问答题Directions: Some universities and colleges in China require their PhD students to publish research papers in English. Write an essay of no less than 150 words about your opinion on this requirement. Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题美国在1940年代崛起为军事和经济强国，他们在各个领域的卓越成就让东方人为之神往。话虽如此，美国人却又一次转向中国文化，以丰富他们的生活。这个趋势方兴未艾。

问答题那个小学生经常说她要是得到了诺贝尔奖的话，她就要用那笔钱来在西部办许多希望小学。

问答题公共产品和服务需求的快速增长与提供这些产品和服务的缓慢发展是需要引起严重关注的问题之一。

问答题大多数与他人不愉快的经历都是无心的，很容易通过保持无成见的、公开诚恳的交流来补救。礼节性常识是一种有价值的优势，因为在很多场合，要获得第二次机会也许不切实际。

问答题Within the span of a hundred years, in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, a tide of emigration—one of the great folk wanderings of history—swept from Europe to America. 【T1】 This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent . 【T2】 The United States is the product of two principal forces—the immigration of European peoples with their varied ideas, customs, and national characteristics and the impact of a new country which modified these traits . Of necessity, colonial America was a projection of Europe. Across the Atlantic came successive groups of Englishmen, Frenchmen, Germans, Scots, Irishmen, Dutchmen, Swedes, and many others who attempted to transplant their habits and traditions to the new world. 【T3】 But, the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes . These changes were gradual and at first scarcely visible. But the result was a new social pattern which, although it resembled European society in many ways, had a character that was distinctly American. 【T4】 The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th- and 16th-century explorations of North America . In the meantime, thriving Spanish colonies had been established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. These travelers to North America came in small, unmercifully overcrowded craft. During their six- to twelve-week voyage, they survived on barely enough food allotted to them. Many of the ship were lost in storms, many passengers died of disease, and infants rarely survived the journey. Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay. "To the anxious travelers the sight of the American shore brought almost inexpressible relief. " Said one recorder of events, "The air at twelve leagues' distance smelt as sweet as a new-blown garden. " The colonists' first glimpse of the new land was a sight of dense woods. 【T5】 The virgin forest with its richness and variety of trees was a veritable real treasure-house which extended from Maine all the way down to Georgia . Here was abundant fuel and lumber. Here was the raw material of houses and furniture, ships and potash, dyes and naval stores.

问答题Did life emerge spontaneously on earth, or did it come from outer space? 10 The scientific community is sharply split on the question, and the evidence from Mars (火星) not only heats up the debate but also adds a third possibility: life-forms may have arisen on Mars first and then hitched a ride on a meteorite (陨石) to Earth—or vice versa. As Stanford University chemist Richard Zare puts it, "Who is to say that we are not all Martians?" Sounds implausible? Consider the alternatives. Sir Fred Hoyle, the distinguished British astronomer, favors an even more radical theory. The idea is that billions of years ago, the solar system was peppered by biological "seeds", which took root wherever conditions were right. That would explain how life may have arisen at roughly the same time on Earth and on Mars. 11 But it also raises awkward questions about where those seeds came from and what, or who, sent them flying through space. There is something to this theory. 12 Even scientists who reject it acknowledge that some of life"s building blocks probably had extraterrestrial (外星的) origins. Indeed, they now believe that everything from organic chemicals to amino acids (氨基酸), the constituents of proteins, was carried in by the comets, asteroids (小行星) and meteorites.

问答题Brian and Kendelle Glynn, both 32, have been married seven years. Brian, a police officer, is the saver in the family. 1. Kendelle, a computer programmer, feels frustrated when she passes up the chance to buy things she feels she deserves. Many couples would be happier if they could agree on money. "It's the No. 1 problem that couples fight about," says Howard Markman, director of the Center for Marital and Family Studies at the University of Denver in the U. S. and co-author of Fighting for Your Marriage. 2. Talking about money is easier if spouses agree on priorities—the need to pay off debts, a plan to retire in ten years, a vacation to Maldives. But agreeing on financial priorities is sometimes difficult because money hahits are acquired over a lifetime and aren't easily changed. "A person's attitude toward money is almost a personality trait," says Marcia Lasswell, president of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. Blame your in-laws if you want, but unless you believe a suitcase is a negotiating tool, you and your spouse need to allow for each other's financial traits. For example, Brian and Kendelle Glynn are working hard at compromise. 3. On an upcoming beach vacation they will stay in a condominium (公寓), as Kendelle wanted, instead of taking the less expensive motel room Brian had in mind. "A couple of years ago I would have said, ' No, it's too much, ' " Brian explains. And Kendelle doesn't expect to win every battle. "Next time, I have to remember that he gave in on this. /

问答题1．人们在节假日无节制消费 2．大量消费对个人和社会的影响 3．我的看法……

问答题A serious transportation crisis is facing developing countries in which rapidly growing cities are creating new transportation needs. Conversely, non-motorized form of transportation like bicycles and tricycles are seen images of backwardness. In some countries, governments are trying to sup press their use.

问答题充分发挥个体、私营等非公有制经济在促进经济增长、扩大就业和活跃市场等方面的重要作用。放宽国内民间资本的市场准入领域，在投融资、税收、土地使用和对外贸易等方面采取措施，实现公平竞争。依法加强监督和管理，促进非公有制经济健康发展。完善保护私人财产的法律制度。

问答题但是，科学成就既在智力方面让人兴奋又能投入实际应用，它取决于科学自我修正的特征。一定有办法证明任何正确的观点，也一定有办法重复正确的实验。科学家的人格或信念并不重要，至关重要的是论据是否能证实他们的论点。权威人士的论点并不重要，因为许多权威人士频频出错。我希望看到学校和媒体传播这些行之有效的科学思维模式。当然，看到它们被引入政界更让人惊喜。众所周知，新论据或新论点呈现在科学家的面前时，他们会公开并彻底改变他们的观点，可我想不起有哪位政客同样表示要开诚布公地改变其观点。

问答题Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below．Use the proper space on the Answer Sheet Ⅱ. Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is partic ularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and research workers.What is your idea about a good management or a good manager of such a group of people? Good Management Can Help the Organization Achieve Its Desired Results

问答题科技进步是社会发展的重要标尺。1851年，英国举办第一届世博会，就是因为它是世界上最先开展工业革命的国家，并产生了很多科技产品。工业革命后带来的生产力发展令人震撼，在不到100年的时间中，人类社会所创造的生产力比过去一切时代创造的全部生产力还要多、还要大。如果和工业革命后的那一百年相比，人类在最近一百年创造的生产力不知又要大多少倍。上海世博会(Expo 2010 Shanghai)展示了人类最新科技成就，如新一代移动通信、人工智能、新材料、生态节能建筑等，彰显了人类无尽的智慧和创造力。

问答题Yet the implication that rapid change is a new phenomenon is again misleading. If you measure the time it takes for a technology to become widely diffused, today's experi ence does not seem unusual. Take the car. The basic patent for an internal-combustion en gine capable of powering a car was filed in 1877. By the late 1920s—50 years later—over half of all American households owned a car.

问答题Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your ANSWER SHEET Ⅱ. TOPIC Unlike such things as technology and fashion, some things never change over time. Name ONE thing that doesn"t change and explain why it"s changeless.

问答题Americans are the first of the big spenders. 13 Among twenty major countries, the U. S. ranks third from last in individual willingness to save, putting aside a bare 4% of disposable income. A key reason is world-beating U. S. consumer debt, which has ballooned in 20 years from $100 billion to $900 billion. Things were not always thus. Thriftiness, not to say tightfistedness, used to be a Yankee (美国人的) virtue. As recently as 1984, Americans were saving 8% of their after-tax income. The image of Americans as spoiled children is fairly new, though now firmly established. 14 Instead of putting something aside for a rainy day, Americans now start saving only when recession hits, while in other parts of the world like Asia, higher savings are associated with prosperity and growth. Savings also help maintain that happy state of affairs. Capital accumulation funds capital investment, so it comes as no surprise that as in savings, the U. S. lags in investment: 18.5% of GDP in 1994 against 24.8% for Germany, 28.9% for Japan and even more for Asia"s Young Tigers. Given the right encouragement, can Americans become born-savers again? If not, Joseph Gorman, CEO of TRW Inc., the $8 billion American auto-components manufacturer, warns, " 15 Macro-economists would argue that we are condemned to run a big trade deficit because our country consumes far more than it saves, and other countries save far more than they consume. So goods are going to flow largely to the consumers, but the capital profits and the jobs will flow to the producers, who are the savers." In other words, Americans will be the grasshoppers (蚱蜢) in a world of ants.

问答题Order was caused by the need and desire to survive the challenge of the environment. This orderly condition called the "state", and the roles that maintained it, file "law". With time the partner to this tranquility, man marched across the centuries of his evolution to the brink of exploring the boundaries of his own galaxy. Of all living organisms, only man has the capacity to interpret his own evolution as progress. As social life changed, the worth and rights of each member in the larger group, of which he was a part, increased. As the groups grew from clans to civilizations, the value of the individual did not diminish, but became instead a guide to the rules that govern all men.

问答题获得更多知识的惟一途径是通过教育和培训。知识如同资本、物质资源和汗水一样，已经变成了生产的一个必要因素——也许是最基本的因素。因此，一个社会的教育体系应该是能够向以知识为基础的工作迅速转变，否则这个社会就将不可避免地落在后面。