单选题{{B}}Passage 1{{/B}} Nowadays, with plentiful ice and electric churning, few people recall the shared excitement of the era when making ice cream was a rarely scheduled event. Then the iceman brought to the back door, on special order, a handsome 2-foot-square cube of cold crystal and everyone in the family {{B}}took a turn at the crank{{/B}}. The critical question among us children was, of course, who might lick the dasher. A century or so ago the novelist Stendhal knew only hand-churned ice cream and, when be first tasted it, ex-claimed, "What a pity this isn't a sin!" Hand-churning is still tops for perfectionists for no power-driven machine has yet been invented that can achieve a comparable texture. Even French Pot, the very best commercial method for making ice cream, calls for finishing by hand. Ice creams are based on carefully cooked well-chilled syrups and heavy custards, added to unwhipped cream. No form of vanilla flavoring can surpass that of vanilla suger or of the bean itself, steeped in a hot syrup. If sweetened frozen fruits are incorporated into the cream mixture instead of fresh fruits, be sure to adjust sugar content accordingly. Make up mixtures for chum-frozen ice creams the day before you freeze, to increasingly fill the container only 3/4 full to permit expansion. To pack the freezer, allow 3 to 6 quarts of chipped or cracked ice to I cup of coarse rock sail. Pack about 1/3 of the freezer with ice and add layers of salt and ice around the container until the freezer is full. Allow the pack to stand about 3 minutes before you start turning. Turn slowly at first, about 40 revolutions a minute, until a slight pull is felt. Them triple speed for 5 to 6 minutes. If any additions, such as finely cut candied or fresh fruits or nuts are to be made, do so at this point. Then repack and taper off the churning to a- bout 80 revolutions a minute for a few minutes more. The cream should be ready in 10 to 20 minutes, depending on the quality. If the ice cream or ice is to be used at once, it should be frozen harder then if you plan to serve it later. Should the interval be 2 hours or more, packing will firm it. To pack, pour off the salt water in the freezer and wipe off the lid. Remove the dasher carefully, making sure that no salt or water gets into the cream container Scrape the cream down from the sides of the container. Place a cork in the lid and replace the lid. Repack the container in the freezer with additional ice and salt, using the same proporions as before. Cover the freezer with newspapers, a piece of carpet or other heavy material. The cream should be smooth when served, If it proves granular, you used too much salt in the packing mixture, overfilled the inner, container with the ice cream mixture or turned too rapidly. If you are making a large quantity with the idea of storing some in the deep-freeze, package in sizes you plan on serving: Should ice cream be allowed to melt even slightly and is then refrozen, it loses in volume and even more in good texture.

单选题We managed to reach the top of the mountain, and half an hour later we began to ______. A. ascend B. descend C. decline D. plunge

单选题Before the______of hospitals, the family or communal sauna(桑拿)was favored by Finnish women for giving birth. Today, saunas are found in health clubs and gymnasiums around the world.

单选题Just four bits of information collected from a shopper's credit card can be used to identify almost anyone, researchers have found. The study in the journal Science【C1】______ three months of credit card records for 1. 1 million people in an【C2】______ industrialized country. Ninety percent of individuals could be【C3】______ identified using just four pieces of【C4】______ , such as where they bought coffee one day or where they a【C5】______ new jumper or pair of shoes. 【C6】______ , credit cards use was just as【C7】______ at identifying someone as mobile phone records, the study found. Knowing the price of a【C8】______ could boost the risk of re-identification by 22 percent. "Even data sets that【C9】______ coarse information at any or all of the dimensions provide little anonymity(匿名)，" the study, led by Yves-Alexandre de Montjoye at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and colleagues at Aarhus University in Demark, revealed.【C10】______ some of the specifics were stripped from credit card data, such as【C11】______ the general area where a purchase was made instead of the【C12】______ shop, or expanding the time range to 15 days【C13】______ one, a person who would have believed themselves believed themselves【C14】______ could be re-identified with "just a few more【C15】______ data points", said the study. "Women are more than【C16】______ men in credit card metadata, " it added. People with higher【C17】______ were also easier to identify, perhaps because they "have【C18】______ patterns in how they divide their time between the【C19】______ they visit", added the study. The researchers【C20】______ more advanced technologies to protect data that is simply made anonymous.

单选题During a period of protracted illness, the sick can become infirm, ______ both the strength to work and many of the specific skills they once possessed. A. regaining B. denying C. pursuing D. losing

单选题Passage Three The terrorist attacks in London Thursday served as a jarring reminder that in today's world, you never know what you might see when you pickup the newspaper or turn on the TV. Disturbing images of terror can trigger a visceral response no matter how close or far away from home the event happened. Throughout history, every military conflict has involved psychological warfare in one way or another as the enemy sought to break the morale of their opponent. But thanks to advances in technology, the popularity of the Internet, and proliferation of news coverage, the rules of engagement in this type of mental battle have changed. Whether it's a massive attack or a single horrific act, the effects of psychological warfare aren't limited to the physical damage inflicted. Instead, the goal of these attacks is to instill a sense of fear that is much greater than the actual threat itself. Therefore, the impact of psychological terror depends largely on how the acts are publicized and interpreted. But that also means there are ways to defend yourself and your loved ones by putting these fears into perspective and protecting your children from horrific images. What is psychological terror? "The use of terrorism as a tactic is predicated upon inducing a climate of fear that is incommensurate with the actual threat," says Middle Eastern historian Richard Bulliet of Columbia University. "Every time you have an act of violence. Publicizing that violence becomes an important part of the act itself." "There are various ways to have your impact. You can have your impact by the magnitude of what you do, by the symbolic character of target, or the horrific quality of what you do to a single person," Bulliet tells WebMD. "The point is that it isn't what you do, but it's how it's covered that determines the effect." For example, Bulliet says the Iranian hostage crisis, which began in 1979 and lasted for 444 days, was actually one of the most harmless things that happened in the Middle East in the last 25 years. All of the U.S. hostages were eventually released unharmed, but the event a psychological scar for many Americans who watched helplessly as each evening's newscast counted the days the hostages were being held captive. Bulliet says terrorists frequently exploit images of a group of masked individuals exerting total power over their captives to send the message that the act is a collective demonstration of the group's power rather than an individual criminal act. "You don't have the notion that a certain person has taken a hostage. 'It's an image of group power, and the force becomes generalized rather than personalized," says Bulliet. "The randomness and the ubiquity of the threat give the impression of vastly greater capacities." Psychiatrist Ansar Haroun, who served in the U.S. Army Reserves in the first Gulf War and more recently in Afghanistan, says that terrorist groups often resort to psychological warfare because it's the only tactic they have available to them. "They don't have M-16s, and we have M-16s, they don't have the mighty military power that we have, and they only have access to things like kidnapping," says Haroun, who is also a clinical professor of psychiatry at the University of California, San Diego. "In psychological warfare, even one beheading can have the psychological impact that might be associated with killing 1,0000 of the enemy," Haroun tells WebMD. "You haven't really harmed the enemy very much by killing one person on the other side, but in terms of inspiring fear, anxiety, terror, and making us all feel bad, you've achieved a lot of demoralization.

单选题I can't understand how he can feel that his colleagues are always ready to {{U}}denounce{{/U}} him.

单选题(Only if) (ten more) students register this afternoon (will another) pronunciation section (be opening).

单选题If the additives are ______, the University of California researchers recommended caution in approving any alternatives.

单选题I grew more and more aware of Iago's ______ purpose as I watched him plant the seeds of suspicion in Othello's mind.

单选题In primitive times, poetry was written to be heard. Today, we frequently overlook the ______ of the poet's work.

单选题With the development of Usophisticate/U instruments, earthquake will become predictable.

单选题Linda could not refuse, ______ she foresaw little pleasure in the visit.

单选题The semantic ______ of ancient documents is not unique. Even in our own time, many documents are difficult to decipher.

单选题{{B}}Passage 4{{/B}} The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive human care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten. These conditions continued until after World War II. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposes called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail's Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America's prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons-- the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered "crazy" and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients' rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures. Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental healty administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.

单选题Having liberated the player from an exclusively team performance, Louis Armstrong unwittingly codified the vocabulary of the soloist in a series of famous recordings.

单选题In certain types of quartz, Ubands of/U color form an irregular pattern.

单选题The lost car was found______ in the woods off the highway.