填空题 To understand better the forces that control human aging and longevity, we have tried to determine whether the longer lifespan of females might be part of some grand Darwinian scheme. Gender differences in longevity have been{{U}} (51) {{/U}}in other members of the animal kingdom: in fact, in almost all species that have been observed in the wild, females{{U}} (52) {{/U}}to live longer than males. Female macaques live an{{U}} (53) {{/U}}of eight years longer than males, for example, and female sperm whales outlive their male{{U}} (54) {{/U}}by an average of 30 years. It seems that a species' lifespan is roughly correlated{{U}} (55) {{/U}}the length of time that its young remain{{U}} (56) {{/U}}on adults. We have come to believe that{{U}} (57) {{/U}}a significant, long-term investment of energy is required to ensure the survival of offspring, evolution favors longevity—in{{U}} (58) {{/U}}, female longevity. Indeed, we believe that the necessity for female{{U}} (59) {{/U}}in the human reproductive cycle has{{U}} (60) {{/U}}the length of the human lifespan. We start with the assumption{{U}} (61) {{/U}}the longer a woman lives and the more slowly she ages, the{{U}} (62) {{/U}}offspring she can produce and rear to adulthood. Long-lived women{{U}} (63) {{/U}}have a selective advantage over women who die young. Long-lived men would{{U}} (64) {{/U}}have an evolutionary advantage over their shorter-lived{{U}} (65) {{/U}}.But primary studies suggest that men's{{U}} (66) {{/U}}capacity is actually limited more by their access{{U}} (67) {{/U}}females than by lifespan. Hence, the advantage of longevity for men would{{U}} (68) {{/U}}be nearly as significant as it is for women. And because males historically are not as{{U}} (69) {{/U}}in child care as females, in the not so distant evolutionary past the survival of a man's offspring depended not so{{U}} (70) {{/U}}on how long he lived as on how long the children's mother lived.

填空题Barbie Dolls Flashy clothes, the perfect boyfriend, a Corvette, Ferrari, full size apartment with beautiful furniture and boat. She's the woman who has everything and every year receives more. Since her introduction in 1959, the Barbie doll may be the most influential icon of American culture in the late twentieth century. (1) She attracted little girls because of her adult-like features. Before this, children looked at toys like Yogi Bear, Howdy Doody, and baby dolls for inspiration. With the creation of Barbie, girls now had a new toy to stimulate their imaginations. In the 1950s most women stayed at home, cooking, cleaning and caring for their children; they didn't parade around in tight little skirts and high heels. The Barbie doll represented independence and glamour: she could sing solos in the spotlight one minute and pilot an airplane the next. She was exciting and completely different from the clinging Betsy Westsys and Chatty Cathys that little girls were used to. In Forever Barbie: The Unauthorized Biography of a Real Doll, M. G. Lord tells the story of Barbie's creators. Ruth Handler, the youngest of ten siblings (同胞), worked as a stenographer for Paramount Pictures as a young woman. Her husband Elliott designed light fixtures and studied art. (2) The Handlers began the factory in their garage but quickly expanded until they had hired a hundred workers who made jewelry and decorative items. World War II shortages of labor soon put them out of business. Despite their first failure, the Handlers didn't give up and, in 1945, they joined with Harold Matson, a former worker, and together the three started "Mattel Creations" . Matson's last name along with Elliot's was fused together to form the name Mattel. In 1946, Matson sold out his share. The Handlers were not discouraged, though, because of their strong belief in futuristic materials such as Plexiglas, Lucite and plastic. They continued looking for the perfect item to make their company a success. Little did they know that their persistence would lead them to establish a multi-million company initiated by the revolutionary Barbie doll. Ruth Handler first encountered the model for Barbie in 1955 while vacationing in Switzerland with her family. The Lilli doll, a comic character from Germany, was usually found in tobacco stores as a three dimensional (三维的) pinup (挂在墙上的照片，玩偶等). Ruth brought back two dolls, one for her daughter Barbara, and one for herself. (3) Handler recalls: "Through their play Barbara imagined their lives as adults. They used the dolls to reflect the adult world around them. They would sit and carry on conversations, making the dolls real people. I thought if only we could take this play pattern and three dimensionalize it, we would have something very special. " Barbie debuted at the American Toy Fair in New York City in the winter of 1959. But in her unseasonable black-and-white striped swimsuit, the doll did not impress toy buyers. Even Sears, Mattel's biggest customer, refused to put the sexy doll on their shelves. Lord says it was Mattel's advertising strategy aimed at the children that finally paved the way for Barbie's success. The 1950s was a big decade for child culture. Disneyland had opened in July of 1955, and Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse Club television series was a hit for children under the age of 12. Manufacturers and retailers had aimed toy advertising at parents in the past with the focus during Christmas season. But once children actually saw toys advertised on television, toys became a big business. Television advertisements with the child-as-a-consumer revolutionized the toy industry in the twentieth century. Barbie was a fantasy. In a border city it was rare to encounter a white, blue-eyed person. "Maybe that's why I was so attracted to her." Most little girls couldn't wait to get their hands on Barbie because they had never encountered a doll with such an enormous wardrobe. Angela Loya, an engineer and Barbie collector from Houston, idolized Barbie because of her independence. She said in an interview, "Barbie was designed for women by women. It taught us what was expected from us by society. She had it all.., the clothes, the boyfriend and whatever career she wanted. She was the symbol of post-war female independence. " (4) Lord quotes Ruth Handler as saying, "Pregnancy(怀孕) would never be part of Barbie's physique, because Barbie would not compromise her freedom. Just as she did not depend on parents, she would not have offspring dependent on her. " Barbie's sexy image also raised questions among both children and parents. Many parents still did not talk about sex to their children and naked baby dolls usually did not spark great interest. Barbie dolls changed this. Some 700 million Barbie dolls have been sold since 1959 in over 140 countries. Yearly sales exceeded the $1 billion mark in 1995. Retail experts estimate that the typical American girl owns an average of eight Barbie dolls. And the doll has her own Hall of Fame in Palo Alto, California, where a collection of over 20, 000 Barbies awaits visitors. (5) A child's imagination can take Barbie anywhere. She easily can be a doctor by simply converting her hot pink kitchen into an operating room. Tissue boxes and packing cartons make great furniture and apartment complexes. A child really doesn't need the fancy cars or doll houses to make her dreams come alive: all that is really needed is an imagination. A. Barbie's biographer reminds us that she was not defined through relationships of responsibility to men or family. B. Barbie, named after the Handlers' daughter, has become the quintessential (典型的) American doll. C. Barbie's success may be attributed to the focus on children as consumers for the first time. D. A second contributing factor to the realization of this doll evolved from Ruth watching her daughter and friends play with paper dolls. E. In 1937, they had moved from Colorado to California where they gambled their life savings on a plan to build Plexiglas furniture.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 20 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. Yon may have to change s word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (—) and write the correct word. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in bracket) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (—). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (51){{U}}"Humanism" has used to mean too many thing to be a very satisfactory term.{{/U}} (52) {{U}}Nevertheless, and in the lack of a better word,{{/U}} (53) {{U}}I shall use it here to explain for the complex of attitudes which this discussion has undertaken to defend.{{/U}} (54) {{U}}In this sense a humanist is anyone who rejects the attempt to describe or account of man wholly on the basis of physics, chemistry, and animal behavior.{{/U}} (55) {{U}}He is anyone who believes that will, reason, and purpose are real and significant: that value and justice are aspects of a reality called good and evil and rests upon some foundation other than custom;{{/U}} (56) {{U}}that consciousness is so far from a mere epiphenomenon that it is the most tremendous of actualities.{{/U}} (57) {{U}}that the unmeasure, may be significant; or to sum it all up;{{/U}} (58) {{U}}that those human realities which sometimes seem to exist only in human mind are the perceptions of the mind.{{/U}} (59) {{U}}He is, in other words, anyone who says that there are more things in heaven and earth than those dreamed of in the positivist philosophy.{{/U}} (60) {{U}}Originally, to be sure, the term humanist meant simply anyone who thonght the study of ancient literature his chief concern. Obviously it means, as I use it, very much more.{{/U}} (61) {{U}}But there remains nevertheless a certain connection between the aboriginal meaning and that I am attempting to give it,{{/U}} (62) {{U}}because those whom I describe as humanists usually recognize that literature and the arts have been pretty consistently "on its side" and{{/U}} (63){{U}}because it is often to literature that they turn to renew their faith in the whole class of truths which the modem world has so consistently tended, to dismiss as the mere figments of a wishful thinking imagination.{{/U}} (64) {{U}}Insofar as this modern world gives less and less attention to its literary past, insofar as it dismisses that past as something outgrow and{{/U}} (65) {{U}}to be discarded as much as the imperfect technology contemporary with it has been discarded,{{/U}} (66) {{U}}just to that extent it facilitate the surrender of humanism to technology.{{/U}} (67) {{U}}The literature is to be found, directly expressed or{{/U}} (68) {{U}}more often, indirectly implied, the most effective correction to the views now most prevalent among the thinking and unthinking.{{/U}} (69) {{U}}The great imaginative writers present a picture of human nature and of human life which carries conviction and thus giving the lie to all attempts to reduce man to a mechanism. Novels and poems, and dramas are so persistently concerned with the values which relativism rejects that one might even define literature as the attempt to pass value judgments upon representations of human life,{{/U}} (70) {{U}}More often than not those of its imaginative persons who fail to achieve power and wealth are more successful than those who do not--by standards which the imaginative writer persuades us to accept as valid.{{/U}}

填空题A good country park is readily accessible. (reach) ______.

填空题According to Ryle, the task of philosophy is to restate ______ "misleading expressions" in forms that are logically more accurate. (system)

填空题Usually you will be more likely to find insects if you examine finer twigs rather than the coarse parts of trees.A. more likelyB. ifC. rather thanD. coarse

填空题There are people who are especially attracted (51) the notion of "climbing the ladder" so as to (52) their status, financial position, and sense of self-worth. (53) part, as a result of the work ethic, these people are internally "driven" to work. Not infrequently, foreign visitors have observed that Americans spend an inordinate (54) of time working and, (55) a consequence, Americans have little time for leisure or personal relationships. In American English a new word has been (56) to (57) people who work compulsively. The word "workaholic" describes an individual who is (58) addicted to work as an alcoholic is to liquor. There are conflicting points of view about workaholics. Those concerned with problems of mental stress believe workaholics abuse themselves physically and (59) .Others hold that workaholics are valuable members of society (60) they are extremely productive. The American culture (61) achievement, efficiency, and production--a workaholic upholds these values. (62) the presence of workaholics, there is a growing realization in the United States that excessive work demands can be physically and mentally (63) . Many people have been rebelling against the work ethic, claiming that when a job is so important, personal relationships suffer and relaxation becomes secondary. Consequently there has been a (64) in values, with more emphasis being given to personal relationships and non-work activities. Leisure time provides opportunities to find personal satisfaction and freedom (65) the routine of work. Increased leisure time in the United States has not altered the idea that work and play are distinct activities. This (66) is clear-cut; there are "work-hours" and "after-work-hours." There is a belief that it is desirable "to work hard and play hard" and (67) to combine the two. In many offices, stores, and factories socializing among employees is discouraged. An employee under pressure at work often cannot afford to respond to social calls and visits. However, the amount of personal contact on the job (68) on the nature of the work. There may be more social interaction between teachers in a school than between scientists doing independent research. Nevertheless, work and (69) are usually perceived and maintained (70) separate activities.

填空题{{U}}That{{/U}} the woman {{U}}was saying{{/U}} was so important that I asked everyone {{U}}to stop{{/U}} talking and {{U}}listen{{/U}}. A. That B. was saying C. to stop D. listen

填空题Today's worker is no longer willing to work in an authoritarian and dehumanizing environment. Workers want meaning in their work and balance in their lives. They want opportunities to contribute and to know how their work is effective. Employees want to work for organizations that respect them as individuals. They also want to know that they are working for an ethical company that acts in a socially and environmentally responsible manner. Today, and in the future, companies must design work so that employees can take responsibility and be rewarded appropriately. By changing altitudes, and conditions in the workplace, organizations can help make work more meaningful. Repetitive factory routines and office work that simply moves paper from in-box to out-box are mindless task that destroy motivation and productivity. Research has shown that mental challenge is closely related to job satisfaction. Too little challenge in the work, as in completely automated tasks, generally leads to boredom and lowered satisfaction. On the other hand, too much challenge may lead to failure and frustration. Thus success or achievement in reaching an accepted standard of competence is an important factor in job satisfaction. Today's workers want to be a valued part of the whole. They want to know that their work is important and how it fits into the corporate strategy. They want to know not only how the work they do affects others and the organization's goals, but how they as individuals can make an impact. Employees will contribute their knowledge enthusiastically in a corporate culture that values the individual. The profitability of a company is related to the quality and efforts of its workers. Therefore, a direct relationship between job performance and reward makes work more meaningful. Compaq Computers, for example, has an unusually low turnover rate among its employees. Like most companies in the computer field, Compaq expects its people to work long and hard to achieve big results quickly. In many companies an atmosphere of constant push would inspire people to seek employment with less pressure somewhere else. Instead, high quality people stay with Compaq. The company's culture emphasizes individual responsibility for results and high respect for individuals, Compaq benefits from creating opportunities for employees to perform to the vast of their potential and to be rewarded for their achievements.

填空题Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height). A. in size B. from small rock barriers to C. many feet D. height

填空题Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many (51) . The simple (52) for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things (53) in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements (54) interest, and more groups and organizations (55) different beliefs. In (56) , there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in (57) societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by (58) more areas of life to decision. In a simple-racial (59) , there are (60) occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for (61) because everything seems to be the same. And (62) conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed. Social change is also likely to occur more frequently and (63) in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in the (64) basic and emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in form rather than in (65) ; and in elements that are (66) to the culture rather than in strange elements. (67) , social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes (68) readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp differences. This is one reason why change has (69) come more quickly to Black Americans as (70) to other American minorities, because of sharp difference between them and their white counterparts.

填空题Energy use and air pollution have been synonymous in China for decades, especially in urban areas. (66) Fifteen or 20 years ago in China's northern cities, such as Shenyang, air pollution was characterized by decreased visibility caused by high levels of particulates and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Although conditions have improved in modern cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, China still has three of the ten most polluted cities in the world and hundreds of cities that are not in compliance with the World Health Organization (WHO) air quality guidelines. (67) More than 120 cities have populations of more than one million, and by the end of the twenty-first century, 10 to 20 cities will have populations of more than 10 million. Rapid urbanization will challenge governments at all levels, not only to provide basic services to growing urban populations, but also to modernize, to continue to develop economically, and to address environmental concerns, particularly air pollution, that result from rapid economic growth. Chinese planners now recognize that the choice of energy supply affects not only public health, but also land use, the environment, infrastructure, services, and economic growth. (68) Because China has an overabundance of coal and a scarcity of oil and gas, planners must continually balance the public good (i. e. , public health and quality of life) against the easy availability of polluting coal and the high cost of importing oil and natural gas. Fundamentally, the Chinese policy community must address ambient air quality concerns by integrating energy supply and use for all economic sectors--industrial, power generation, residential, commercial, and transportation. (69) The national averages for emissions of SO2 and particulate matter (PM) have decreased, mostly as a result of stepped up enforcement of existing standards by national, provincial, and municipal governments. However, because of the increase in vehicle pollution and the continued prevalence of fine-particle pollution, the government passed a second amendment in 2000 to the 1987 Law of Air Pollution Prevention and Control. (70) When the new law is fully implemented over the next decade, it will greatly strengthen environmental laws and standards.A. Thus, a secure, flexible, and varied energy-supply policy is critical to continued growth.B. The new legislation, which went into effect September 1, 2001, calls for the regulation of transportation, as well as residential and commercial energy use.C. In rural areas, air pollution is also common because a significant amount of industry that is highly dependent on coal is located in the countryside.D. China is undergoing urbanization and industrial development on an unprecedented scale.E. This may be because vehicles in Beijing tend to be new and have fairly efficient combustion systems.F. A good deal of progress has been made in China since the mid-1990s.

填空题(Each) employee with (a modicum of intelligence) (would be able to) undertake (such a) basic process.A. EachB. a modicum of intelligenceC. would be able toD. such a

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填空题(66)GNP becomes an obsolete measure of progress in a society striving to meet people's needs as efficient as possible and with the least damage to the environment. (67) What counts are not growth in output, but the quality of services rendered. (68) Bicycles and light rail, for instance, are less resource intensive forms of transportation as automobiles are, and contribute less to GNP. (69) But a shift to mass transit and cycling for most passenger trips would enhance urban life by eliminating traffic jams, reducing smog, and make cities safer for pedestrians. (70) GDP would go up, but overall well-being would increase--underscoring the need for new indicators of progress. (71) Likewise, investing in water-efficient applicants and irrigation systems in-stead of building more dams and diversion canals would meet water needs with less harm for to the environment. (72) Since massive water projects consume resources than efficiency investments do, GNP would tend to decline. (73) But quality of living would improve. (74) It becomes clearly that striving to boost GNP is often inappropriate and counterproductive. (75) As ecologist and philosopher Garrett Hardin puts them. "For a statesman to try to maximize the GNP is about as sensible as for a composer of music to try to maximize the number of notes in symphony./