填空题To avoid the various foolish opinions to which mankind is prone, no superhuman genius is required. A few simple rules will keep you, not from all error, but from silly error. 1 Aristotle could have avoided the mistake of thinking that women have fewer teeth than men, by the simple device of asking Mrs. Aristotle to keep her mouth open while he counted. He did not do so because he thought he knew. Many matters, however, are less easily brought to the test of experience. If, like most of mankind, you have passionate convictions on many such matters, there are ways in which you can make yourself aware of your own bias. 2 If someone maintains that two and two are five, or that Iceland is on the equator, you feel pity rather than anger, unless you know so little of arithmetic or geography that his opinion shakes your own contrary conviction. The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way. Persecution is used in theology, not in arithmetic, because in arithmeticthere is knowledge, but in theology there is only opinion. 3 A good way of ridding yourself of certain kinds of dogmatism is to become aware of opinions held in social circles different from your own. When I was young, I lived much outside my own country. I found this very profitable in diminishing the intensity of insular prejudice. 4 If the people and the newspaper seem mad, perverse, and wicked, remind yourself that you seem so to them. For those who have enough psychological imagination, it is a good plan to imagine an argument with a person having a different bias. 5 I have sometimes been led actually to change my mind as a result of this kind of imaginary dialogue, and, short of this, I have frequently found myself growing less dogmatic through realizing the possible reasonableness of a hypothetical opponent. A. This has one advantage, and only one, as compared with actual conversation with opponents; this one advantage is that the method is not subject to the same limitations of time and space. B. If you cannot travel, seek out people with whom you disagree, and read a newspaper belonging to a party that is not yours. C. If an opinion contrary to your own makes you angry, that is a sign that you are subconsciously aware of having no good reason for thinking as you do. D. In this opinion both parties may be right, but they cannot both be wrong. E. If the matter is one that can be settled by observation, make the observation yourself. F. So whenever you find yourself getting angry about a difference of opinion, be on your guard; you will probably find, on examination, that your belief is going beyond what the evidence warrants.

填空题Dams vary (in size) (from small rock barriers to) concrete structures (many feet) (height). A. in size B. from small rock barriers to C. many feet D. height

填空题Whichcompanywaslookingforstewardesses?

填空题Old people are always saying that the young people are not (51) they were. The same comment is (52) from generation to generation and it is always (53) . It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy (54) freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so (55) on their parents. Events which the older generation remember vividly are (56) more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is (57) from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple (58) that they have been (59) a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the (60) are doing. They are questioning the (61) of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to (62) that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than (63) is conformity. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and (64) ? And what (65) the clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should (66) drab grey suits? If we turn our (67) to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used (68) to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more (69) possessions? Can anything be right with the retrace? Haven't the old lost (70) with all that is important in life?

填空题Confucius—a statesman, scholar, and educator of great skill and reputation—is generally held to he China's greatest and most influence philosopher.A. educationB. great skillC. greatestD. influence

填空题It takes (the most) cool-headed and (good-tempered) of drivers (to resist) the temptation to revenge (as subjected) to uncivilized behavior. A. the most B. good-tempered C. to resist D. as subjected

填空题Like other blacks in the western hemisphere, the______majority of African Americans were brought to North America as slaves between the 1700s and the early 1800s.(overwhelm)

填空题(61) Apple's Ipad may be latest and greatest tech gadget, but oddly enough, it also represents a return to model that most tech companies long ago abandoned—vertical integration. Apple has designed its own processor, called A4, to power the Ipad. (62) That is a big deal so until now Apple has used chips made by others, like Intel and Samsung. (63) In addition the processor, Apple also makes its own operating-system software for the Ipad. (64) Moreover, the only way to get applications for an Ipad will be to buy it from Apple. The same goes for content. (65) To get movies, TV shows, books, music-or everything, really—you will not have to buy them from Apple's online store, and the Ipad itself will be sold only by Apple stores. (66) From top to bottom this is a closing device, completely controlled by Apple. Is that a good thing? (67) Vertical integration was the norm back in the 1970s with minicomputer manufacturers like Digital Equipment Corp, and Data General, and late on with workstation makers like Sun Microsystems. (68) But pretty much everyone decided long ago that vertical integration was a workable model. Why make your own processors and operating system when you can buy chips from Intel and Windows from Microsoft? (69) It was ironic which on the same day that Apple was announcing the Ipad, Sun was holding an event to announce the completion of its being taken over by Oracle—ironic because Sun's pricy vertical-integration model was a big reason for the company's decline. (70) Why is Apple defying the conventional wise and going vertical? For one thing, its CEO, Steve Jobs, is a control freak and hates relying on others. (71) Also, Jobs has been around long enough to know the advantages of a vertical integrated company. (72) If the A4 is as good a processor as people seem to think, Apple's Ipad will have a big performance advantage than all the other tablet computers that are about to hit the market. And what of Apple's risky bet on vertical integration? (73) Won't the highly cost of going it alone put Apple at a disadvantage compared to makers that buy chips and software from others? (74) Won't those other guys be able to charge more than Apple? The answer is, probably, yes. But again, most people, myself included, are happy to pay more for what Apple makes. (75) My take is that Apple's bet on vertical integration, that seems against the tide, is actually a stroke of genius. Part VI Writing Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 English words. A lot of people today are animal rights advocates. Some of them are very passionate and even quite radical about the issue. But others argue that "human rights" will always take priority. In fact, in many places even the most basic human rights are not adequately protected. So why animal rights? What do you think? And why?

填空题 Before a big exam, a sound night's sleep will do you more good than poring over textbooks. That, at least, is the folk wisdom. And science, in the form of behavioral psychology, supports that wisdom. But such behavioral studies cannot distinguish between two competing theories of why sleep is good for the memory. one says that sleep is when permanent memories form. The other says that they are actually formed during the day, but then "edited" at night, to flush away what is superfluous. To tell the difference, it is necessary to look into the brain of a sleeping person, and that is hard. But after a decade of painstaking work, a team led by Pierre Maquet at Liege University in Belgium has managed to do it. The particular stage of sleep in which the Belgian group is interested in is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, when brain and body are active, heart rate and blood pressure increase, the eyes move back and forth behind the eyelids as if watching a movie, and brainwave traces resemble those of wakefulness. It is during this period of deep that people are most likely to relive events of the previous day in dreams. Dr. Maquet used an electronic device called PET to study the brains of people as they practiced a task during the day, and as they slept during the following night. The task required them to press a button as fast as possible, in response to a light coming on in one of six positions. As they learnt how to do this, their response times got faster. What they did not know was that the appearance of the lights sometimes followed a pattern--what is referred to as "artificial grammar". Yet the reductions in response time showed that they learnt faster when the pattern was present than when there was not. What is more, those with more to learn (i. e. , the "grammar", as well as the mechanical task of pushing the button) have more active brains. The "editing" theory would not predict that, since the number of irrelevant stimuli would be the same in each case. And to eliminate any doubts that the experimental subjects were learning as opposed to unlearning, their response times when they woke up were even quicker than when they went to sleep. The team, therefore, concluded that the nerve connections involved in memory are reinforced through reactivation during REM sleep, particularly if the brain detects an inherent structure in the material being learnt. So now, on the eve of that crucial test, maths students can sleep soundly in the knowledge that what they will remember the next day are the basic rules of algebra and not the incoherent talk from the radio next door.