单选题When the young surgeon had difficulty with a delicate operation, he turned to a (n)______ surgeon for advice.

单选题{{B}}Passage Five{{/B}} The study of literary influence among women writers has frequently adopted a model of sororal or matrilineal sharing in an often explicitly stated contrast to Harold Bloom's well-established theory of the "anxiety of influence" besetting male writers. In Bloom's powerfully influential vision, that anxiety is posed as a kind of Freudian agon of sons against fathers, a struggle of self-definition through resistance and mastery. Feminist critics have generally agreed with the Bloomian model as applied to male authors but have demurred with respect to women writers, whom we have tended to see in familial terms. The model of a separate women's tradition in literature, its inner coherence maintained by resistance to male dominance, that was posited in the 1970s by Ellen Moers, Elaine Showalter, and Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar has been widely accepted. As Betsy Erkkila points out, these groundbreaking feminist critics may not have significantly challenged the Bloomian model as applied to women writers and women precursors, but they did at any rate establish their resistance to the masculine literary establishment and the masculine model of rivalry. Their successors and elaborators have argued forcefully that a women's tradition is constituted of a supportive community whose members welcome the all-too-rare voices of foremothers calling to them across the ages. Even the literary foremothers nearer at hand, according to this prevailing vision, have served as models for emulation rather than hegemonic powers to be challenged. Erkkila, for example, asks pointedly, "How useful is the Bloomian model when the poet attempts to define herself not in relation to her poetic fathers but in relation to her poetic mothers." Her answer (later modified because of greater complexity) is not very. A metaphor of motherhood and daughterhood has, in the words of Linda R. Williams's recent revisionist theory, "profoundly affected our reading of women's literary history." Citing Alice Walker's argument about nebulous forms of knowing in In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens, Luce Irigary's concept of connectedness ( "One doesn't stir without the other") and Helene Cixous's version of the authentic woman writer's writing of her mother's milk in "The Laugh of the Medusa," Williams calls for an interpretation of literary connectedness not as a revision of the Freudian and Bloomian system-which Erkkila, by retaining the familial language, has in a sense retained, but as a way "outside of an Oedipal dynamic" altogether. The revisionist views of Williams and Erkkila are useful corrections of the prevailing mode of feminist theories that "romanticize, maternalize, essentialize, and eternalize women writers and the relationships among them." Neither, however, asks if women writers may not sometimes exhibit, rather than either revise or escape, the Bloomian model of literary rivalry. It is a prospect, perhaps, that we would prefer not to entertain. But it is a prospect that, while clearly not typical, may be less atypical than feminist critics may have supposed in our times too idealizing and essentializing theories. An instance of such a female adoption (and adaptation) of the Bloomian model of male writers' anxiety is Katherine Anne Porter's anxious and artfully duplicitous essay on a literary elder sister, "Reflections on Willa Cather." Operating in the loosely narrative fashion that characterized not only Porter's nonfiction but her very mode of thought, the essay purports to pay retrospective tribute to one of the preeminent women writers of the early and mid-twentieth century, but in fact asserts Porter's own stature in the world of letters. In the story of her essay, the protagonist is not Cather, as one would expect from the title, but Porter herself. The essay is cast in a pervasive first-person mode in which the observing or commenting "I" becomes the active principle and its putative topic a passive reflector, a mirror reflecting Katherine Anne Porter.

单选题In Zurich, a leading canton in the Swiss Confederation, it has been proposed to teach one foreign language—English—in primary schools. This would represent a change (21) Zurich's elementary school kids now study English and French. Voters will decide whether French will be (22) Some educators (23) that two foreign languages are too much for kids. Supporters of one foreign language believe that kids fail to reach strong (24) in German, the mother tongue for schoolchildren in Zurich. In fact, Zurich kids speak Swiss German, which is (25) an oral language. In school they have to learn standard German, which (26) is a foreign language. (27) you add them all together Zurich kids are learning four languages. All of Switzerland will watch what Zurich voters decide because Zurich is an influential canton and others may (28) . Yet some German-speaking cantons have already decided to (29) plans to reduce the number of foreign languages. (30) what happens, Swiss kids will be fluent in more than one language which is a definite asset in today's (31) economy. It is also a definite asset in learning other subjects. Studies (32) in American universities have found that kids who study in duallanguage schools outperform their (33) who are taught in English only. Apparently, kids educated in two languages develop a mental (34) that monolingual kids lack. Perhaps four languages are too many in elementary schools, but two is not (35) at all.

单选题Even the best medical treatment can not cure all the diseases that ______ men and women. A. beseech B. beset C. bewitch D. bestow

单选题To maintain public ______ is not only the policemen' s duty but also every citizen's responsibility.

单选题The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West. In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins. In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control. 9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to parliament. The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. "Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges," he said. Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.

单选题The last guests to reach the hotel ______at 12 o'clock at night. A.checked up B.checked in C.checked out D.check on

单选题It's desirable that you have to speak to both groups of men quickly if you want to ______a nasty disagreement. A. head off B. clear with C. get across D. leap out

单选题The prime minister tried to act but her plans were ______ by her cabinet. A. frustrated B. discussed C. embellished D. overlooked

单选题Operation which left patients _____ and in need of long period of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable.

单选题______ may think they are better than the facts would justify.

单选题According to the writer, one can offer to invite a client to lunch ______.

单选题Between 1981 and 1987, the number of permanent jobs had increased by only 1,000 , although training has been substantially______by the corporation.(2013年3月中国科学院考博试题)

单选题It is no______that a large number of violent crimes are committed under the influence of alcohol. A. coincidence B. correspondence C. inspiration D. intuition

单选题 Passage 3 It was (and is) common to think that other animals are ruled by "instinct" whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by "reason," and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of Psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be Mind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well--because they process information so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take "normal" behavior for granted. We do not realize that "normal" behavior needs to be explained at all. This "instinct blindness" makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the "natural seem strange." It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act. In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural - it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon "that would surprise their grandmothers," and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problems we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But our natural competences - our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others - are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists - we all suffer from instinct' blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.

单选题The need for solar electricity is clear, it is safe, ecologically sound, efficient, continuously available, and is has no moving parts. The basic problem with the use of solar photovoltaic devices is economics, but until recently very little progress has been made toward the development of low-cost photovoltaic devices. The larger part of research funding has been devoted to study of single-crystal silicon solar cells, despite the evidence, including that of the leading manufacturers of crystalline silicon, that the technique holds little promise. The reason for this pattern is understandable and historical. Crystalline silicon is the active element in the very successful semiconductor industry, and virtually all of the solid state devices contain silicon transistors and diodes. Crystalline silicon, however, is particularly unsuitable to terrestrial solar cells. Crystalline silicon solar cells work well and are successfully used in the space program, where cost is not an issue. While single crystal silicon has been proven in extraterrestrial use with efficiencies as high as 18 percent, and other more expensive and scarce materials such as gallium arsenide can have even higher efficiencies, costs must be reduced by a factor of more than 100 to make them practical for commercial use. Beside the fact that the starting crystalline silicon is expensive, 95 percent of it is wasted and does not appear in the final device. Recently, there have been some imaginative attempts to make polycrystalline and ribbon silicon, which are lower in cost than high-quality single crystals. But to date the efficiencies of these apparently lower-cost arrays have been unacceptably small. Moreover, these materials are cheaper only because of the introduction of disordering in crystalline semiconductors, and disorder degrades the efficiency of crystalline solar cells. This dilemma can be avoided hy preparing completely disordered or amorphous materials. Amorphous materials have disordered atomic structure as compared to crystalline materials. That is, they have only short-range order rather than the long-range periodicity of crystals. The advantages of amorphous solar cells are impressive. Whereas crystals can be grown as wafers about four inches in diameter, amorphous materials can be grown over large areas in a single process. Whereas crystalline silicon must be made 200 microns thick to absorb a sufficient, amount of sunlight for efficient energy conversion, only I micron of the proper amorphous materials is necessary. Crystalline silicon solar cells cost in excess of $100 per square foot, but amorphous films can be created at a cost of about 50 per square foot. Although many scientists were aware of the very low cost of amorphous solar cells, they felt that they could never be manufactured with the efficiencies necessary to contribute significantly to the demand for electric power. This was based on a misconception about the feature which determines efficiency. For example, it is not the conductivity of the material in the dark which is relevant, but only the photoconductivity, that is the conductivity in the presence of sunlight. Already, solar cells with efficiencies well above 6 percent have been developed using amorphous materials, and further research will doubtless find even less costly amorphous materials with higher efficiencies.

单选题The soldier was______of running away when the enemy. A. scolded B. charged C. accused D. punished

单选题If we accept that we cannot prevent science and technology from changing our world, we can at least try to 1 that the changes they make are in the right directions. In a democratic society, this means that the public needs to have a basic understanding of science 2 it can make informed decisions and not 3 them in the hands of experts. At the moment, the public has a rather ambivalent attitude 4 science. It has come to expect the steady increase in the standard of 5 that new developments in science and technology have brought to continue, but it also distrusts science because it doesn"t understand it. This distrust is evident in the cartoon 6 of the mad scientist working in his laboratory to produce a Frankenstein. It is also an important 7 behind support for the Green parties. What can be done to 8 this interest and give the public the scientific background it needs to make informed decisions on subjects like acid rain, the greenhouse effect, nuclear weapons, and genetic engineering? Clearly, the basis must lie in what is taught in schools. But in schools science is often 9 in a dry and uninteresting manner. Children learn it by rote to pass examinations, and they don"t see its 10 to the world around them. Moreover, science is often taught in terms of equations. Although equations are a concise and accurate way of describing mathematical ideas, they frighten most people.

单选题Special may be too impoverished a word to describe this triumph for a man who climbed to the pinnacle of sport from ______ beginnings as the sponsor of a roller-hockey team.

单选题To ensure the development and exploitation of a new technology, there must be a constant ______ of several nevertheless distinct activities.