单选题 Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations, which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed income measures would result in a marked strengthening of the low-income family structure. If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The unhappily married couple, in most cases, remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefits of marriage. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or basic endowments each partner brings to the marriage. Persons with similar productive capacities have less economic "cement" holding their marriage together. Since the family performs certain function society regards as vital, a complex network of social and legal buttresses has evolved to reinforce marriage. Much of the variation in marital stability across income classes can be explained by the variation in costs of dissolution imposed by society, e. g. division of property, alimony, child support, and the social stigma attached to divorce. Marital stability is related to the costs of achieving an acceptable agreement on family consumption and production and to the prevailing social price of instability in the marriage partners social economic group. Expected AFDC income exerts pressures on family instability by reducing the cost of dissolution. To the extent that welfare is a form of government subsidized alimony payments, it reduces the institutional costs of separation and guarantees a minimal standard of living for wife and children. So welfare opportunities are a significant determinant of family instability in poor neighborhoods, but this is not the result of AFDC regulations that exclude most intact families from coverage. Rather, welfare instability occurs because public assistance lowers both the benefits of marriage and the costs of its disruption by providing a system of government subsidized alimony payments.

单选题The author tells us that

单选题An explanation of an earthquake is a description of the chain of ______ that produces it.

单选题I would have come to see you had it been possible, but I ______ so busy then. A. had been B. was C. were D. would be

单选题Building this road will ______ the construction of ten bridges, and then the total cost reaches I million US dollars. A. evolve B. involve C. revolve D. devolve

单选题The best solution to the problem can only be found by a process of trial and ______.

单选题The cultures of China and Japan have shared many features, but each has used them according to its national ______.

单选题{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} There have been three periods in the history of post-war broadcast interviewing. The first, "the age of respect", when it was an honour to have you, the interviewee, on the programme, lasted until the middle 50s. The second, "the age of supremacy", when politicians in particular looked upon the interviewers as rivals who made them feel uncomfortable by their knowledge and rigour of questioning, came to an end at the beginning of this decade. Now we are in "the age of evasion", when most prominent interviewees have acquired the art of seeming to answer a question whilst bypassing its essential thrust. Why should this be? From the complexity of causes responsible for the present commonplace interview form, a few are worth singling out, such as the revolt against rationality and the worship of feeling in its place. To the young of the 60s, the painstaking search for understanding of a given political problem may have appeared less fruitful and satisfying than the free expression of emotion which the same problem generated. Sooner or later, broadcasting was bound to reflect this. This bias against understanding has continued. To this we must add the professional causes that have played their part. The convention of the broadcast interview had undergone little change or radical development since its rise in the 50s. When a broadcasting form ceases to develop, its practitioners tend to take it for granted and are likely to say "how" rather than ask "why". Furthermore, these partly psychological, partly professional tendencies were greatly accelerated by the huge expansion of news and current affairs output over the last 15 years. When you had many, additional hours of current affairs broadcasting, interviewing turned out to be a far cheaper convention than straight reporting, which is costly in terms of permanent reporters and time preparation. The temptation to combine an expanded news and current affairs service with a relatively small additional financial expense by making the interview happen everywhere proved overwhelming. To be fair, there are compensating virtues in interviewing, such as immediacy and authority, yet in all honesty I must say that the spread of the interviewing arrangement has led to a corresponding diminution of quality broadcasting.

单选题It is wrong to ______ any one of the candidates at the moment, for one of them might turn out to be a dark horse in the general election. A. deny B. outshine C. belittle D. grudge

单选题He was______of having asked such a silly question.

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Most injures can be prevented, provided a parent goes about it the right way. Mr. Grant was a skilled and capable surgeon. His wife--intelligent, charming and a qualified nurse--had suggested they see me about their 16-month-old son, Neville. Mrs. Grant spoke first. "We're both professional people, and I guess we're supposed to know more than most people. It hurts us to admit our little Neville is such a problem." "He's all over the house, climbing, handling things he's not supposed to be touching," Mr. Grant interrupted, "and we're afraid he'll badly injure himself and it'll be our fault." "Does he have some understanding of the word ' no'," I asked… "That's just it, we can't be sure if he has or not. Sometimes he seems to understand, but at other times he just doesn't seem to mind when we say 'no'," the father replied. "Teaching a child the meaning of the word 'no' can be crucial in preventing accidents. Unless your Neville can understand the true meaning of 'no'--and only you two can teach it to him at this stage--there's bound to be trouble," I stated emphatically. Children between the age of one and two often injure themselves, sometimes quite seriously, if they've not been properly trained to respond to the word 'no'. It's only natural that our child, having only recently learned to move about, should want to explore and find out about this big, beautiful world around him. His sense of curiosity gets the better of him. To begin with, the fewer "no's" you tell your child, the better off things it will be. This can be done by thoughtfully removing from the room all those forbidden objects you suspect he'll reach for. You must be absolutely consistent. Be quick, alert, and fast-acting in preventing him from reaching for a forbidden object. Draw his attention, towards something else he can play with.

单选题Is it advisable to______ our body to the sunlight?

单选题There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences which they address. We will now briefly describe them. The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections- The research is reported in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as 'background'), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as 'discussion'). The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (researchers or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect the data, the construction of the data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data. It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgement and recommend whether they should be published or not. The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of the process of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendations. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research. The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars, and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.

单选题Brass concert music was ______ to a new level in the 1880s when John Philip Sousa took over the U.S. Marine Band. A. strengthened B. headed C. lifted D. briefed

单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}} D. H. Lawrence was the fourth child of Arthur Lawrence and Lydia Beards all, and their first to have been born in Eastwood. Ever since their marriage in 1875, the couple had been on the move: Arthur's job as a miner had taken them where the best-paid work had been during the boom years of the 1870s, and they had lived in a succession of small and recently built grimy colliery villages all over Nottinghamshire. But when they moved to Eastwood in 1883, it was to a place where they would remain for the rest of their lives; the move seems to have marked a watershed in their early history. For one thing, they were settling down: Arthur Lawrence would work at Brinsley colliery until he retired in 1909. For another, they now had three small children and Lydia may have wanted to give them the kind of continuity in schooling they had never previously had. It was also the case that, when they came to Eastwood, they took a house with a shop window, and Lydia ran a small clothes shop: presumably to supplement their income, but also perhaps because she felt she could do it in addition to raising their children. It seems possible that, getting on badly with her husband as she did, she imagined that further children were out of the question. Taking on the shop may have marked her own bid for independence. Arthur's parents lived less than a mile away, down in Brinsley, while his youngest brother Walter lived only 100 yards away from them in another company house, in Princes Street. When the family moved to Eastwood, Arthur Lawrence was coming back to his own family's center: one of the reasons, for sure, why they stayed there. Lydia Lawrence probably felt, on the other hand, more as if she were digging in for a siege. Eastwood may have been home to Arthur Lawrence, but to Lydia it was just another grimy colliery village which she never liked very much and where she never felt either much at home or properly accepted. Her Kent accent doubtless made Midlands people feel that she put on airs.

单选题Many of the conditions that population pressures- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness______ lead to dissatisfaction.

单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} Every year as Christmas time rushes in, I get frantic inquiries from readers asking about the legality of giving handguns as gifts. Most of these folks are just like me: they don't get around to their Christmas shopping until it's almost Christmas Eve. So when they run into the legal tangles surrounding firearms transfer, they don't have time to find solutions before Santa's big day. The process can be very complicated and time-consuming, and in some particular state and local jurisdictions it is, sadly, close to being not worth the trouble. The most unfortunate thing from the Christmas-gift point of view is that the legal requirements surrounding firearms transfer make it nearly impossible to give someone a gun as a surprise. Santa can't just leave it under the tree: he'd be committing a federal crime. First let's deal with firearms gift-giving between residents of different states. The crux of the issue is this: legally you cannot just buy a handgun, wrap it up, and send it directly to a friend or relative in another state as a Christmas present. The Federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms hag no holiday spirit at all when it comes to firearms gifts. But there are ways to legally circumvent this general prohibition if you want to take the time and effort. Let's suppose you live in Arizona and want to give a 22 target pistol to your father, who lives in Illinois. The first thing you would need to do is contact a licensed gun dealer close to your father's residence. Find out if the dealer would be willing to process the necessary paperwork to accomplish a legal transfer. If the dealer in Illinois agrees to help, you would wrap up the gun and ship it to the Illinois dealer. All your father would then have to do is go to the dealer, complete the necessary federal and state forms, go through all the necessary procedures governing handgun transfers, and then--finally--take the gun home. Obviously, all this makes it impossible to surprise your father with a nicely wrapped package under the tree--unless you were planning to be at your dad's house for the holidays. Then you could buy the gun in your home state, give it to him as a wrapped present on Christmas morning, and afterward go to the local gun shop with him to get the ownership of the pistol legally transferred from you to him. Of course, if there is a waiting period involved, your dad would have to twiddle his thumbs through the Second, Third, and Fourth days of Christmas before he could go back and actually pick up the gun.