单选题The primary objective of Basic Econometrics is to provide an elementary but an Ucomprehensive/U introduction to the art and science of econometrics.

单选题The fundamental distinction between a constitution and ordinary laws is similar to that between laws in general and their application by the courts to a particular case: as in deciding concrete cases the judge is bound by the more general principles of the constitution. The justification for these distinctions is also similar in both cases; as a judicial decision is regarded as just only if it in conformity with a general law, so particular laws are regarded as just only if they conform to more general principles. And as they want to prevent the judge from infringing the law for some particular reason, so we also want to prevent the legislature from infringing certain general principles for the sake of temporary and immediate aims. All men in the pursuit of immediate aims are apt—or, because of the limitation of their intellect, in fact bound—to violate rules of conduct which they would nevertheless wish to see generally observed. Because of the restricted capacity of our minds, our immediate purposes will always loom large, and we will tend to sacrifice long-term advantages to them. In individual as in social conduct we can therefore approach a measure of rationality or consistency in making particular decisions only by submitting to general principles, irrespective of momentary needs. Legislation can no more dispense with guidance by principles than any other human activity if it is to take account of effects in the aggregate. A legislature, like an individual, will be more reluctant to take certain measures for an important immediate aim if this requires the explicit repudiation of principles formally announced. To break a particular obligation or a promise is a different matter from explicitly stating that contracts or promises may be broken whenever such and such general conditions occur. Making a law retroactive or by law conferring privileges or imposing punishments on individuals is a different matter from rescinding the principle that this should never be done. And a legislature's infringing rights of property or the freedom of speech in order to achieve some great objective is quite a different thing from its having to state the general conditions under which such rights can be infringed. The stating of those conditions under which such actions by the legislature are legitimate would probably have beneficial effects, even if only the legislature itself were required to state them, much as the judge is required to state the principles on which he proceeds. But it will clearly be more effective if only another body has the power to modify these basic principles, especially if the procedure of this body is lengthy and thus allows time for the importance of the particular objective that has given rise to the demand for modification to be seen in the proper proportion. It is worth noting here that, in general, constitutional conventions or similar bodies set up to lay down the most general principles of government are regarded as competent to do only this, and not to pass any particular laws. The expression "appeal from the people drunk to the people sober", which is often used in this connection, stresses only one aspect of a much wider problem and, by the levity of its phrasing, has probably done to veil than to clarify the very important issues involved. The problem is not merely one of giving time for passions to cool, thought this on occasion may be very important, as that of taking into account man's general inability to consider explicitly all the probable effects of a particular measure and his dependence on generalizations or principles if he is to fit his individual decisions into a coherent whole. It is "impossible for men to consult their interest in so effectual a manner, as by an universal and inflexible observance of rules of justice," It needs hardly be pointed out that a constitutional system does not involve an absolute limitation of the will of the people but merely a subordination of immediate objectives to long-term ones. In effect this means a limitation of the means available to a temporary majority for the achievement of particular objectives by general principles laid down by another majority for a long period in advance. Or, to put it differently, it means that the agreement to submit to the will of the temporary majority on particular issues is based on the understanding that the majority will abide by more general principles laid down beforehand by a more comprehensive body. This division of authority implies more than may at first be apparent. It implies a recognition of limits to the power of deliberate reason and a preference for reliance on proved principles over ad hoc solutions; furthermore, it implies that the hierarchy of rules does not necessarily end with the explicitly stated rules of constitutional law. Like the forces governing the individual mind, the forces making for social order are a multilevel affair, and even constitutions are based on, or presuppose, an underlying agreement on more fundamental principles—principles which may never have been explicitly expressed, yet which make possible and precede the consent and the written fundamental laws. We must not believe that, because we have learned to make laws deliberately, all laws must be deliberately made by some human agency, share common beliefs which make discussion and persuasion possible and to which the articulated rules conform in order to be accepted as legitimate.

单选题Passage 2 In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? The evidence shows that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then, variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important. There is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modem factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus, although freedom of choice may be important, usually very little can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much a worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the produce Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than a large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the worker's contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we make their jobs more interesting, they will want neither more money nor shorter working hours.

单选题Browse one of the websites that hosts them, like You Tube or Google Vides.and you'll see drunken karaoke, babies being born, plane crashes, freakish sports accidents and far, far stranger things.

单选题The Untied States and Canada are lands of ______ except for the Indians, who are the only tree natives.

单选题You would be ______ a risk to let your child go to school by himself.

单选题Whether one is a romanticist, a rationalist, a classicist, or one in the______hold of naturalism, he accepts words describing each as holding the same range of meaning for all views, even including that of existentialism.

单选题An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to ______ further research and further thinking about a particular topic.

单选题He set the engine of the car ______.

单选题The loyalty of dogs to their masters has earned ______ "man's best friend".

单选题Educational policies made______the hoof by successive secretaries of state are the main reason for low teacher morale.

单选题The guards were accused of______ the prisoners in order to make them confess.

单选题Individuals have Uapplied/U "positive thinking" either Uto/U particular external circum-stances or to some particular habit or character defect.

单选题Please don't ______ too much on the painful memories. Everything will be all right. A. hesitate B. finger C. retain D. dwell

单选题While his efforts were tremendous the results appeared to be very ______. A. trigger B. meager C. vigor D. linger

单选题Science has made great______ during the past 20 years.

单选题The step was announced by the secretary of state in person and given maximum______

单选题Customer service stands out as the area where WestNet falls most behind, with 43.8 percent of its users in the survey saying "its security does not come______".

单选题The soldiers who______ from the army were severely punished.