填空题In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the (51) half of the 19th century; most of (52) were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day nursery movement received great (53) during the First World War, when (54) of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established (55) in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship. (56) the number of nurseries in the U. S. also rose (57) , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, (58) , federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control (59) the day nurseries, chiefly by (60) them and by inspecting and regulating the condition within the nurseries. The (61) of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were (62) called up on to replace men in the factories. On this (63) the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, (64) $6,000,000 in July, 1942,for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities (65) this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared (66) in daycare centers receiving Federal (67) Soon afterward, the Federal government (68) cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later (69) them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their (70) at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.

填空题"Intercultural communication" is communication (51) members of different cultures. This definition is simple, (52) the process is complex. Intercultural communication involves differing perceptions, attitudes and interpretations. We know that even two people from the same (53) can have communication problems. People can unintentionally hurt each other by something they say or (54) . Isn't it logical, then, that communication problem can be (55) among people who do not have the benefit of shared experiences (i. e. , language and culture) 9. Cultures do not communicate; individuals (56) . Everyone has a unique style of communication, but cultures determine a general style for their members. The (57) of individual to his culture is (58) to an actor and his director. The actor puts his own personality into his acting but is nevertheless influenced by the director. We are not always aware of the subtle influences of our culture. (59) , we may not perceive that others are influenced by their cultures as well. Problems and misinterpretations do not result every time members from two cultures communicate. (60) , when cultural conflicts do arise, they may be perceived (61) personal rather than cultural. In the following example it is a (62) misunderstanding that creates negative feelings and confusion. A young woman from one culture is looking (63) of the window and sees a male acquaintance from another culture. He signals to her by puckering his lips . She quickly looks away from the window. Later she ignores him. He is confused and she is angry. The (64) was due to the woman's failure to understand the man's nonverbal signal. In her culture, his gesture conveys a sexual advance. According to his culture, he Was only saying (nonverbally) , "Oh there you are . I've been looking for you." The woman's misinterpretation resulted (65) her angry reaction and his (66) . If the two had known more (67) each other's nonverbal cues, they could have (68) the cultural conflict. Some misunderstandings are insignificant and can be easily (69) or remedied. (70) conflicts are more serious in that they can cause misinterpretations and create persistent negative attitudes toward foreigners.

填空题Retailers offered deep discounts and extra hours this weekend in the bid to lureshoppers.A.offeredB. deepC.in the bidD.to lure

填空题 Many countries will not allow cigarette advertising in their newspapers or on TV especially since the advertisements are usually written with young, people in mind. In{{U}} (51) {{/U}}of advertising, the tobacco companies have begun to sponsor sports events. They give money to football, motor racing, tennis and a{{U}} (52) {{/U}}of other sports on condition{{U}} (53) {{/U}}the name of the cigarette is mentioned. This is now causing concern, because it does exactly{{U}} (54) {{/U}}many ads tried to do—suggest that{{U}} (55) {{/U}}has some relation with being strong and athletic. In all this, the point of view of the non-smoking has to be considered, as{{U}} (56) {{/U}}: "I wish the smokers would stop{{U}} (57) {{/U}}the air. I wish I could eat in a restaurant{{U}} (58) {{/U}}having to smell cigarette smoke." It has been calculated that, in a room{{U}} (59) {{/U}}a large number of people are smoking, a{{U}} (60) {{/U}}will breathe in the equivalent of two or three cigarettes during an evening. In fact, non-smokers are now a majority in many western countries. More and more people are giving{{U}} (61) {{/U}}the habit, discouraged by high prices, influenced by anti-smoking advertising—or just aware that smoking is no{{U}} (62) {{/U}}really a polite thing to do. Faced{{U}} (63) {{/U}}lower sales, the western tobacco companies have begun to look for markets outside their own countries. They have begun{{U}} (64) {{/U}}campaigns to persuade young people in developing countries{{U}} (65) {{/U}}smoking American or British or French cigarettes is a sophisticated western habit, {{U}}(66) {{/U}}they should copy. As a{{U}} (67) {{/U}}more and more young people are spending the little money they have{{U}} (68) {{/U}}a product which the West recognizes as{{U}} (69) {{/U}}and no longer wants. The high number of young smokers in India, in South America and in South-East Asia will be{{U}} (70) {{/U}}of tomorrow's problems.

填空题Ideally, the teacher-student relationship at universities is characterized (51) trust. The "honor system," imposed by the teacher and the university, demands that the student (52) honest in all areas of school work. Thus, (53) on tests, plagiarizing in written work, presenting others' ideas as original, and (54) in homework completed by someone are all prohibited. Violation of the honor system can result in a student's failing a course, having a permanent record of the violation placed in the student's school files, or even being (55) from the university. Many students are also aware that they can jeopardize their rapport with fellow students if they are (56) . Students who (57) may lose the respect of other students, particularly those who study for exams and work independently. When leaving the classroom while students are (58) an exam, an instructor may or may not say, "I expect you all to abide (59) the honor system." Even if the words are not stated, the student is expected to work (60) and not to share answers. Relationships between students in the classroom can be cooperative or competitive. International students should not hesitate to ask for help if it is (61) . There are courses, (62) , where grades are (63) in relation to other students' scores. Therefore, in classes where such a grading "curve" is used, students may be (64) to share lecture notes or information for fear (65) their own grades will suffer. There are other reasons for the presence of (66) among students. A high grade point average is needed for (67) to superior graduate schools. Students feel pressure to achieve high grades when there are relatively few openings in graduate programs. (68) addition, when facing a competitive job market, graduates may be judged on the (69) of their grade point average and faculty recommendations. Ultimately, it is the student who is responsible for succeeding in this (70) system.

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填空题To understand better the forces that control human aging and longevity, we have tried to determine whether the longer lifespan of females might be part of some grand Darwinian scheme. Gender differences in longevity have been (51) in other members of the animal kingdom: in fact, in almost all species that have been observed in the wild, females (52) to live longer than males. Female macaques live an (53) of eight years longer than males, for example, and female sperm whales outlive their male (54) by an average of 30 years. It seems that a species' lifespan is roughly correlated (55) the length of time that its young remain (56) on adults. We have come to believe that (57) a significant, long-term investment of energy is required to ensure the survival of offspring, evolution favors longevity—in (58) , female longevity. Indeed, we believe that the necessity for female (59) in the human reproductive cycle has (60) the length of the human lifespan. We start with the assumption (61) the longer a woman lives and the more slowly she ages, the (62) offspring she can produce and rear to adulthood. Long-lived women (63) have a selective advantage over women who die young. Long-lived men would (64) have an evolutionary advantage over their shorter-lived (65) .But primary studies suggest that men's (66) capacity is actually limited more by their access (67) females than by lifespan. Hence, the advantage of longevity for men would (68) be nearly as significant as it is for women. And because males historically are not as (69) in child care as females, in the not so distant evolutionary past the survival of a man's offspring depended not so (70) on how long he lived as on how long the children's mother lived.

填空题In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people (usually) strive for their maximum personal ability rating, (when) they (are challenged) but can be victorious, rather than merely (surmounting the mediocre).A. usuallyB. whenC. are challengedD. surmounting the mediocre

填空题We are quite ignorant of what has been achieved in this field.(nothing) ____________________.

填空题{{U}}Electronic{{/U}} mail to describe an upcoming workshop {{U}}should use{{/U}} only {{U}}if{{/U}} potential participants use this form of communication {{U}}regularly{{/U}}. A. Electronic B. should use C. if D. regularly

填空题An office is the "brain" of a business. In an office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops or factories. These figures guide the managers (51) telling them what has happened and what is happening. Information comes into an office in all sorts of (52) but the main items of information come in regularly. It is part of the job of the clerks to collect and classify that information and to put it into a form that is easily interpreted and understood. Offices collect information, then they (53) it. This work of collection is common in an office from the sorting of mail every morning to the accountant's work in finding (54) the final figure for year's profit. (55) always requires the arrangement of the same kind of information, often into lists or columns. For this work, correctness, accuracy and speed, as in all office work, are essential. There is no value, (56) , in collecting the figures (57) mean nothing. (58) are guides which should help us (59) decisions. The interpretation of information and of tables should tell us where success or (60) lies, where profit can be had and where (61) occur. On this kind of information and from the known figures, a choice is (62) and a series of such choices may make a policy. A firm which has three factories may find, (63) . instance, from its figures, that one factory is losing money and a choice may lie between either a change of manager, a cut in production, an increase in production (64) closure of the factory. Whichever one of these decisions is taken becomes the policy. It is clear (65) a decision leading to a policy can only be as good (66) the information (67) which it is based. Consequently there is a constant search (68) more and more exact information. Managers will want to have all the necessary facts (69) they can make the best decision and it is normal for (70) to seek for more and more information.

填空题 Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone{{U}} (51) {{/U}}making mistakes. It is actually caused by{{U}} (52) {{/U}}of your "body clock"—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological{{/U}} (53) {{/U}}.The body clock is designed for a{{U}} (54) {{/U}}rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when i{{U}} (55) {{/U}}daylight and darkness at the "wrong'' times in a new time zone. The{{U}} (56) {{/U}}of jetlag often persist for days{{U}} (57) {{/U}}the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is{{U}} (58) {{/U}}that is based on proven{{U}} (59) {{/U}}pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has{{U}} (60) {{/U}}a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone{{U}} (61) {{/U}}controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates{{U}} (62) {{/U}}of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either{{U}} (63) {{/U}}or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule{{U}} (64) {{/U}}light exposure depends a great deal on{{U}} (65) {{/U}}travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual's sleep{{U}} (66) {{/U}}are used to produce a Trip Guide with{{U}} (67) {{/U}}on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls{{U}} (68) {{/U}}bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark out-side, or the weather is bad,{{U}} (69) {{/U}}you are on an aeroplane, you can use a speciallight device to provide the necessary light{{U}} (70) {{/U}}for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.

填空题Photographs (printed in) (newspaper) usually have a caption (underneath) to explain what (they are about). A. printed in B. newspaper C. underneath D. they are about

填空题At two minutes to noon in September 1 of 1923, the great clock in Tokyo stopped. (82) Tokyo Bay shook as if huge rug had been pulled from under it. (83) Towered, above the bay, the 4000-meter Mount Fuji stood above a deep trench in the sea. (84) It was from this trench where the earthquake came at a magnitude of 8.3 on the Richter scale. Huge waves swept over the city. (85) Boats were driven inland, and buildings and people were dragged out sea. (86) The tremors dislodged part of a hillside, which gave way, brushing trains, stations and bodies the wafer below. (87) Three massive shocks wrecked the of Tokyo and Yokohama and, during the next six hours, there were more than 100 aftershocks. The casualties were enormous, but there were also some lucky survivors. (88) The most remarkably was a woman who was having a bath in her room at the Tokyo Grand Hotel. (89) As for the hotel collapsed, she and her bath gracefully descended to the street, (90) leave both her and the bath water intact.