填空题{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Between 5,000 million and 4,000 million years ago the Earth was formed, By 3,000 million years ago life had arisen and we have fossils of microscopic bacteria-like creatures to prove it. {{U}} (66) {{/U}}Nobody knows what happened, but theorists agree that the key was the spontaneous arising of self-replicating entities, i. e. something equivalent to "genes" in the general sense. The atmosphere of the early Earth probably contained gases still abundant today on other planets in the solar system. Chemists have experimentally reconstructed these ancient conditions in the laboratory. If plausible gases are mixed in a flask with water, and energy is added by an electric discharge (simulated lightning), organic sub-stances are spontaneously synthesized. These include the building blocks of RNA and DNA. It seems probable that something like this happened on the early Earth. Consequently, the sea would have become a "soup" of prebiological organic compounds.{{U}} (67) {{/U}} Today the most famous self-replicating molecule is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), but it is widely thought that DNA itself could not have been present at the origin of life because its replication is too dependent on support from specialized machinery, which could not have been available before evolution itself began. DNA has been described as a" high-tech" molecule which probably arose some time after the origin of life itself. Perhaps the related molecule RNA, which still plays various vital roles in living cells, was the original self-replicating molecule. Or perhaps the primordial replicator was a different kind of molecule altogether.{{U}} (68) {{/U}}Variants that were particularly good at replication would automatically have come to predominate in the primeval soup. Varieties that did not replicate, or that did so inaccurately, would have become relatively less numerous. This led to ever-increasing efficiency among replicating molecules. As the competition between replicating molecules warmed up, success must have gone to the ones: hat happened to hit upon special tricks or devices for their own self-preservation and their own rapid replication. The rest of evolution may be regarded as a continuation of the natural selection of replicator molecules, now called genes, by virtue of their capacity to build for themselves efficient devices (cells and multicellular bodies) for their own preservation and reproduction.{{U}} (69) {{/U}} Fossils were not laid down on more than a small scale until the Cambrian era, nearly 600 million years ago. The first vertebrates may date back 530 million years, according to fossil evidence--primitive, lawless fishes with fins, gills, and fish-like muscle patterns--found in China in 1999. Vertebrates appear abundantly in fossil beds between 300 and 400 million years ago.{{U}} (70) {{/U}} Mammals and, later, birds, arose from two different branches of reptiles. The rapid divergence of mammals into the rich variety of types that we see today, from opossums to elephants, from anteaters to monkeys, seems to have been unleashed into the vacuum left by the catastrophic extinction of the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago. A. Among vertebrates, the land was first colonized by lobe-finned and lung-bearing fish about 250 million years ago, then by amphibians and, in more thoroughgoing fashion, by various kinds of animals that we loosely lump together as reptiles. B. Once self-replicating molecules had been formed by chance, something like Darwinian natural selection could have begun: variation would have come into the population because of random errors in copying. C. It is not enough, of course, that organic molecules appeared in the primeval soup. The crucial step, as noted above, was the origin of self-replicating molecules, molecules capable of copying themselves. D. Although we naturally emphasize the evolution of our own kind--the vertebrates, the mammals, and the primates--these constitute only a small branch of the great tree of life. E. Three thousand million years is a long time, and it seems to have been long enough to have produced such astonishingly complex contrivances as the vertebrate body and the insect body. F. Some time between these two dates--independent molecular evidence suggests about 4,000 million years ago--that mysterious event, the origin of life, must have occurred.

填空题Directions: In this section, you are going to hear a passage. The passage will be read ONLY ONCE. As you listen to the passage, fill in the blanks with the words you hear. After the passage there will be a 3-minute pause. During the pause, you must write the words on the Answer Sheet. Now, please get ready. Crossing Wesleyan University's campus usually requires {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}over colorful messages chalked on the ground. They can be as {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}as meeting announcements, but in a growing number of cases the language is meant to shock. It's not uncommon, for instance, to see lewd references to professors' sexual preferences scrawled across a{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}or the mention of the word "Nig" that African-American students say make them feel uncomfortable. In{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}, officials and students at schools are now debating ways to lead their communities away from forms of expression that offend or harass (侵扰). In the process, they're putting up against the {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}of regulating speech at{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}that pride themselves on fostering open debate. Mr. Bennet of Wesleyan says he had {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}used to seeing occasional talkings filled with four-letter words. Campus tradition made any horizontal surface not attached to a building a potential billboard. But when talkings began taking on a more threatening and lewd tone, Bennet decided to act. "This is not acceptable in a workplace and not{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}in an institution of higher learning," Bennet says. For now, Bennet is seeking input about what kind of message-posting policy the school should adopt. The student {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}recently passed a resolution saying the "right to speech comes with implicit{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}to respect community standards". Other public universities have confronted problems this year whiie {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}various ways of {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}where students can express themselves. At Harvard Law School, the recent controversy was more linked to the {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}setting. Minority students there are seeking to curb what they consider harassing speech in the wake of a series of incidents last spring. At a meeting held by the "Committee on Healthy Diversity" last week, the school's Black Law Students Association {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}a policy targeting {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}harassment. It would trigger a review by school officials if there were charges of "severe or pervasive conduct" by students or faculty. The policy would cover {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}based on, but not limited to, factors such as race, {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}, creed, sexual orientation, national origin, and ethnicity (种族划分). Boston attorney Harvey Silverglate, says other schools have adopted similar harassment policies that are {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}speech codes, punishing students for raising certain ideas. "Restricting students from saying anything that would be {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}as very unpleasant by another student continues uninterrupted," says Silverglate, who {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}the Harvard Law town meeting last week.

填空题(A large collection) of contemporary photographs, (including) some taken by Mary (are) on display (at) the museum. A. A large collection B. including C. are D. at

填空题 Are you always sure you know what people mean when they try to describe their feelings to you? We use both words and gestures to express our feelings, but the problem is that these words and gestures can be interpreted in different ways. It is tree that a smile means the same things in any language. So{{U}} (31) {{/U}}laughter or crying. There are also a number of striking similarities in the way different animals show the{{U}} (32) {{/U}}feeling. Does, tigers and humans, for example, often show their teeth when they are angry. This is probably{{U}} (33) {{/U}}such behavior patterns are inherited rather than{{U}} (34) {{/U}}. Fear is another emotion that is shown in{{U}} (35) {{/U}}the same way all over the world. In Chinese and in English fiction, a phrase like 'he went pale and began to tremble' suggests that the man is{{U}} (36) {{/U}}very afraid or has just had a very nasty shock. However, 'he opened his eyes wide' is used. to suggested anger in Chinese{{U}} (37) {{/U}}in English it conveys surprise. In Chinese surprise can be described in a phrase like ' they stretched{{U}} (38) {{/U}}their tongues'. Sticking out your tongue in{{U}} (39) {{/U}}is an insulting gesture or expresses disgust. Even in the same{{U}} (40) {{/U}},people differ{{U}} (41) {{/U}}their ability to interpret and express feelings. Experiments in America have shown that women are usually better than men{{U}} (42) {{/U}}recognizing fear, anger, love and happiness on people's faces. Disgust, contempt and suffering seem to{{U}} (43) {{/U}}the most difficult emotions for people everywhere either to recognize or to{{U}} (44) {{/U}}. Other studies have{{U}} (45) {{/U}}that older people usually find{{U}} (46) {{/U}}easier to interpret body language (the way people stand or move etc. ) than younger people{{U}} (47) {{/U}}, and psychologists such as E.G.. Beier have also shown that some people frequently give completely the wrong impression of{{/U}} (48) {{/U}}they feel. For instance, they try to show affection but in fact actually communicate dislike. Or when they want to show interest, they give the impression that they don't care. This can happen even among close friends and members of the same family. In{{U}} (49) {{/U}}words, what we think we axe communicating through language, voice, face and body movements may be the exact{{U}} (50) {{/U}}of what other people understand.

填空题The document is quite beyond me as there are too many new words in it.(with) ____________________.

填空题English remains a dominant and universal language, which presently (51) as a connection-link between great varieties of different nations. Now English is spoken mainly in every corner of the world. It is very convenient in (52) of facilitating contacts between people from different countries. The British council put the figure of 750 million English language speakers. The only (53) that the percentage of papers published in English has gone from 65% to 85% in the last 25 years is self-explanatory and only (54) the prevalence of English in all spheres of life. The importance of English skills has been exaggerated to the (55) that it overweighs practically everything in assessing person's competency. (56) of controversial information that English dominance will be replaced by Chinese, Arabic or Hindi languages by 2050, which was introduced by a linguist and methodologist David Graddol, a quantity of English language learners is increasing by (57) and bounds. It is quite reasonable that everybody in the world should be (58) an opportunity to learn English in order to be able to communicate effectively at the global level Though, this is by no (59) always the case that English learning comes easily to people. Many English learners struggle with English to no purpose for years and cannot master it, whatever (60) they exert. The point is that some people have (61) linguistic abilities, so called a feeling for languages and a way (62) for others is to learn how to learn English effectively. Most of us can succeed (63) dint of our diligence and perseverance. Undoubtedly, every person eau become a successful English learner. The main thing is to sort (64) and develop a set of successful language learning techniques, which, indeed, (65) from one learner to another. 1. Have curiosity to learn English and cognate something new, opening unexplored horizons of knowledge. Curiosity is a (66) force, which will push you up in English learning. You can be inquisitive about language, culture, traditions, or even people who (67) this country. You should always try to find a force, which will make you tick and help you advance with rapid strides. Someone calls it motivation; others name it an eager (68) to learn. No matter how it is called, the main thing is that it brings lasting and positive results. 2. Treat realistically a (69) of your goal, your potential and your time. Remember that English learning is impossible to limit within some frameworks. Because language learning has a beginning, but it does not have an exact ending, as English learning prolongs in the whole (70) of your life.

填空题What is kinesics?

填空题Does happiness favor those of a particular age, sex, or income level? Social scientists have exploded some myths about who's happy and who's not by identifying predictors of happiness and life satisfaction. Many people believe there are unhappy times of life — typically the stress filled teen years, the "mid-life crisis" years, or the declining years' of old age. But interviews with people of all ages reveal【C1】______no time of life is notably happier or unhappier. Emotions do【C2】______with age: Satisfaction with social relations and health becomes more important in later life. And teens,【C3】______adults, typically rebound from either gloom【C4】______joy within an hour's time. Does happiness have a favorite sex? Are men happier because of their greater incomes and social power? Are women happier because of their supposedly greater capacity for intimacy and social connection? Like age,【C5】______gives no clue to subjective well-being. There are gender gaps in misery: When troubled, men more often become alcoholic,【C6】______women more often think deeply and get depressed. Yet men and women are equally likely to declare themselves "very happy" and "【C7】______" with life. This conclusion is grounded in scores of studies around the world. Living standards have soared during the twentieth century, and economists expect them to continue【C8】______in the decades ahead. Does that mean that we humans can look【C9】______to increasing happiness? Not necessarily. Steady improvements in the economy are not【C10】______by a steady increase in people's assessments of their own happiness.

填空题{{B}}Ⅰ．{{/B}}Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. The history of responds to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444--1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli's work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of his fellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli's work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.) The primary reason for Botticelli's unpopularity is not difficult to understand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro. Another reason for Botticelli's unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art. In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli's work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater (although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli's personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli's work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908. Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines--features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves--rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home's emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli's achievements.

填空题In the United States and in many (51) countries around the world, there are four main ways for people to be informed (52) developments in the news: Newspapers, magazines, and (53) or television news broadcasts. A person may use one, or all, of these (54) for information. Each source is useful in its own way. Newspapers and magazines can give much (55) about a particular event. They may provide some history of the event, some of its causes, some of its effects, or perhaps give an opinion or point of view on a particular development. Radio and television can help a person to be well-informed about what is (56) each day. It is also possible to listen to the radio or (57) TV and do something (58) at the same time. Many people can listen to the news (59) their car radio while (60) somewhere. For the student of English (61) a foreign language, an English language newspaper may be the most helpful news source (62) will also give you practice in reading English. Most daily English language newspapers are not very hard to read. They are interesting and helpful in many ways. In some of them, you may be able to find news about your native country. You will find news, and information about important national and international political developments. No matter what you are interested in, you can probably find something in the newspaper about it. A story in the newspaper may help you (63) a problem. Other stories may be about good movies, concerts, or TV shows. Usually, an English language newspaper has several sections or parts. Each part of the newspaper (64) stories about different kinds of news. Some sections have a lot of advertisements which may be helpful if you want to save money. By reading the (65) , you may find something you want on sale. Or you may find that two stores are advertising the same thing, but at one store the (66) is lower. Other sections may have fewer advertisements or have only a specific type of advertisement to interest the people who read that section of the paper. The first section of the paper usually has the most important (67) in it. Important (68) in national and international government and politics will be mentioned in the first section, and usually (69) the first page. Other news that is important to the people (70) read the paper will also be in the first section. For example, The New York Times usually has stories about national and international news on the first page. There and on the other pages of the first section, the Times also has news about New York City and other nearby areas. This local news is important to many people who read The New York Times.

填空题Overhead railway, (whose) tracks (are elevated out of) the way of surface traffic, (might have been) (one possible solution to) heavy traffic in big cities. A. whose B. are elevated out of C. might have been D. one possible solution to

填空题Confucius—a statesman, scholar, and {{U}}educator{{/U}} of {{U}}great skill{{/U}} and reputation—is generally held to he China's {{U}}greatest{{/U}} and most {{U}}influence{{/U}} philosopher. A. education B. great skill C. greatest D. influence