问答题46. The onrush of cheap communications, powerful computers and the Internet all explain why many people feel that, nowadays, change is happening ever more rapidly as technological progress accelerates. Moore's law, that the power of microchips doubles every 18 months, has been tested and found correct. This is what gives people the sense of a world shifting beneath their feet. 47. Yet the implication that rapid change is a new phenomenon is again misleading. If you measure the time it takes for a technology to become widely diffused, today's experience does not seem unusual. Take the car. The basic patent for an internal combustion engine capable of powering a car was filed in 1877. By the late 1920s-50 years later-over half of all American households owned a car. 48. The comparable dates for the computer are harder to tie down, but the first big computer, based on vacuum valves, was built in1946. The transistor-the first semiconductor device-was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1948. The first patent for an integrated circuit was filed in 1959. Now, in 1999-50 years after the first one was built-around half of American households own a computer. The pace of introduction has been similar to that of the car. 49. You have to cheat, choosing only the date for the personal computer, say (mid1970s), or the Internet (ditto) to make it seem much more rapid. Comparing its diffusion among private users is, you might say, unfair to the computer, for that machine's main use is in businesses. On that measure, the best historical analogy is with electrification, and the spread of the electric dynamo into factories. 50. According to Paul David, a historian at Stanford University in California, the first electricity-generating stations had been installed in New York and London in 1881, but it was well into the 1920s before the dynamo became widely used and started to raise productivity. The adoption of the computer in business has also been slow, and failed to have any measurable impact on productivity until very recently.

问答题The word "conservation" has a thrifty meaning. 16 To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had this foolish idea that the treasures were "limitless" and "inexhaustible". 17 Most of the citizens or earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others. For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone"s daily life. To know about the water table (地下水位) in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and river must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. 18 We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man"s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 21. {{U}}We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together.{{/U}} What distinguishes the language of science from languages, as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. 22. {{U}}The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations.{{/U}} 23. {{U}}What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere. It would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding.{{/U}} 24. {{U}}Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem--in my opinion--to characterize our age. If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such goals, their superiority will prove itself in the long run.{{/U}}

问答题56.Analysts have had their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, but without being greatly instructed. Humor can be dissected, as a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind. In a newsreel theater the other day I saw a picture of a man who had developed the soap bubble to a higher point than it had ever before reached. He had become the ace soap bubble blower of America, had perfected the business of blowing bubbles, refined it, doubled it, squared it, and had even worked himself up into a convenient lather. The effect was not pretty. Some of the bubbles were too big to be beautiful, and the blower was always jumping into them or out of them, or playing some sort of unattractive trick with them. It was, if anything, a rather repulsive sight. Humor is a little like that: it won't stand much blowing up, and it won't stand much poking. It has a certain fragility, an evasiveness, which one had best respect. Essentially, it is a complete mystery. A human frame convulsed with laughter, and the laughter becoming mysterious and uncontrollable, is as far out of balance as one shaken with the hiccoughs or in tike throes of a sneezing fit. 57. One of the things commonly said about humorists is that they are really very sad people--clowns with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly stated. It would be more accurate, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone's life and that the humorist, perhaps more sensible of it than some others, compensates for it actively and positively- Humorists fatten on trouble. They have always made trouble pay. 58. They struggle along with a goodwill and endure pain cheerfully, knowing how well it will serve them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpies the terrible discomfort of tight boots. They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a form that is not quite a fiction nor quite a fact either. Beneath the sparking surface of these dilemmas flows the strong tide of human woe. 59. Practically everyone is a manic-depressive of sorts, with his up moments and his down moments, and you certainly don't have to be a humorist to taste the sadness of situation and mood. But there is often a rather fine line between laughing and crying, and if a humorous piece of writing brings a person to the point where his emotional responses are untrustworthy and seem likely to break over into the opposite realm, it is because humor, like poetry, has an extra content. It plays close to the bit hot fire which is Truth, and sometimes the reader feels the heat.

问答题Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: Should private car owners be taxed for pollution? You are to write in three parts: In the first part, state clearly what your view is. In the second part, support your view with appropriate reasons. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary.

问答题Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 病人有权利，医生也有权利 曾经有一个阶段，医疗保健的典型模式是神权模式。“医生好像就是上帝，”卡罗琳．施密德说，“医生似乎什么都知道。随着护理变得更加复杂，这种模式也变得更温和了。我们进入了一个被称为父系的时代，这个时候医生就像父亲一样，知道什么对病人最好。” 随着医疗护理变得更加技术化，上述模式变成了我们所说的工程模式。这种情况下，人们与医生打交道的方式与跟一位工程师签合同差不多。因为这位工程师比你知识丰富，你信任他，让他接管并且做正确的事。 施密德女士说，近年来，“人们意识到一个问题——尤其是对那些即将从医学院校毕业的年轻医生们——通过媒体对医疗知识的传播，病人的经验更加老到，A懂得更多。现在的理想模式已经变成了合作模式，医生和病人对医疗本质都有了进一步的了解。” 在这种医疗处理的新方法中，病人和医生作为团队进行合作。对病人的好处在于他们获得了很多权利，这是前所未有的。然而，就像言论自由也有限制一样——我们不允许在拥挤的剧院里乱喊“着火啦!”——病人的权利也是有限制的。 在这种合作模式中，施密德女士说，“你是在团队中做事。不管什么时候你与人共事，你们都是两个人，而且双方都有权利。病人知道他们想让自己接受什么治疗，这些是非常实在的权利。但医生知道自己有能力或者愿意做什么，这些要与他自己的个人道德和对健全的医疗行业的知识相一致。与上述两者中的任何一个背道而驰都像对他实施了暴力。” 在明尼苏达州，已经有法律认可的生前遗嘱表，你可以从医生、医疗保健提供者或者律师那儿得到它。这张表格会问你一些问题，来帮你理清临终医疗阶段你想要什么和不想要什么。 你不必将表格中的所有项都填满。比如，如果愿意的话，你可以什么都不填，只写上你代理人的名字，这个代表你说话的人不能将你的治疗决定公之于众。 很多人把生前遗嘱等同于“拔管子”。但是据莱蒙斯先生所说，“生前遗嘱并不意味着‘拔管子’。它还意味着把管子接到墙上的医疗仪器上，即做任何可能的事，因为它是你的意愿”。 生前遗嘱不用太复杂。事实上，它可以是一个简单的声明，如“如果两位医生都认为我是脑死亡，我就不想继续活下去了”。把一个人的愿望用白纸黑字写下来，可以清楚表明这个人真正想要的东西。 你可能会觉得生前遗嘱跟自己一点关系都没有。事实上，法律也没有要求。它只是一个工具，帮你确保你可以得到你想要的治疗。如果你没有生前遗嘱，医生会询问你的至亲。任何情况下医生都会尽责地运用他们的知识和经验，在治疗的任何阶段帮你作出最好的决定。只有你自己才能决定是否使用这个工具。 注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。

问答题TOPICAs a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ. The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. {{U}}I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.{{/U}} (1) Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing facts or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. {{U}}In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.{{/U}} (2) This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. {{U}}There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.{{/U}} (3) An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. {{U}}Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.{{/U}} (4) There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious fraud and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and fraud psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels (道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation (便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. (5) {{U}}When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.{{/U}}

问答题Write a composition with the title "Is University Expansion a Good Thing?" based on the following given outline. Your composition should be about 150 English words. Please write your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2. Outline: 1. Some people say that the recent increased enrollment of university students is a good thing. 2. Others hold the opposite view. 3. Your opinion. Please illustrate your point with adequate evidence.

问答题{{B}}TOPIC{{/B}} What's your idea of the statement "Publish or Perish"?

问答题Directions: You are asked to write an essay on the following topic: Many universities and colleges offer qualification: through some sort of distance learning using the Internet, rather than by face-to-face contact in a classroom. In your opinion, do the advantages of this development outweigh the disadvantages of learning in this way? You should write at least 250 words. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

问答题我们都相信人总是要死的，一盏烛光总有一天要熄灭的，我认为这感觉是好的。它使我们清醒，使我们悲哀，它也使某些人感到一些诗意。此外还有一层最为重要：它使我们能够坚定意志，去想过一种合理的、真实的生活，随时使我们感悟到自己的缺点。它也使我们心中安宁，因为一个人的心中有了那种接受恶劣遭遇的准备，才能够获得安宁。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Write a composition of at least 150 words on the title "Can Money Buy Happiness?" Write it neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

问答题21. The greatest achievement of humankind in its long evolution from ancient hominoid ancestors to its present status is the acquisition and accumulation of a vast body of knowledge about itself, the world, and the universe. The products of this knowledge are all those things that, in the aggregate, we call "civilization", including language, science, literature, art, all the physical mechanisms, instruments, and structures we use, and the physical infrastructures on which society relies. 22. Most of us assume that in modern society knowledge of all kinds is continually increasing and the aggregation of new information into the corpus of our social or collective knowledge is steadily reducing the area of ignorance about ourselves, the world, and the universe. But continuing reminders of the numerous areas of our present ignorance invite a critical analysis of this assumption. In the popular view, intellectual evolution is similar to, although much more rapid than, somatic evolution. Biological evolution is often described by the statement that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"--meaning that the individual embryo, in its development from a fertilized ovum into a human baby, passes through successive stages in which it resembles ancestral forms of the human species. The popular view is that humankind has progressed from a state of innocent ignorance, comparable to that of an infant, and gradually has acquired more and more knowledge, much as a child learns in passing through the several grades of the educational system. 23. Implicit in this view is an assumption that phylogeny resembles ontogeny, so that there will ultimately be a stage in which the accumulation of knowledge is essentially complete, at least in specific fields, as if society had graduated with all the advanced degrees that signify mastery of important subjects. Such views have, in fact, been expressed by some eminent scientists. In 1894 the great American physicist Albert Michelson said in a talk at the University of Chicago: 24. While it is never safe to affirm that the future of Physical Science has no marvels in store even more astonishing than those of the past, it seems probable that most of the grand underlying principles have been firmly established and that further advances are to be sought chiefly in the rigorous application of these principles to all the phenomena which come under our notice The future truths of Physical Science are to be looked for in the sixth place of decimals.

问答题Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use the space provided on your Answer Sheet II. TOPIC What is the one thing that you"ve learned from doing sports which applies to all aspects of your life? Please use examples to illustrate your points.

问答题工作使人忙碌，让人不会感到寂寞、孤独。工作给人以充实感和成就感。研究表明，人们无事可做时会感到不愉快、忧虑、孤独。相反，忙于工作的人感到最愉快。许多热爱事业、卓有成就的人感到在努力工作时最幸福。工作起到人与现实之间的桥梁作用：通过工作，人们彼此接触；通过集体活动，人们得到友谊和温暖。由此我们可以得出结论：工作能使人幸福，使人健康。

问答题College—A New Experience

问答题中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。众所周知，中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。人们采用肉、蔬菜、豆制品等能做出各种美味食品，但往往耗时多。这一点与快节奏的现代社会极不相符。如今我们有了许多不同的选择：除传统家常菜外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。由于午休时间短，人们不愿在吃上花时间，因而各种快捷、便宜的快餐成了人们，特别是年轻人的首选。

问答题Directions: Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 现代医院是向伤病员提供医疗服务的众多机构之一，是人们最熟悉的，当然也是最复杂的机构。现代医院与过去的医院几乎没有什么相似之处。医学科学的进步给医疗服务领域带来了实质性的革命，为病人提供的服务质量有所提高，医疗卫生从业人员的职业需求有所增长；人们治疗伤病的方法种类增多。多年之前，从事医疗工作的人只能选择当医生、当牙医，或是在医院当管理人员，现在，可以在几百个与健康相关的职业中进行挑选。 一个现代化的医院需要配备经过多种专业训练的人员，这样才能为病人提供充分的服务。许多人时常忘记病人的多种需求，有人需要喂饭，有人负责医疗记录，有人负责清洁卫生，有人负责洗衣服。此外，还要有人负责人事工作，这些只是需要医务人员高效、妥善完成的无数工作中的一部分。医院过去并不那么复杂。印度公元四世纪就有医院。与其说是医院，倒不如说是病人疗养所，病人或者在那里康复，或者在那里死去。在古希腊和罗马，人们常常把寺庙用做医院。这些早期的医院是干净的、令人愉快的场所，但不留意病人的身体情况。医院这个名字实际上是来自拉丁文hospitium，意为“接待来客的地方”。英语单词hotel和hostel也出自同一词根。 在中世纪，教会担当了照顾病人的责任。医院仍旧被用做休息场所，但却逐渐声名狼藉。人们开始把那儿看成是污秽和死亡之地，设法避开它。难怪刚到新大陆的美国移民不想建立医院。直到1713年，William Penn才在费城定居区建立了第一家社区医院。 在19世纪，医学的进步改变了这一切。Louis Pasteur提供了细菌理论，Florence Nightingale使护理成为一项令人尊敬的职业。此后，世界各地医院数量显著增加。到1873年，仅美国就有近200家医院，现在则有7000多家。 医院的种类很多，最常见的是普通或社区医院。它能治疗不同年龄的病人及无数内科疾病和外伤。大多数病人的病是急性的，通常住医院时间不超过一周。 其他医院提供更专门化的治疗。有些医院治疗慢性疾病，并提供长期护理设施。有些医院只接收某一年龄段的病人，如儿童；或只接收患某种特殊疾病的患者，如结核病。 医院也可根据其财政来源来分类。世界上绝大多数医院由所在国政府负担经费。美国则不同，只有军队医院和一些专科医院由联邦政府、州或当地政府经营。美国的医院一般是私立的、非营利的机构。这些由个人赞助的医院通常附属于某些大学或宗教机构。其运转开支，部分来自政府的补助金，绝大部分收入来自个人的捐助和赠予。 注意：写作部分要求50分钟内完成。

问答题The agreement is overseen by the Committee on Agriculture which reviews progress in the implementation of commitments, and is required to monitor the follow-up on the Ministerial decision relating to the least-developed countries and net-food importing developing countries. "Peace" provisions within the agreement aim to reduce the likelihood of serious disputes or challenges on agricultural subsidies over a period of nine years. 57. The agreement was conceived as part of a continuing process with the long-term objective of securing substantial progressive reductions in support and protection in agriculture. It calls for further negotiations to be initiated before the end of the fifth year of implementation. 58. The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (植物检疫的) Measures concerns the application of food safety and animal and plant health regulations. It recognizes governments' rights to take sanitary and phytosanitary measures but stipulates that they must be based on science, should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and should not arbitrarily or unjustifiably discriminate between members where identical or similar conditions prevail. Members are encouraged to base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist, 59. However, members may maintain or introduce measures which result in higher standards if there is scientific justification or as a consequence of consistent risk decisions based on an appropriate risk assessment. 60. It is expected that members will accept the sanitary and phytosanitary measures of others as equivalent if the exporting Country demonstrates to the importing country that its measures achieve the importing country's appropriate level of health protection.