谢和祝福。 鞠躬在日本是一种非常重要的习俗。日本人总是不停地鞠躬。最普通的现象是他们在彼此问候及道别时以鞠躬代替握手。不论谁向你鞠躬，不回礼是无礼的表现。身体接触会令日本人不自在，但是，他们已经习惯与西方人握手了。 鞠躬看似简单，但方式是有区别的。这取决于你鞠躬致意的对象的社会地位和年龄。如果对方比你的地位高或年纪比你大，鞠躬角度应该更大，时间更长。此时弯腰鞠躬是礼貌的做法。男子通常将双手垂在身侧，女子则将双手叠放在大腿上，手指相触。如果是在非正式场合，类似于点头的鞠躬就可以了。最常见的形式是15度的鞠躬。你或许会觉得这种做法很怪异，但在日本还是要试着鞠躬。别人会认为你十分有礼!

问答题Outlines：1．现代人会遇到各种各样的压力；2．压力的来源；3．如何减轻自己的压力。

问答题Directions: Write a composition of about 180 words on the following topic. Your composition should be written on Answer Sheet Ⅱ. The Values of Failure

问答题71. Not so long ago it was assumed that the dangers man would meet in space would be terrible, the main ones being radiation and. the danger of being hit by meteors. It is perhaps worth remembering that less than two centuries ago, the dangers of train travel seemed similarly terrible. A man would certainly die, it was thought, if carried along at a Speed of 30 miles per hour. There are two sorts of radiation man must fear in space. The first is radiation from the sun, and this is particularly dangerous when the sun is very active and explosions are occurring on its surface. The second, less harmful form comes from the so-called Van Allen Belts. These are two areas of radiation about 1 ,500 miles away from the earth. 72. Neither of these forms of radiation are a danger to us on the earth, since we are protected by our atmosphere. Specifically, it is that part of our atmosphere known as the ozonosphere which protects us. This is a belt of the chemical ozone between 12 and 21 miles from the ground which absorbs all the radiation. Once outside the atmosphere, however, man is no longer protected, and radiation can be harmful in a number of ways. 73. A distinction must be drawn between the short-and long-term effects of radiation. The former are merely unpleasant, but just because an astronaut returning from a journey in space does not seem to have been greatly harmed, we cannot assume that he is safe. The long-term effects can be extremely serious, even leading to death. One solution to the dangers of radiation is to protect the spaceship by putting some kind of shield around it. This was in fact done on the Apollo spaceships which landed on the moon. But this solution is not possible for longer journeys—to Mars for example—because the shield would need to be very large, and could not be carried. Another solution, not in fact possible at present, would be to surround the spaceship with a magnetic field to deflect the radiation. In all, we have to conclude that there is at present no complete solution to the problem of radiation.

问答题{{B}}1{{/B}} Engineering is the professional art of applying science to the optimum conversion of the re- sources of nature to the uses of humankind. Engineering has been defined as the creative application of "scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination." The term engineering is sometimes more loosely defined, especially in Great Britain, as the manufacture or assembly of engines, ma- chine tools, and machine parts. Associated with engineering is a great body of special knowledge; preparation for professional practice involves extensive training in the application of that knowledge. The function of the scientist is to know, while that of the engineer is to do. The scientist adds to the store of verified, systematized knowledge of the physical world; the engineer brings this knowledge to bear on practical problems. Engineering is based principally on physics, chemistry, and mathematics and their extensions into materials science, solid and fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and systems analysis.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 61. {{U}}Criticism is a study by which men grow important and formidable at very small expense. The power of invention has been conferred by nature upon few, and the labor of learning those sciences which may, by mere labor be obtained, is too great to be willingly endured; but every man can exert such judgment as be has upon the works of others; and he whom nature has made weak, and idleness keeps ignorant, may yet support his vanity by the name of a critic.{{/U}} 62. {{U}}I hope it will give comfort to great numbers who are passing through the world in obscurity, when I inform them how easily distinction may be obtained. All the other powers of literature are coy and haughty; they must be long courted and at last are not always gained; but Criticism is a goddess easy of access and forward of advance, who will meet the slow and encourage the timorous; the want of meaning she supplies with words, and the want of spirit she recompenses with malignity.{{/U}} 63. {{U}}This profession has one recommendation peculiar to itself, that it gives vent to malignity without real mischief. No genius was ever blasted by the breath of critics. Tire poison which, if confined, would have burst the heart fumes away in empty hisses, and malice is set at ease with very little danger to merit. The critic is the only man whose triumph is without another's pain and whose greatness does not rise upon another's ruin.{{/U}} 64. {{U}}To a study at once so easy and so reputable, so malicious and so harmless, it cannot be necessary to invite my readers by a long or labored exhortation; it is sufficient, since all would be critics if they could, to show by one eminent example that all can be critics if they will.{{/U}}

问答题Before the Industrial Revolution, there could have been few family reunions as we know this ceremony at the present time, with its assembling of infrequently-encountered but still familiar figures and the consequent going up to day with the events in other people' s lives. Present-day impressions of this important occasion are of a strange blending of formalities, plain speaking, with a general lack of natural warmth.

问答题The impact of decentralization trends, of course, extends well beyond cities. Sprawling development patterns are destabilizing many of the suburbs that surround cities in this country. Older suburbs are experiencing the same challenges as cities: failing schools, persistent crime, and the loss of jobs and businesses to other, further out suburbs. Even suburban areas that are developing rapidly are finding that explosive growth has its drawbacks, especially in the form of overcrowded schools, but also in long commutes and the inability of local governments to pay for new roads, sewers, and other infrastructure. In the wake of decentralizing economies, central cities remain the residence of "choice" for low-and moderate-income families. While poverty has declined in central cities, urban poverty rates are still twice as high as suburban poverty rates, 18. 8 percent as against 9. 0 percent in 2011 Cities and older suburbs are also disproportionately home to families whose earnings are above the poverty level, but below median income(national median income is $ 37, 000 a yeas and 200 percent of the poverty for a family of three is $ 27, 000 a year). The implications of concentrated poverty are severe. People in these neighborhoods often face a triple whammy: poor schools, weak job information networks, and scarce jobs. They are more likely to live in female-headed households and have less formal educations than residents of other neighborhoods.

问答题Outlines: 1) What is culture shock? 2) What are the symptoms of culture shock? 3) What should we do when confronted with culture shock?