单选题People can be addicted to different things—e. g. , alcohol, drugs, certain foods, or even television. People who have such an addiction are compulsive; i. e. , they have a very powerful psychological need that they feel they must satisfy. According to psychologists, many people are compulsive spenders; they feel that they must spend money. This compulsion, like most others, is irrational—impossible to explain reasonably. For compulsive spenders who buy on credit, charge accounts are even more exciting than money. In other words, compulsive spenders feel that with credit, they can do anything. Their pleasure in spending enormous amounts is actually greater than the pleasure that they get from the things they buy. It is not only scientists, of course, who understand the psychology of spending habits, but also business people. Stores, companies, and advertisers use psychology to increase business; They consider people' s needs for love, power, or influence, their beliefs and opinions, and so on in their advertising and sales methods. Psychologists often use a method called "behavior therapy" to help individuals solve their personality problems. In the same way, they can help people who feel that they have problems with money: They give them " assignments. " If a person buys something in every store that he enters, for instance, a therapist might teach him self-discipline in this way: On the first day of his therapy, he must go into a store, stay five minutes, and then leave. On the second day, he should stay for ten minutes and try something on. On the third day, he stays for fifteen minutes, asks the salesclerk a question, but does not buy anything. Soon he will learn that nothing bad will happen to him if he doesn' t buy anything, and he can solve the problem of his compulsive buying.

单选题Work has left you frazzled. Your legs ache when you get back from the gym don" t pop those aspirins just yet think hot springs. Cranking up a hot tub and hopping in is a natural remedy that can provide significant relief from physical pain and stress. There are more than three million home spas in the U. S. today. There are numerous reasons spas have made the move from the decks of Hollywood producers to the back yards of middle America. Spas help reduce the effect of stress on your body, assist in muscle recovery after the stress of exercise, and help heal muscles near arthritic joints. There are three elements to hydrotherapy that, in tandem, provide these healing effects on the body: heat, buoyancy, and motion. When you exercise, your muscles develop thousands of microscopic tears which result in painful lactic acid build-up in the muscle tissue. Hydrotherapy" s motion and warmth cause blood vessels to dilate, lowering blood pressure and speeding the flow of oxygen, Endorphins, and cell-repairing nutrients to injured muscles. Additionally, buoyancy of the water reduces the strain on your knees and joints which allow the surrounding muscles to relax. This can be of crucial help to arthritis suffers, because when joints are inflamed, the surrounding muscles become tense to protect them. Relaxing in a spa then makes your muscles more limber and reduces the pain. Water" s healing potential has long been known. We don"t tend to associate intelligence with our bodies, yet as Thomas Edison said. "Great i-deas originate in the muscles. " Radical psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich believed that many of us inhibit or deny impulses, feelings, traumas, and stresses by tightening our muscles and creating a kind of " body armor. " He felt that as you cut off the source of pain, you also cut off the source of pleasure. By loosening body armor, by letting muscles relax, you can return to a feeling of flow and creativity. Few things can relax the body more than a home spa. And a relaxed body leads to a relaxed mind. There is no better place to start relaxing than an hour in your home hot springs.

单选题Chronic insomnia is a major public health problem. And too many people are using【C1】______therapies, even while there are a few treatments that do work. Millions of Americans lie awake at night counting sheep or have a stiff drink or【C2】______a pill, hoping it will make them sleepy. But experts agree all that self-medicating is a bad idea, and the causes of chronic insomnia remain【C3】______. Almost a third of adults have trouble sleeping, and about 10 percent have symptoms of daytime【C4】______that signal true insomnia. But【C5】______the complaints, scientists know surprisingly little about what causes chronic insomnia, its health consequences and how best to treat it, a panel of specialists brought together by the National Institutes of Health concluded Wednesday. The panel called for a broad range of research into insomnia,【C6】______that if scientists understood its【C7】______causes, they could develop better treatments. Most, but not all, insomnia is thought to accompany other health problems, from arthritis and depression to cardiovascular disease. The question often is whether the insomnia came first or was a result of the other diseases and how trouble sleeping【C8】______complicates those other problems. Other diseases aside, the risk of insomnia seems to increase with age and to be more common among women, especially after their 50s. Smoking, caffeine and numerous【C9】______drugs also affect sleep. The NIH is spending about $200 million this year on sleep-related research, some【C10】______to specific disorders and others examining the underlying scientific laws that control the nervous system of sleep. The agency was awaiting the panel's review before deciding what additional work should be directed at insomnia.

单选题Some problems can be readily identified simply by looking around. These problems concern the pollution of our environment by technology as a result of sudden upsets in the physical, economic and social balance. The most obvious of these are the general pollution of our physical environment and the destruction of irreplaceable natural resources. Not so obvious as these, but just as painfully significant to some, are the disappearing and changing of jobs which overnight often create large groups of jobless citizens. Can technology be used to undo what it has done, replace what it has destroyed or substitute for what it has caused to disappear? No one knows. Many wonder whether or not all of the sources of pollution have yet been identified, whether or not they are being arrested and whether or not they will be prevented from recurring. Another set of problems relates to what technological advancement has done to the quality of life. An improved social life has not been unfortunately, either the goal or the chief beneficiary of technological change. Rather, any improvements that have occurred have been more accidental than intended. Too much has happened too fast. The changes demanded of marriage and family relationships remain largely unexamined. It is often a matter of "put up or shut up", and a person has to adapt his life-style to ever-changing conditions with little time for choice. The "no-move-no-advancement" type is an example of one such problem. Many people are coming to think that the reward is simply not worthy the struggle, and they are taking jobs with less responsibility and lower pay.

单选题Even as Americans have been gaining weight, they have cut their average fat intake from 36 to 34 percent of their total diets in the past 15 years. And indeed, cutting fat to control or lose weight makes sense. Fat has nine calories per gram. Protein and carbohydrates have just four. Moreover, the body uses fewer calories to metabolize fat than it does to metabolize other foods. Compared with protein and carbohydrates—which break down into amino acids and simple sugars, respectively, and can be used to strengthen and energize the body— dietary fat is more easily converted to body fat. Therefore, it"s more likely to stay on buttocks, thighs and bellies. But cutting fat from your diet doesn"t necessarily mean your body won"t store fat. For example, between nonfat and regular cookies, there"s trivial difference in calories because manufacturers make up for the loss of fat by adding sugar. Low-fat crackers, soups and dressings can also be just as high in calories as richer versions. No matter where the calories come from, overeating will still cause weight gain. The calories from fat just do it a little quicker. A Wisconsin computer programmer who decided with a diet coach to eat only 40 grams of fat a day learned the lesson firsthand. He wasn"t losing weight. Then he showed his food diary to his coach and revealed he"d been eating half a pound of jelly beans a day. "They don"t have any fat," he explains. But they had enough sugar to keep him from shedding an ounce. Nonfat foods become add-on foods. When we add them to our diet, we actually increase the number of calories we eat per day and gain weight. That was borne out in a Pennsylvania State University study. For breakfast, Prof. Barbara Rolls gave two groups of women yogurt that contained exactly the same amount of calories. One group"s yogurt label said "high fat" — the other, "low fat." The "low fat" yogurt group ate significantly more calories later in the day than the other group. "People think they"ve saved fat and can indulge themselves later in the day with no adverse consequences," says Richard Mattes, a nutrition researcher at Purdue University. "But when they do that, they don"t compensate very precisely, and they often end up overdoing it."

单选题A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment that ends up debunking a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa' s target was a practice known as therapeutic touch (TT for short) , whose advocates manipulate patients' " energy field" to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. Yet Emily's test shows that these energy fields can't be detected, even by trained TT practitioners. Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundberg appeared on TV to declare, "Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is good science." Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly a decade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned it was on the approved list for continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100 000 trained practitioners (48 000 in the U. S.) don't even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient' s body, pushing energy fields around until they' re in " balance". TT advocates say these manipulations can help heal wounds, relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriously enough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, to smooth patients' energy, sometimes during surgery. Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing—something they haven't been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed. ) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: "I think they didn't take me very seriously because I' m a kid." The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through a screen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs—left or right—and the practitioners had to say which hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd done no better than they would have by simply guessing. If there was an energy field, they couldn't feel it.

单选题This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government. That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law. Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality proves insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up. Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 1980, 7. 2% of the population was in this bracket. By the end of the century that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 26%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline. But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fall through the holes in any safety net. Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family, lifts is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care and support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies. The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents. In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance (you have to be destitute to apply); or (c) starve quietly. None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages? The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust. Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle. First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's—not society's—responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values. Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas. But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say, "Sue will be damned. " The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial. It would be nice to think Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bends. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place.

单选题Men and women may need to be treated differently when it comes to pain. Researchers in California have found that certain painkillers provide greater and longer-lasting relief for women than they do for men. This suggests that the physiology of pain differs between the sexes. The discovery could lead doctors to change the way they prescribe analgesic drugs. In controlled experiments, women often report higher levels of pain. But when it comes to prescribing and developing new analgesics, medical science usually ignores the sex of the patient, says Jon Levine, a specialist in inflammatory diseases at the University of California, San Francisco. Levine says that sexual differences were the last thing on his mind when his research group started studying a class of analgesics called kappa-opioids, which are chemical cousins to morphine and heroin. The researchers found that the drugs were less effective in controlling pain than their better-known kin(家属). But when they tried to publish their results, an expert reviewer spotted the fact that some of the treatment groups contained more women than men, and suggested that the researchers reanalyze the data to see if this accounted for their results. "To our surprise, all the effect could be ascribed to sex," says Levine. To test the effect of sex directly, Levine's team recruited 20 men and 28 women who were due(预订) to have their wisdom teeth removed. After surgery, the patients first evaluated their pain as the origin alan-aesthesia wore off, and then every 20 minutes after they were given a shot of a kappa-opioid. The link between sex and the effectiveness of the drugs was clear, the researchers report in this month's issue of Nature Medicine. Although the women reported a higher level of pain shortly after surgery, 20 minutes after a dose of the opioid their pain had lessened to a greater degree than it had for the men. And the women' s pain relief continued for hours after the drug' s effects began to wane in the men. "I'm very excited about this result," says Karen Berkey, a pain researcher at Florida State university in Tallahassee. In addition to sex differences, she would now like to see researchers explore other factors—such as age that might influence the effectiveness of painkillers. If scientists can understand why such differences exist, it may be possible to develop "designer" painkillers tailored (适应) to particular types of patient. Levine says the findings should prompt researchers to reexamine drugs abandoned as useless simply because they did not work in men-only trials. Whatever the outcome of the research, Levine says that a lot of the credit is due to the unknown reviewer who readjusted the focus of his work." Everyone in the group is appreciative," he says, "we' re just sorry reviewing is done anonymously (匿名方式) and we couldn't thank this person."

单选题You feel generally depressed and unable to concentrate. Your【C1】______of daily activity may change; you find yourself【C2】______and active in the middle of the night; you sleep late into the day, when most others are working. You stay in your room and have little contact with people【C3】______with those who speak your language. In your mind, you criticize the people around you—they are rude, loud, unfriendly, uninformed, concerned with insignificant things,【C4】______stupid; you complain a-bout them to any friends you have. You become【C5】______when you can" t go into a restaurant and order the type of food you really like; you get angry when the TV news contains mostly U.S. news and very little about events that are important to you. You are constantly making comparison between life here and the perfect life【C6】______home. Above all, you are homesick almost all the time. If you ever find yourself behaving in ways【C7】______these, you are probably suffering from culture shock. Culture shock is a psychological【C8】______that sometimes has physical effects. It affects people who have moved away from an environment where they know how to live【C9】______a new environment where much is unfamiliar to them—the food, the weather, the language, and especially the【C10】______rules for social behavior that few people are consciously aware of.

单选题Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious(不知不觉间恶化的，潜伏的) form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA Cars has a big advantage over Zodiac Cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush's predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The world' s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their rewards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists(谋职者名单) for job interviews, election ballot(投票，选票)papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn alphabetically, and their recipient lose interest as they plough through them.

单选题Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflict breeds apathy(冷漠)and stagnation(呆滞). Too much conflict leads to divisiveness(分裂)and hostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in a healthy and competitive way. Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal level of conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studied perceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked for profit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations. Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically as a function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizations strongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higher quality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict. Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflict generally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations. Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggested by the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was most often assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflict enhanced financial indicators. In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from the perspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated with satisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered and acceptable decisions.

单选题With 950 million people, India ranks second to China among the most populous countries. But since China【C1】______ a family planning program in 1971, India has been【C2】______ the gap. Indians have reduced their birth rate but not nearly as much as the Chinese have. If current growth rates continue, India's population will【C3】______ China's around the year 2028 at about 1. 7 billion. Should that happen, it won' t be the【C4】______ of the enlightened women of Kerala, a state in southern India.【C5】______ India as a whole adds almost 20 million people a year, Kerala's population is virtually stable. The reason is no mystery: nearly two-thirds of Kerala women practice birth control, compared with about 40% in the entire nation. The difference【C6】______ the emphasis put on health programs, including birth control, by the state authorities, which in 1957 became India' s first elected Communist government. And an educational tradition and matrilineal(母系的) customs in parts of Kerala help girls and boys get equally good schooling. While one in three Indian women is【C7】______ , 90% of those in Kerala can read and write. Higher literacy rates【C8】______ Family planning. " Unlike our Parents, we know that we can do more for our children if we have fewer of them," says Laila Cherian, 33, who lives in the Village of Kudamaloor. She has limited herself to three children—one below the national【C9】______ of four. That kind of restraint will keep Kerala from putting added【C10】______ on world food supplies.

单选题I make my way down the three chilly blocks to an old diner on Commercial Street. I am meeting a new friend for lunch. I" ve never been here before; this is not my part of town. And so I arrive early, to sit in an old wooden booth and learn what I can about the place. They call it Katie" s Kitchen. One hundred years ago, it was a bar. The barstools remain, but through community donations, it" s now a respectable restaurant. The hostess, casher, and waiters are residents of a nearby hotel for the transient and unemployed and work here to gain dignity and job skills. Both the hotel and restaurant are run by Sister L, a nun with a heart and a great deal of business sense. My new friend arrives. He works down the street, in a clinic for indigent(贫穷的)persons; he knows these people. The workers and many of the clients seem to know him too, for I see warmth and proud smiles on their faces as he greets them. Behind him, a few nameless souls wander in from the street in a swirl of December wind. I focus on our waitress. A pretty girl of perhaps 18 years, she is all smiles and grace. I wonder for a moment why she" s here—what her story is; what her dreams are; whether she is raising children on her own. But I cannot hold the thought, for she reminds me of another waitress at my favorite coffee shop—a college student with a bright future. Some time later, I finish my soup and sandwich—a good meal made better because of the smile of the girl who served it. I wipe my mouth and go to pay. Eight dollars and sixty-four cents, for two. To our embarrassment, my friend and I discover that neither of us has cash, and my credit card is not good here. We sheepishly approach Sister L, who smiles and takes my bill. "It" s o-kay," she says. "We"ll buy your lunch. It"ll be our pleasure. Slowly, I leave the world of the diner. Back at the hospital where I work, my boss laments our financial woes. "We" re really tight," he says. "The executive committee tells me we may not even have enough money to build the new critical care wing this year. " He frowns, hesitates, then adds, " It" s flu season, though, and perhaps by seeing patients in person rather than treating so many over the phone, we" 11 recoup some of our losses. " It" s budget time, and I know that this means our gratis(免费的)fitness center memberships may be cancelled. We"re in a tough bind. Three streets away, a tattered man in a throwaway overcoat sits shivering in the diner. Sister L slowly fills his cup full of hot coffee. Holding the cup with trembling hands, he stares deeply into its dark center. There is healing in its rising steam.

单选题In recent years there has been an increasing number of large oil spills. These spills, some of which have occurred directly at the site of extraction and others during transportation, have had in adverse effect on marine organisms. Because of the importance of these organisms in the life cycle, research has been carried out in order to identify more accurately the reactions of these organisms to oil. A recent study has revealed that it is essential to understand that there is not one but rather, at least four possible ways in which oil can affect an organism. First, as a result of an organism"s ingestion of oil, direct lethal toxicity, that is, death by poisoning can occur. However, in cases where the effect is less extreme, sub-lethal toxicity occurs. While cellular and physiological processes are involved in both cases in the latter, the organism continues to survive. Second, in some cases, oil forms a covering on the organism. This covering, referred to as coating, can result in smothering, that is, death of the organism due to lack of air. In instances where the effects of coating are less severe, interference with movement and loss of insulated properties of feathers or fur may occur. The third effect of oil on marine organisms is the tainting or contamination of edible organisms. This results from the incorporation of hydrocarbons into the organism, thus making it unfit for human consumption. The final effect which this study has revealed is that of habitual changes. The alterations in the physical and chemical environment brought about by oil spills result in a change in the species composition of a region. The implications of this must recent study are far-reaching. An oil spill in a particular region could critically upset the balance of nature, the total effect only becoming apparent after many years.

单选题Publishing in scientific journals is the most common and powerful means to disseminate new research findings. Visibility and credibility in the scientific world require publishing in journals that are included in global indexing databases such as those of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Most scientists in developing countries remain at the periphery of this critical communication process, exacerbating the low international recognition and impact of their accomplishments. For science to become maximally influential and productive across the globe, this needs to change. The economy of electronic publication, open access, and property rights fuel current academic and policy debates about scientific publishing in the industrialized world. The concerns in the developing world (with few ISI-indexed journals) focus on more fundamental questions, such as sustaining local research activity and achieving the appropriate global reach of its science activities. The essence of the African situation is captured by R. J. W. Tijssen's analysis of publications by African authors, which was based not only on data from ISI indexing databases, but also on publications not indexed in this system. Surprisingly, half of the South African citations in the indexed ISI literature are to articles in nonindexed, locally published journals. Also, several nonindexed local journals are cited in the ISI system at about the same rate as are indexed journals. The share of indexed articles with at least one author with an Africa address remains steady at about 1%. About half of the ISI-indexed papers with at least one author with an African address have non-African partners outside of the continent. These figures vary, country by country, sometimes in surprising ways. For example, 85% of the papers published from Mali or Gabon involve collaborations on other continents, versus 39% and 29%, respectively, for South Africa and Egypt, the continent's leading research producers. Thus, much of the African research system is now highly dependent on collaborations. How can the global reach and potential impact of scientific research in Africa and other developing countries be optimized? Of primary importance is boosting the quality and quantity of work that is locally published, through measures including review of submissions by peers research opportunities. A proliferation of journals, short-lived publications, print-only journals, and poor distribution constitutes a picture that must change. A nationally organized project can probably make the biggest difference, with investment by government and research-support agencies, as well as wide participation by local and regional scientific communities.

单选题A study has shown that fitness is the key【C1】______ long life, irrespective of body shape or even smoking habits. Researchers discovered that people【C2】______ exercise live longer than those do not,【C3】______ they are overweight and smoke. The study found that the least fit of the 6 000 middle-aged men in the study were five times【C4】______ to die within six years of the start of the research than the【C5】______ . This was true whether or not the men had heart problems, smoked or were overweight. Scientists concluded that it was better to be fat and【C6】______ than skinny and sedentary(久坐的). Dr. Ken Cooper, a fitness expert, said, "You are better off smoking a packet of cigarettes a day and【C7】______ regularly than being a non-smoker and sedentary." Although he adds, "But don't misunderstand me. I am not endorsing smoking. I am trying to tell you how dangerous it is to be sedentary."【C8】______ , the study appears to fly in the face of research last year which concluded that more than 30 000 people die prematurely every year in Britain from illnesses caused by being overweight. The British Government is putting pressure on manufacturers【C9】______ high levels of sugar in food and to restrict the hard-sell of junk food to children in order to improve the nation's health. But the new study suggests the Government【C10】______ more people to exercise.

单选题For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon(干扰素), a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world. The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species of specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so powerful that the amount given each patient per injection is very small. Unlike antibiotics, interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells. As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Sweden" s famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who has undergone surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who have received the conventional treatments. In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.

单选题It" s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border. So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise, "Lobsters. Blueberries. Lipitor. Coumalin. " Except, of course, that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal. These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone. But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use, customs and other federal officials leave them alone. The trip might be tiring, but people can save an average of 60 percent on the cost of their prescription drugs. For some, that" s the difference between taking the drugs or doing without. " The last bus trip I was on six months ago had 25 seniors," says Chellie Pingree, former Maine state senator and now president of Common Cause. "Those 25 people saved $ 19,000 on their supplies of drugs. " Pingree sponsored Maine RX, which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lack insurance coverage. The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U. S. Supreme Court. It hasn" t yet taken effect. Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers, largely senior citizens. The prescription drug bill in America is $ 160 billion annually, and people over 65 fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average. " But they do it on health benefits that are half as good and on incomes that are half as large," says Richard Evans, senior analyst at Sanford C. Bernstein, an investment research firm. What" s more, seniors account for 20 percent of the voting public. It" s little wonder that the May 19 Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and politicians across the country. The often-over-looked state of 1.3 million tucked in the northeast corner of the country became David to the pharmaceutical industry" s Goliath. The face-off began three years ago when state legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine" s elderly population had to take all those bus trips.

单选题Already lasers can obliterate skin blemishes, topically applied drugs can smooth facial lines and injected agents can remove deep wrinkles. Future products will be faster, better and longer lasting. "New substances will be developed by entrepreneurs," says Brian Mayou, an aesthetic plastic surgeon, "that will be more successful than liquid silicone that we use today to eradicate wrinkles." The next major breakthrough, says Mel Braham, plastic surgeon and chief executive of the Harley Medical Group, will be laser treatment that needs no recovery period. Micholas Lowe, clinical professor of dermatology at the University of Los Angeles, adds: "There will be more efficient anti-oxidants to help reduce sun damage and aging. There will also be substances that increase the production of new collagen and elastic tissue to maintain the elasticity of youthful skin." Lee Shreider, a research cosmetic chemist, says that we may be able to look better without any kind of operation as semi-permanent make-up gets better. "Crooked noses will be improved by effectively sealing on shaded colors that either enhance or subdue areas of the face. We will be able to straighten eyebrows and lips making the face more symmetrical — which remains one of the keys to beauty — and even close blocked pores with permanent, custom-designed foundation." The development of the safe sun tan is a potential gold mine. Being researched at the University of Arizona, but a long way from reality, is the injectable tan. Professor Lowe is optimistic: "There will almost certainly be a safe way of developing a sunless tan that protects against sun damage. In animal research, we"ve applied creams to guinea pigs that can actually "turn on" some of the genes that produce pigmentation without any sunlight exposure."

单选题We are all members of a culture. How we interpret the reality around us, what we consider to be reasonable statements and behavior, and what we believe to be health and illness all stem from the culture we share with some people and not with others. Those whose cultural experiences differ from our own will also differ in their beliefs and interpretations of reality. We are all rooted in an ethnic group as well, even if this group is simply the so-called " majority" of white, middle-class, protestant heritage. The degree to which we identify with an ethnic past will vary according to the strength with which family tradition has maintained that identity, and to the degree that the family chooses to assimilate into the larger society. The extent of an individual" s or a family" s identification with an ethnic heritage is as important as the specific features of that heritage. American society is ethnically and culturally diverse, and community health nurses will find themselves practicing in communities that reflect this diversity. A particular family or a whole community may belong to an ethnic or cultural group very different from the nurse" s own. Those community health nurses who are most sensitive to variations in clients" beliefs and behaviors will be most effective in promoting their wellness. Community health nurses can achieve this sensitivity by examining their own culture in order to understand how it colors their world view and their interactions with individuals, families, and communities. Recognizing that clients are individuals as well as members of a larger culture, nurses will reject stereotypical views of clients" ethnic groups that can impede communication and diminish their effectiveness. Indeed, culture mediates all social encounters, including those between nurse and client, and its study can enhance the effectiveness of health care services.