单选题Depending on your age and memory, it was a week of radically new or reassuringly old developments in the advertising industry. To Mark Zuckerberg, the boss of Facebook, a popular social-networking website, it was the former. Standing in front of about 250 mostly middle-aged advertising executives on November 6th, he announced that Facebook was offering them a new deal. "For the last hundred years media has been pushed out to people," he said, "but now marketers are going to be a part of the conversation. " Using his firm's new approach, he claimed, advertisers will be able to piggyback on the "social actions" of Facebook users, since "people influence people. " Mr. Zuckerberg's underlying idea is hardly new. But, says Randall Rothenberg, the boss of the Interactive Advertising Bureau, a trade association, the announcements this week by Facebook and its larger rival, My Space, which has a similar ad system, could amount to a big step forward in conversational marketing. If new technologies that are explicitly based on social interactions prove effective, he thinks, they might advance web advertising to its fourth phase. From the point of view of marketers, the existing types of online ads already represent breakthroughs. In search, they can now target consumers who express interest in a particular product or service by typing a keyword; they pay only when a consumer responds, by clicking on their ads. In display, they can track and measure how their ads are viewed and whether a consumer is paying attention better than they ever could with television ads. Yet now the holy grail of observing and even participating in consumers' conversations appears within reach. The first step for brands to socialize with consumers is to start profile pages on social networks and then accept "friend requests" from individuals. On My Space, brands have been doing this for a while. For instance, Warner Bros, a Hollywood studio, had a My Space page for "300", its film about Spartan warriors. It signed up some 200,000 friends, who watched trailers, talked the film up before its release, and counted down toward its DVD release. Facebook, from this week, also lets brands create their own pages. Coca-Cola, for instance, has a Sprite page and a "Sprite Sips" game that lets users play with a little animated character on their own pages. Facebook makes this a social act by automatically informing the player's friends, via tiny "news feed" alerts, of the fun in progress. Thus, at least in theory, a Sprite "experience" can travel through an entire group, just as Messrs Lazarsfeld and Katz once described in the offline world. In many cases, Facebook users can also treat brands' pages like those of other friends, by adding reviews, photos or comments, say. Each of these actions might again be communicated instantly to the news feeds of their clique. Obviously this is a double-edged sword, since they can just as easily criticize a brand as praise it. Facebook even plans to monitor and use actions beyond its own site to place them in a social context. If, for instance, a Facebook user makes a purchase at Fandango, a website that sells cinema tickets, this information again shows up on the news feeds of his friends on Facebook, who might decide to come along. If he buys a book or shirt on another site, then this implicit recommendation pops up too.

单选题It was ______ for him to wear a T-shirt at the reception. A. out of place B. out of question C. out of order D. out of practice

单选题These early clocks, operated by weights, were not particularly accurate, and it was not until the sixteenth century______

单选题The word "culmination" in the last paragraph means ______.

单选题Human beings are animals. We breathe, cat end digest, and reproduce-the same life (71) common to all animals. In a biological laboratory, rats, monkeys, and humans seem very much the same. However, biological understanding is not enough: (72) itself, it can never tell us what human beings are. (73) to our physical equipment—the naked human body—we are not an (74) animal. We are tropical creatures, (75) hairless and sensitive to cold. We are not fast and have neither claws nor sharp teeth to defend ourselves. We need a lot of food but have almost no physical equipment to help us get it. In the purely physical (76) , our species seems a poor (77) for survival. But we have survived—survived and multiplied and (78) the earth. Some day we will have a (79) living on the moon, a place with neither air nor water and with temperatures that turn gases into solids. How can we have done all these things? Part of the answer is physical. (80) its limitations, our physical equipment has some important (81) . We have excellent vision and hands that can (82) objects with a precision unmatched by any other (83) . Most importantly, we have a large brain with an almost (84) number of neural (85) . We have used this physical equipment to create culture, the key to our survival and success. If we live in the Arctic. we supply the warmth our tropical bodies need (86) clothing, shelter, and (87) heat. If a million people want to live in a desert that supplies natural food for only a few hundred, we find water to grow food and (88) deficits by transporting supplies from distant places. Inhabitants of our eventual moon colony will bring their own food and oxygen and then create an artificial earth environment to supply necessities. With culture, we can overcome our natural limitations. It was not always (89) . 0ur distant ancestors were just animals, faced with the limits of their physical equipment. They had no (90) and lacked the physical capacity to use it.

单选题Which of the following is the author's viewpoint?

单选题The House is expected to pass a piece of legislation Thursday that seeks to significantly rebalance the playing field for unions and employers and could possibly reverse decades of declining membership among private industries. The Employee Free Choice Act would allow a union to be recognized after collecting a majority of vote cards, instead of waiting for the National Labor Relations Board to oversee a secret ballot election, which can occur more than 50 days after the card vote is completed. Representatives of business on Capitol Hill oppose the bill. The National Association of Manufacturers, the National Federation of Independent Business, the U. S. Chamber of Commerce and other business groups oppose the shift away from secret ballots saying the change could threaten the privacy of the workers. "This isn't about preventing increased unionization, it's about protecting rights," said the National Association of Manufacturer's Jason Straczewski, of his organization's opposition to bill. Straczewski says eliminating the secret-ballot step would open up employees to coercion(强迫，胁迫)from unions. Samuel of the AFL-CIO contends the real coercion comes from employers. "Workers talking to workers are equals while managers talking to workers aren't," Samuel said. He cites the 31,358 cases of illegal employer discrimination acted on by the National Labor Relations Board in 2005. Samuel also points out that counter to claims from the business lobby, the secret ballot would not be eliminated. The change would only take the control of the timing of the election out of the hands of the employers. "On the ground, the difference between having this legislation and not would be the difference between night and day," said Richard Shaw of the Harris County Central Labor Council, who says it would have a tremendous impact on the local level. The bill has other provisions(规定，条款)as well. The Employee Free Choice Act would also impose binding arbitration(仲裁)when a company and a newly formed union cannot agree on a contract after 3 months. An agreement worked out under binding compulsory arbitration would be in effect for 2 years, a fact that Straczewski calls, "borderline unconstitutional. " "I don't see how it will benefit employees if they're locked into a contract," said Straczewski. The bill's proponents point to the trend of recognized unions unable to get contracts from unwilling employers. The Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, the organization that oversees arbitration, reported that in 2004, 45 percent of newly formed unions were denied first contracts by employers. The bill would also strengthen the penalties for companies that illegally coerce or intimidate employees. As it stands, the law on the books hasn't changed substantially since the National Labor Relations Act was made into law in 1935. The NLBR can enforce no other penalty than reinstating wrongfully fired employees or recovering lost wages.

单选题Calvin had long been known for his mendacity, but even those who knew him well were surprised at the ______ explanation he gave for the shortage of funds.

单选题Which of the following does the author think is the most important reason for women to go to work?

单选题Her successful jump brought a______cheer from the crowd. A. spontaneous B. homogenous C. simultaneous D. instantaneous

单选题The manager threw a party ______ the group of computer experts from the United States. A. in honor of B. in favor of C. in welcome of D. in celebration of

单选题New technology is making the traditional farming machinery and methods ______.

单选题Your analogy was not a good one because the two situations are not similar.

单选题It was suggested that all government ministers should ______ information on their financial interests.(2007年中南大学考博试题)

单选题In the first sentence of Paragraph 4," . manage this" means "to manage the process of ______ "

单选题The Aleuts, residing on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof Islands, and the Alaskan peninsula have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Venation selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut vocabulary and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage. The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages. To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut patents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect. Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity. The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. From the wording of ninny regulations, it appears that American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans. Gradually despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation, away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression.

单选题I contend, quite bluntly, that marking up a book is not an act of mutilation but of love.

单选题The evil manners would be ______ root and branch due to the forceful action taken by the local government.

单选题 Passage 2 In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? The evidence shows that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then, variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important. There is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modem factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus, although freedom of choice may be important, usually very little can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much a worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the produce Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than a large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the worker's contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we make their jobs more interesting, they will want neither more money nor shorter working hours.