I was so surprised when he turned up—I'd ______ someone much older.

The new washing machines are ______ at the rate of fifty a day.

That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such as effect on memory as to lead to skillful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance. From the evolutionary point of view, ______.

These small companies now have their own ______ identity.

There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of mountain climbing than ______ in the public mind today.

The way that people spend their money, and the objects on which they spend it, are the last areas where free choice and individuality can be expressed. The choice reflects personal taste, the way people see themselves and the fantasies they【C1】______about their lives, the restrictions on money available【C2】______them, the presence of others in the family with a【C3】______on that money, and the influence of current convention,【C4】______, surroundings and locality. Shopping is an important human activity. Yet shoppers are【C5】______with a confusing situation and a(n)【C6】______changing one. The confusion arises from the claims【C7】______advertising, from inadequate information about new products, new materials, new places to shop—a confusion enhanced by rising prices and a(n)【C8】______choice of goods than ever before. The search【C9】______the right purchase is based on ignorance of【C10】______own needs and ignorance of the product's【C11】______for those needs. When choosing any particular item, there are several lines of communication which might provide some guidance.【C12】______none of these is entirely satisfactory. For example, you can ask a shop assistant initially.【C13】______you find one, she may quite【C14】______not know the answers. She may be a schoolgirl with a Saturday job, or a housewife【C15】______part-time.

Strikes and strikebreaking

I've never______the theory that people are more important than animals.

The cradle of oversea traffic and of the art of naval combats, the Mediterranean, the common ______ of all mankind, makes a tender appeal to a seaman.

During an international crisis, many______messages will generally emanate from the president's office.

It will be safer to walk the streets because people will not need to carry large amounts of cash. Virtually all financial______will be conducted by computer.

When traveling

The poor old woman can't ______ her hot water bottle.

Whenever a big company______a small one, the product almost always gets worse.

Recently a number of cases have been reported of young children______a violent act previously seen on television.

A rapid portfolio turnover rate may preclude low long-term capital gains.

Since a circle has no beginning or end

Countries within the European Community grant certain commercial______to each other.

We have at present not any______of the furniture as you required.

The hurricane brought a huge damage to the coastal village: fishing boats were ______ and many houses collapsed.