填空题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} Some rituals of modern domestic living vary little throughout the developed world. One such is the municipal refuse collection, usually once a week, your rubbish bags or the contents of your bin disappear into the bowels of a special lorry and are carted away to the local tip. To economists, this ceremony is peculiar, because in most places it is free. Yes, households pay for the service out of local taxes.{{U}} (71) {{/U}}Yet the marginal cost of rubbish disposal is not zero at all. The more people throw away, the more rubbish collectors and trucks are needed, and the more the local council has to pay in landfill and tipping fees. {{U}} (72) {{/U}}But as Don Fullerton and Thomas Kinnaman, two American economists, have found, this seemingly easy application of economic sense to an everyday problem has surprisingly intricate and sometimes disappointing results. In the past few years several American towns and cities have started charging households for generating rubbish. The commonest system is to sell stickers or tags which householders attach to rubbish bags or cans. Only bags with these labels are picked up in the weekly collection. In the paper published last year Fullerton and Kinnaman studied the effects of one such scheme, introduced in July 1992 in Charlottesville, Virginia, a town of about 40,000 people. Residents were charged 80 cents for each sticker. This may sound like the sensible use of market forces. In fact, the authors conclude, the scheme's benefits did not cover the cost of printing stickers, the sticker sellers' commissions, and the wages of the people running the scheme.{{U}} (73) {{/U}} This is inefficient: compacting is done better by machines at landfill sites than by individuals, however enthusiastically. The weight of rubbish collected in Charlottesville fell by a modest 14%. {{U}} (74) {{/U}}The one bright spot in all this seems to have been a 15% increase in the weight of materials recycled, suggesting that people chose to recycle free rather than pay to have their refuse carted away. But the fee may have little to do with the growth in recycling, as many citizens were already participating in Charlottesville's voluntary recycling scheme. {{U}} (75) {{/U}}To discourage dumping, for instance, local councils might have to spend more on catching litterers, or raise fines for littering, or cut the price of legitimate rubbish collection. A. True, the number of bags or cans collected did fall sharply, by 37% between May and September 1992. But rather than buy more tags, people simply crammed more garbage--about 40% more into each container. B. This looks like the most basic of economic misunderstandings: if rubbish disposal is free, people will produce too much rubbish. The obvious economic solution is to make households pay the marginal cost of disposing of their waste. That will give them an incentive to throw out less and recycle more. C. City authorities are now considering a project to teach Government waste collectors the skills, such as what rubbish to collect and how to classify it. If approved, the project will help ease the financial burden of the city's waste treatment. D. It would be foolish to generalize from this one case, but the moral is clear, economic incentives sometimes produce unforeseen responses. E. Less pleasing still, some people resorted to illegal dumping rather than pay to have their rubbish removed. This is hard to measure directly. But the authors, ob-serving that a few households in the sample stopped putting rubbish out, guess that illegal dumping may account for 30%-40% of the reduction in collected rubbish. F. But at the margin the price is zero: the family that fills four bins with rubbish each week pays no more than the elderly couple that fills one.

填空题Complee the paragraph with the erreet form of the fllowing words in the boxes.The word “television”, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can【B1】______ be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the【B2】______of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically【B3】______into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for【B4】______, and as such becomes a【B5】______tool for reaching other human beings.

填空题Generally speaking

填空题The three most important issues (of concern) to citizens today are (prison reform), (abusing children), and toxic (waste).A. of concernB. prison reformC. abusing childrenD. waste

填空题

填空题（北京大学2006年试题） Any parent with a child【1】the ages of 3 and 11 can tell you【2】technology has crept into nearly【3】aspects of playtime and nearly every type of toy. The Hyper Dash, introduced recently from Wild Planet, is a【4】in point. "It's the perfect blend of technology, learning and exercise," says an educational psychologist. Wild Planet has【5】un-veiled a younger version of Hyper Dash, for kids 3 to 5,【6】Animal Scramble, which is due【7】stores in September. In【8】, the firm will soon release Hyper Jump. "Play and technology are【9】," says Claire Green of the nonprofit Parents'Choice Foundation. "There's【10】putting the genie back in the bottle.)"

填空题Upon reaching an appropriate age (usually between 18 and 21 years), children are encouraged, but not forced, to "leave the nest" and (51) an independent life. After children (52) home they often find social relationships and financial support outside the family. Parents do not arrange marriages for their children, (53) do children usually ask permission of their parents to get married. Romantic love is most often the basis for (54) in the United States; young adults meet their future spouses (55) other friends, at school, at jobs, and in organizations and religious institutions. Although children choose their own spouses, they still hope their parents will approve of their (56) . In many families, parents feel that children should (57) major life decisions by themselves. A parent may try to influence a child to follow a particular profession (58) the child is free to choose another career. Sometimes children do precisely the opposite of (59) their parents wish in order to assert their (60) . A son may deliberately decide not to go into his father's business because of a fear that he will lose his autonomy in his father's workplace. This independence from parents is not an indication that parents and children do not love each other. Strong love between parents and children is universal and this is no exception in the American family. Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self reliance and independence. Societal and familial treatment of the elderly also reflects this independence and individualism. Their (61) support is often provided by social security or welfare systems which decrease dependence on their (62) . Additionally, older people may seek their own friends rather than become too emotionally (63) on their children. Senior citizens centers provide a means for peer-group association within one's own age group. There are problems, (64) with growing old in the United States. Glorification of (65) and indifference to the aged have left many older people alienated and alone. Some families send their older relatives to nursing homes rather than integrate them into the homes of the children or grandchildren. This separation of the elderly from the (66) has contributed (67) the isolation of an increasingly large segment of society. (68) the other hand, there are many older people who choose to live in retirement communities (69) they have the companionship of (70) older people and the convenience of many recreational and social activities close to home.

填空题Business and government leaders consider the inflation rate to be an important general indicator. Inflation is a period of increased spending that causes rapid rises in prices. When your money buys fewer goods so that you get (51) for the same amount of money as before, inflation is the problem. There is a general rise (52) the prices of goods and services. Your money buys less. Sometimes people describe inflation as a time when "a dollar is not worth a dollar anymore". Inflation is a problem for all consumers. People who live on a fixed income are hurt the best. Retired people, for instance, can not count (53) an increase in income as prices rise. Elderly people who do not work face serious problems in stretching their incomes to (54) their needs in time of inflation. Retirement income or any fixed income usually does not rise as fast as prices. Many retired people must cut their spending to keep up with rising prices. In many cases they must stop (55) some necessary items, such as food and clothing. Even for working people whose incomes are going up, inflation can be a problem. The cost of living goes. (56) , too. People who work must have even more money to keep up their standard of living. Just buying the things they need costs more. When incomes do not keep pace with (57) prices, the standard of living goes down. People may be earning the same (58) of money, but they are not living as well because they are not able to buy as many goods and services. Government units gather information about prices in our economy and publish it as price indexes from (59) the rate of change can be determined. A price index measures changes in prices using the price for a given year as the base. The base price is set at 100, and the other prices are reported as a percentage of the base price. A price index makes (60) possible to compare current prices of typical consumer goods, for example, with prices of the same goods in previous year.

填空题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} Energy use and air pollution have been synonymous in China for decades, especially in urban areas.{{U}} (66) {{/U}}Fifteen or 20 years ago in China's northern cities, such as Shenyang, air pollution was characterized by decreased visibility caused by high levels of particulates and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Although conditions have improved in modern cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, China still has three of the ten most polluted cities in the world and hundreds of cities that are not in compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. {{U}} (67) {{/U}}More than 120 cities have populations of more than one million, and by the end of the twenty-first century, 10 to 20 cities will have populations of more than 10 million. Rapid urbanization will challenge governments at all levels, not only to provide basic services to growing urban populations, but also to modernize, to continue to develop economically, and to address environmental concerns, particularly air pollution, that result from rapid economic growth. Chinese planners now recognize that the choice of energy supply affects not only public health, but also land use, the environment, infrastructure, services, and economic growth.{{U}} (68) {{/U}}Because China has an overabundance of coal and a scarcity of oil and gas, planners must continually balance the public good (i. e. , public health and quality of life) against the easy availability of polluting coal and the high cost of importing oil and natural gas. Fundamentally, the Chinese policy community must address ambient air quality concerns by integrating energy supply and use for all economic sectors--industrial, power generation, residential, commercial, and transportation. {{U}} (69) {{/U}}The national averages for emissions of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) have decreased, mostly as a result of stepped up enforcement of existing standards by national, provincial, and municipal governments. However, because of the increase in vehicle pollution and the continued prevalence of fine-particle pollution, the government passed a second amendment in 2000 to the 1987 Law of Air Pollution Prevention and Control.{{U}} (70) {{/U}}When the new law is fully implemented over the next decade, it will greatly strengthen environmental laws and standards. A. Thus, a secure, flexible, and varied energy-supply policy is critical to continued growth. B. The new legislation, which went into effect September 1, 2001, calls for the regulation of transportation, as well as residential and commercial energy use. C. In rural areas, air pollution is also common because a significant amount of industry that is highly dependent on coal is located in the countryside. D. China is undergoing urbanization and industrial development on an unprecedented scale. E. This may be because vehicles in Beijing tend to be new and have fairly efficient combustion systems. F. A good deal of progress has been made in China since the mid-1990s.

填空题{{B}}Passage A{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} {{I}}For Questions 11—15, you will hear an introduction about the life of Henry Alfred Kissinger. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you've heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only I word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below.{{/I}} Name Henry Alfred Kissinger Birthday May 27, 1993 Nationality 11 Birthplace Germany Major ______ science 12 Degree Doctorate Experience 1938 Went to the United States 1943-1946 Served in the Us. Army 1954-1969 Taught at ______ University 13 1969 Entered ______ service 14 ______ Won Nobel Peace Prize 15

填空题Complee the paragraph with the erreet form of the fllowing words in the boxes.The word “television”, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can【B6】______ be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the【B7】______of converting an image (focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically【B8】______into that same image.Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for【B9】______, and as such becomes a【B10】______tool for reaching other human beings.

填空题The world is filled with many interesting sounds. Some are unpleasant to our ears while others are very (46) to hear, in a single day you probably hear hundreds of different (47) . All sounds are different. Some may be soft; others may be (48) . Some sounds are high; others are low. Some sounds are useful. Without sound we cannot talk or listen to (49) another. The ringing of the alarm clock (50) people up. The hooting of a car warns people (51) danger.Some sounds are harmful when planes fly low over the land. The very loud sounds can cause (52) to houses. Very loud sound can even make people (53) . We know sound travels about one kilometre in three seconds. In a (54) you see the lightning first and then hear the thunder. This is because light travels faster than sound. Next time you see lightning, count the number of seconds before you hear the thunder. Divide this number by 3. This will tell you (55) ninny kilometres away the thunderstorm is.