单选题I had never been in the public ward of a hospital before, and it was my first experience of doctors who handle you without speaking to you or, in a human sense, taking any notice of you. They only put on six glasses in my case, but after doing so they scarified the blisters and applied the glasses again. Each glass now drew out about a dessertspoonful of dark-colored blood. I had aches and pains all over. As I lay down again, humiliated, disgusted and frightened by the thing that had been done to me, I reflected that now at least they would leave me alone. But no, not a bit of it. There was another treatment coming, the mustard poultice, seemingly a matter of routine like the hot bath. Two slatternly nurses had already got the poultice ready, and they lashed it round my chest as tight as a strait-jacket while some men who were wandering about the ward in shirt and trousers began to collect round my bed with half-sympathetic grins. I learned later that watching a patient having a mustard poultice was a favorite pastime in the ward. These things are normally applied for a quarter of an hour and certainly they are funny enough if you don' t happen to be the person inside. For the first five minutes the pain is severe, but you believe you can bear it. During the second five minutes this belief evaporates, but the poultice is bucked at the back and you can' t get it off. This is the period the onlookers enjoy most. During the last five minutes I noted a sort of numbness supervenes. After the poultice had been removed a waterproof pillow packed with ice was thrust beneath my head and I was left alone, I did not sleep, and to the best of knowledge this was the only night of my life—I mean the only night spent in bed—in which I have not slept at all, not even a minute.

单选题In the villages of the English countryside there are still people who remember the good old days when no one bothered to lock their doors. There simply wasn"t any crime to worry about. Amazingly, these happy times appear still to be with us in the world"s biggest community. A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted programmer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up homes without fitting locks to their doors. SATAN can try out a variety of well-known hacking tricks on an Internet site without actually breaking in. Farmer has made the program publicly available, amid much criticism. A person with evil intent could use it to hunt down sites that are easy to burgle. But Farmer is very concerned about the need to alert the public to poor security and, so far, events have proved him right SATAN has done more to alert people to the risks than cause new disorder. So is the Net becoming more secure? Far from it. In the early days, when you visited a Web site your browser simply looked at the content. Now the Web is full of tiny programs that automatically download when you look at a Web page, and run on your own machine. These programs could, if their authors wished, do all kinds of nasty things to your computer. At the same time, the Net is increasingly populated with spiders, worms, agents and other types of automated beasts designed to penetrate the sites and seek out and classify information. All these make wonderful tools for antisocial people who want to invade weak sites and cause damage. But let"s look on the bright side. Given the lack of locks, the Internet is surely the world"s biggest(almost)crime-free society. Maybe that is because hackers are fundamentally honest. Or that there currently isn"t much to steal. Or because vandalism isn"t much fun unless you have a peculiar dislike for someone. Whatever the reason, let"s enjoy it while we can. But expect it all to change, and security to become the number one issue, when the most influential inhabitants of the Net are selling services they want to be paid for.

单选题When most people think about changing their body shape, they usually focus on just losing weight. Books and magazines about dieting are among the most popular in the world. Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy, but losing weight by means of dieting takes time; losing weight too fast can cause great health problems. Dieting means change one's eating habits to a healthier pattern, but many women mistake the concept of dieting and thinking that the less one eats, the better. As a result, they lose health as well as weight. Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that, over a certain period of time, will provide the body's use of oxygen. Nowadays, aerobic exercise has become a very trendy workout among youths. Not only is performing aerobic exercise interesting, but it is also very beneficial for health. There are different types of aerobics like jogging, swimming, kickboxing, fitness walking, inline skating, bicycling, etc. Aerobics strengthens the heart and lungs. It is also especially popular with women. But neither of these two methods, dieting and aerobics, can help shape the body. To do this, you need to build muscle. So, if a firmer and shapelier body is your goal, 60 percent of your exercise routine should involve strengthening moves, and only 30 percent should be aerobic exercises. For a proper body-shaping routine, you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights. Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise. Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups — for example, chest and biceps, or back, shoulders and triceps. You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities, like swimming, cycling, walking, running, or in-line skating. Plan three to four workouts a week, 15 to 20 minutes each, increasing the pace each week. As you build muscle, you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise. Don't worry. It's probably muscle, which is denser that fat. And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue. With more muscle, you can burn more calories, even when you are not exercising. When you are trying to build muscle, you need two to three servings of protein a day, but the main part of your diet should be carbohydrates. And in order to get the energy you need for a high-intensity workout, you should eat something, especially carbohydrates, an hour or so before your workout. While weight training will firm and shape your body, it has other benefits too. It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories, leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.

单选题When most people think about changing their body shape, they usually focus on just losing weight. Books and magazines about dieting are among the most popular in the world. Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy, but losing weight by means of dieting takes time; losing weight too fast can cause great health problems. Dieting means change one"s eating habits to a healthier pattern, but many women mistake the concept of dieting and thinking that the less one eats, the better. As a result, they lose health as well as weight. Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that, over a certain period of time, will provide the body"s use of oxygen. Nowadays, aerobic exercise has become a very trendy workout among youths. Not only is performing aerobic exercise interesting, but it is also very beneficial for health. There are different types of aerobics like jogging, swimming, kickboxing, fitness walking, inline skating, bicycling, etc. Aerobics strengthens the heart and lungs. It is also especially popular with women. But neither of these two methods, dieting and aerobics, can help shape the body. To do this, you need to build muscle. So, if a firmer and shapelier body is your goal, 60 percent of your exercise routine should involve strengthening moves, and only 30 percent should be aerobic exercises. For a proper body-shaping routine, you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights. Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise. Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups — for example, chest and biceps, or back, shoulders and triceps. You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities, like swimming, cycling, walking, running, or in-line skating. Plan three to four workouts a week, 15 to 20 minutes each, increasing the pace each week. As you build muscle, you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise. Don"t worry. It"s probably muscle, which is denser that fat. And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue. With more muscle, you can burn more calories, even when you are not exercising. When you are trying to build muscle, you need two to three servings of protein a day, but the main part of your diet should be carbohydrates. And in order to get the energy you need for a high-intensity workout, you should eat something, especially carbohydrates, an hour or so before your workout. While weight training will firm and shape your body, it has other benefits too. It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories, leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.

单选题Can the Internet help patients jump the line at the doctor's office? The Silicon Valley Employers Forum, a sophisticated group of technology companies, is launching a pilot program to test online "virtual visits" between doctors at three big local medical groups and about 8, 000 employees and their families. The six employers taking part in the Silicon Valley initiative, including heavy hitters such as Oracle and Cisco Systems, hope that online visits will mean employees won't have to skip work to tend to minor ailment or to follow up on chronic conditions. "With our long commutes and traffic, driving 40 miles to your doctor in your hometown can be a big chunk of time, " says Cindy Conway, benefits director at Cadence Design Systems, one of the participating companies. Doctors aren't clamoring to chat with patients online for free; they spend enough unpaid time on the phone. Only 1 in 5 has ever E-mailed a patient, and just 9 percent are interested in doing so, according to the research firm Cyber Dialogue. "We are not stupid, " says Stirling Somers, executive director of the Silicon Valley Employers group. "Doctors getting paid is a critical piece in getting this to work. " In the pilot program, physicians will get $ 20 per online consultation, about what they get for a simple office visit. Doctors also fear they'll be swamped by rambling E-mails that tell everything but what's needed to make a diagnosis. So the new program will use technology supplied by Healinx, an Alameda, Calif. -based start-up. Healinx's "Smart Symptom Wizard" questions patients and turns answers into a succinct message. The company has online dialogues for 60 common conditions. The doctor can then diagnose the problem and outline a treatment plan, which could include E-mailing a prescription or a face to face visit. Can E-mail replace the doctor's office? Many conditions, such as persistent cough, require a stethoscope to discover what's wrong—and to avoid a malpractice suit. Even Larry Bonham, head of one of the doctor's groups in the pilot, believes the virtual doctor's visits offer a "very narrow" sliver of service between phone calls to an advice nurse and a visit to the clinic. The pilot program, set to end in nine months, also hopes to determine whether online visits will boost worker productivity enough to offset the cost of the service. So far, the Internet's record in the health field has been underwhelming. The experiment is "a huge roll of the dice for Healinx, " notes Michael Barrett, and analyst at Internet consulting from Forester Research. If the "Web visits" succeed, expect some HMOs (Health Maintenance Organizations) to pay for online visits. If doctors, employers, and patients aren't satisfied, figure on one more E-health start-up to stand down.

单选题Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep.【C1】______ kind of sleep is at all well-understood, but REM sleep is【C2】______ to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose of non-REM sleep is even more【C3】______ . The new experiments, such as those【C4】______ for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinating explanations【C5】______ of non-REM sleep. For example, it has long been known that total sleep【C6】______ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet,【C7】______ examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher has now【C8】______ the mystery of why the animals die. The rats【C9】______ bacterial infections of the blood,【C10】______ their immune systems—the self-protecting mechanism against disease—had crashed.

单选题Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn. Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42. 7% of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks. An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning. "Alcohol is always toxic. It's really a poison, " said Steven Schandler, professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. "Because it's a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die. " Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol. But problems with alcohol aren't limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape. Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4% — five times the legal intoxication limit of 0. 8%— can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood, enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said. Regardless of a person's tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain's cortex, which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That's why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol, and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others. Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until "it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat, " said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine. At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. "The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest, " said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning. College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass, advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking.

单选题Convincing the public to follow health advice can be tough and time-consuming. This may be why changes to health messages are often fiercely resisted by those whose job is to get the advice across. So, for example, the suggestion that smokers who cannot quit should reduce their exposure to harm by switching to chewing tobacco met with extreme opposition. A still more ferocious debate is emerging over the health impact of sunshine. For the past 20 years, advice on sunlight has come from dermatologists who rightly warn people to cover up when they venture outside for fear of developing skin cancer. But evidence from researchers in other fields now suggests that short periods in the sun without protection—sometimes as little as a few minutes a day—can prevent most other major forms of cancer. This surprising conclusion stems from findings that vitamin D, which is made by skin cells exposed to the sun" s ultraviolet rays, is a potent anti-cancer agent. The researchers who made this discovery are eager to be heard. But their message is about as welcome as a bad rash, particularly in countries such as Australia and the US where fair-skinned immigrants living at Mediterranean latitudes have made skin cancer a huge problem. The American Academy of Dermatology argues that advocating one carcinogen—UV radiation—to protect against other forms of cancer is dangerous and misleading. If people need more vitamin D, they should take a multivitamin or drink milk fortified with it, says the academy. Unfortunately , the solution is not as simple as that. Critics also argue that the protective effect of sunlight is not yet proved. While this may be true, the evidence is very suggestive. The case is built on several studies that bring together cellular biology, biochemistry and epidemiology. And all the criticism of this theory counts for nothing if, as some of its advocates, suggest, the number of people dying for lack of sunlight is four times as high as those dying from skin cancer. At the same time, those advocates must not overstate their case. Everyone wants to save as many lives as they can. What we need now is for national medical research bodies and cancer research organizations to investigate the relative risks and benefits of sunshine. This will almost certainly mean more epidemiological work, which should start as soon as possible. As for the public: give them the facts, including risk estimates for short periods in the sun—and for covering up, It is patronizing(施恩于人的)to assume that people cannot deal with complex messages. What we definitely do not want is a war of words between groups with polarized views, and no prospect of the issue being resolved. That way will only lead to confusion, distrust of doctors and more unnecessary deaths.

单选题The first line reads; "She sits on the bed with a helpless expression. What is your name? Au-guste. Last name? Auguste. What is your husband" s name? Auguste, I think. " The 32 pages of medical records that follow are the oldest medical description of Alzheimer" s disease. Psychiatrist Konrad Maurer and his colleagues at Johann Wolfgan Goethe University in Frankfurt found the file in their hospital" s archive, where it had been missing for nearly 90 years, and published exerpts from it last May in The Lancet. The notes, in a cramped, archaic German script, were written by Alois Alzheimer—the physician who first described the disease. His patient, Auguste D. , was a 51-year-old woman who had suffered fits of paranoid jealousy and memory lapses so disturbing that her family finally brought her to a local hospital known as the Castle of the Insane. Over the next four years Aizheimer tracked her condition. Upon her death he examined her brain tissue and found the distinctive lesion that are now hallmark of the disease. Today Alzheimer" s afflicts some 4 million Americans. Although it still cannot be cured, or e-ven treated very well, several recent studies hint that some treatments—from estrogen to vitamin E to anti-inflammatory drugs—can reduce either the risk of developing the disorder or its symptoms. And more is being learned about its distinctive pathology. This past year, for instance, researchers discovered a new kind of lesion in Alzheimer" s patients. A genetic study also pinpointed a mutation that is present in some 60 percent of them—a mutation in the DNA of mitochondria, the energy— producing organelles of the cells. But nearly a century ago, it was Alois Alzheimer who first described the disease an in so doing became one of the first physicians to offer a biological basis fro a psychiatric condition. Finding the file, Maurer says, "is like holding history in your hands. "

单选题In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our bodies as well. First, let's talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place. If you call my mobile, you get me. If you call my fixed-line phone, you get whoever answers it. This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the "meeting" influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer "see you there at 8", but "text me around 8 and we'll see where we all are". Texting changes people as well. In their paper, "Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging", two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users: the "talkers" and the "texters" —those who prefer voice to text message and those who prefer text to voice. They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well. Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language. There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the "speakeasy": the head is held high in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the "spacemaker": these people focus on themselves and keep out other people. Who can blame them? Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people's privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you needn't worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.

单选题Having a few too many drinks can mean more than just a blackout or a bad hangover. People who engage in binge drinking are courting danger, experts warn. Binge drinking is most common at colleges and universities, where many adults treat drinking to excess as a rite of passage. A 1997 study from the Harvard School of Public Health reports that 42.7% of all college students engage in binge drinking. The well-publicized deaths of several college students from binge drinking in 1997 highlights the risks. An 18-year-old freshman at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology drank himself into a coma and died. A 20-year-old fraternity pledge at Louisiana State University died from alcohol poisoning. "Alcohol is always toxic. It"s really a poison," said Steven Schandler, professor of psychology at Chapman University and chief of addiction research at the Long Beach Veterans Affairs Health Care System, who added that binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning. "Because it"s a poison, like any other poison, if you take in a little bit, you might tolerate it, but if you take in a lot, you might die." Administrators and doctors say that college freshmen are especially at risk for alcohol poisoning, in part because they often lack the maturity to refrain or stop. And for some who may be new to drinking, their bodies have a relatively low tolerance for alcohol. But problems with alcohol aren"t limited to teenagers and young adults. A 39-year-old Buena Park man recently recalled that two days of steady imbibing on a trip to Las Vegas several years ago left him in bad shape. Doctors say blood alcohol levels of about 4%— five times the legal intoxication limit of 0.8%—can induce potentially lethal side effects in most people. Alcoholics have higher limits. Although not well understood, enzymes that break down and expel alcohol in the liver and kidneys do so more effectively in seasoned drinkers, allowing them to tolerate more, Schandler said. Regardless of a person"s tolerance, alcohol exerts its influence when the amount of alcohol taken in exceeds the amount that the body can digest. At that point, alcohol passes from the bloodstream into the brain and begins its attack. Alcohol first affects the brain"s cortex, which controls more sophisticated thought processes. That"s why people generally become less inhibited under the influence of alcohol, and some are more willing to try things that could be dangerous to themselves or others. Coordination, mainly controlled by the cerebellum, is the next to go, leading to slurred speech and difficulty walking in a straight line. As excessive drinking continues, alcohol moves deeper into the brain until "it gets to the very basic structure of the brain stem that affects things like respiration and heart beat," said Dr. Bret Ginther, an assistant clinical professor of emergency medicine at UC Irvine. At that point, people may pass out or fall into a coma. Their vital signs may weaken. "The most common cause of death from alcohol poisoning is respiratory arrest," said Ginther. Eventually, the heart simply stops. Getting to that point is fairly unusual. But Ginther said that at least once or twice a month, patients are brought into the emergency room at UCI Medical Center in Orange suffering from alcohol poisoning. College officials say they are always on the lookout for alcohol abuse but say there is no fail-safe method to keep students from drinking. Many colleges try to educate students, especially those caught drinking illegally or causing disruptions. The Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention in Newton, Mass, advocates a community-based approach that includes administrators, faculty, police and businesses in the fight to curb binge drinking, in part by being on alert for people abusing alcohol. The center also stresses the importance of parental guidance and urges parents to have frank discussions with their children about excessive drinking.

问答题In this part there is a passage in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage. 学会呼吸能长寿 生命离不开呼吸。人每分每秒都在进行呼吸运动，但你却未必呼吸得正确。英国一项研究显示，90％以上的成年人都不会有意识地调节呼吸。而据我国呼吸科专家统计，城市中一半以上人呼吸方式不正确，短浅的呼吸不仅让许多人大脑缺氧，容易疲惫，而且还容易诱发多种疾病! 深呼吸的几大好处 那么，做腹式深呼吸有哪些好处呢?首先，深呼吸能防治呼吸系统疾病。常见的呼吸系统疾病包括慢性支气管炎、哮喘、肺气肿等。这些病人的肺部都处于无弹性和扩张状态，影响肺活量。而进行深呼吸，能逐步增大肌肉收缩力，有利于胸、肺的有效扩张，增强肋间肌活力，可以逐步恢复其弹性和肺活量，从而达到治疗和缓解病情的目的。 再次，深呼吸能帮助人们减压，缓解失眠症状。北京体育大学运动医学教授陆一帆表示，人们主动调节呼吸的深度和频率，就能有效放松绷紧的神经，舒缓焦虑的心情。一些因为压力造成的颈部疼痛，通过瑜伽时的呼吸练习，疼痛感将会减弱。失眠的人也可用呼吸法来帮助入睡。通过降低呼吸节奏、平缓呼吸，能减轻失眠症状。 其次，深呼吸还可防治高血压。这是日本自治医科大学北村谕教授试验的?种深呼吸降血压法，其原理是人的肺部有被称为肺泡的小袋状物，大约有3亿个。在—般呼吸的情况下，只有其中的80％～90％能充分地工作，剩下的肺泡处于浪费状态。如果采用深呼吸，就可以使剩下的肺泡工作起来。当采用胸部深呼吸的时候，位于肺上部的肺泡开放；而在腹式深呼吸时，肺下部的肺泡也打开了。工作中所有的肺泡都在产生前列腺素，而且通过深呼吸还可使原来就在工作的80％～90％的肺泡产生比原来更多的前列腺素。这样，更多的前列腺素进入血管，从而使血管扩张，血压降低。每天早中晚三次，每次10分钟就有效果。 最重要的是，深呼吸能促进健康长寿。美国学者希尔在《从呼吸索取生命力》一文中指出：“有控制地深呼吸练习，可使大脑尽快消除疲劳，可以调节神经系统，使人轻松舒畅。深呼吸之所以有这样大的作用，在于正常人每次吸进与呼出的气体量只有400毫升～500毫升，而做一次最深的呼吸，男性可达到3500毫升，女性可达到2500毫升，相当于通常吸气的8倍，从而使生命获得大量的能源。” 如何学会正确呼吸 怎样才能学会正确呼吸呢?最关键的有两点，陆一帆指出，一是要缓和吸，也就是吸气的时候，要均匀缓慢，尽量深吸，让气体能充满肺泡；二是要用力吐，吐得干净，这样才能将废弃全部排出体外，保障交换的气体多一些。最科学的呼吸方法为：“吸——停(屏气10一20秒钟)——呼”的呼吸形式，可使副交感神经兴奋性增强，也可使肠鸣次数增加，有利于消化吸收，从而有益于健康长寿。 龙村修提倡的呼吸法，则是以深长的腹式呼吸为基础，逐步使肺、肋骨、横膈膜等肌肉群在呼吸时运动到最大幅度，让空气充满肺部的“全体呼吸法”。“刚开始虽要刻意练习，最终目标却是融入生活，各种姿势和动作都结合呼吸法去做。”龙村修表示，如此将更能掌握身体的力量和节奏，提高效率。例如用呼吸法攀登高山时，比较不会出现头痛等高山症状；打高尔夫挥杆能挥得更远。这种呼吸方法，在公车上、走路时、工作间隙，或者对着公园的树都能练习。尤其面对突如其来的负面情境时，呼吸法更能适时调节身心、稳定情绪。

问答题In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage. 近几十年来，许多国家的流行病学调查资料都表明，不少传染病的发病率和死亡率在不断下降，而癌症的发病率和死亡率却在不断上升。大量的调查研究表明，癌症等疾病的发病率的上升都与环境污染有关。由于环境污染对人体的作用一般具有剂量小、作用时间长等特点，容易被人们所忽视。往往病发之日尚不知谁是元凶。环境污染就像邪恶的阴影，悄悄吞噬着人体的健康。 肺及呼吸道是一个开放器官，与外界直接接触，外界很多致癌因素都可以导致肺癌。环境污染就是导致肺癌的一个重要原因。 环境污染中最为重要的就是大气污染。大气污染的许多学者惊奇地发现，近50年来，随着工业和经济的发展、人们生活水平的提高，肺癌的发病率也显著提高，特别是世界经济发达地区的患者成倍地增加。例如，美国的病人在50年中，男性增加了18倍，女性增加了6倍。每4名癌症死亡病例中，就有1名是肺癌患者；每100名死亡病人中。有5名死于肺癌。就我国情况看，也：有明显增加的趋势。上海市卢湾区1971年比1952年死亡率增长9．65倍；北京城区1975年比1958年死亡率增长2．5倍。从全国恶性肿瘤排列顺序来看，肺癌占第5位；每100名癌症病人中，大约有8名是肺癌。 肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，据WHO统计，每年全球估计有120万以上新发肺癌病例，死亡约110万人，平均每隔30s就有人死于肺癌。近年来，我国肺癌发病率及死亡率亦不断上升。国内外流行病学研究报告称，大气污染易诱发肺癌而使死亡率增高。 在公认的大气污染物中，颗粒物与人群健康效应终点的流行病学联系最为密切。把颗粒物对健康的危害做定量评价，近年来已成为WHO、欧盟等国际机构关注的热点之一。美国规定可吸入颗粒物(PM10)的日均值及年均值分别为0．15与0．05 mg／m 3 ，我国1996年颁布的GB3095—1996规定PM10的二级标准为日均值为0．15 mg／m，年均值为0．10 mg／m。1997年，美国国家环境保护局(EPA)率先推出PM2．5标准，严格规定日均值为0．065 mg／m 3 ，年均值为0．015 mg／m 3 。 PM10与PM2．5都可增加患肺癌的危险。美国的研究表明，硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氢离子、元素碳、二次有机化合物及过渡金属都富集在细颗粒物上，而Ca、Al、Mg、Fe等元素则主要富集在粗颗粒物上，它们对人体的影响不同。PM2．5对人体的危害比PM10大，已成为环境空气控制政策的新目标。随着交通的发展、机动车辆的增加、环境的日益破坏，PM2．5污染越来越严重。研究发现，大气中PM2．5在总悬浮颗粒物中的比率逐年增加，沉积在下呼吸道的96％颗粒物是PM2．5。城市大气中PM2．5主要来自于交通废气排放(18％～54％)及气溶胶二次污染(30％～41％)。 可以看出，环境污染与我们的健康有着重要的关系。我们必须全力以赴保护环境，因为保护环境就是保护自己!

问答题Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 查房前的充分准备对向患者提供高效和高质量的诊治非常重要!准备工作不充分不仅延误了整个查房的时间，更重要的是，它延误了对患者病情的及时处理，甚至会延误患者的恢复和出院。最终会降低医疗服务的质量，甚至可能导致患者因丧失抢救时机而早死。 查房准备首先是要了解患者目前的状况，这些信息可以通过查房前的病历回顾，包括护理记录和床边评估等获得。接着是收集患者现有的实验室、X线和病理报告以备查房时使用。有时查房前可能拿不到正式报告，但可以通过电话或病区的计算机先得到初步报告。这些结果可以在查房时供查房小组讨论，这将有利于疾病的早期诊断和治疗。 工具对检查极其重要。任何一个医生在开始查房时至少要有听诊器和笔式电筒，也许他不一定总带着压舌板，但可以设法用筷子或勺子等代替进行口咽部的检查。检查口腔黏膜有助于咽炎、扁桃体炎、黏膜炎、口腔白色念珠菌病或是口腔溃疡的诊断，从而为系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)、艾滋病(AIDS)、单纯疱疹、白血病、恶性贫血或白塞氏(Behcet)病等疾病提供线索。 很显然，体格检查时听诊器的作用非常重要。肺部听诊可以听到湿罗音、干罗音或哮鸣音，这对诊断肺炎、哮喘或充血性心力衰竭很有价值。呼吸音减低则可以在胸腔积液、慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)、肺不张和气胸时被发现。心脏科医生使用听诊器进行心脏听诊，仔细倾听来发现心律失常、心力衰竭时常出现的第三心音(S3)和第四心音(S4)以及狭窄生瓣膜病变时产生的心脏杂音。同样听诊器有利于检查者发现二尖瓣脱垂时收缩中期喀喇音和心包摩擦音。 其他工具包括： 1．一把小尺：用于测量皮肤损害和结节的大小及PPD皮试反应； 2．一把叩诊锤：用于神经系统检查时评价DTR； 3．一本袖珍药物手册：用于查阅药物和药物剂量。现在许多医生拥有手提式微型计算机， 如“掌上电脑”，手指轻轻一点就能查阅储存的大量有价值的医疗信息。 查房时，住院医生必须将护理记录拿到床边，这样有利于查房小组很容易地了解患者有关的病情，如生命体征、24小时液体摄入量和尿量。还应该审查目前药物使用情况和记录患者病情变化的护理记录。有些药物常常会被停掉或改为口服。 最后需要强调的是，医生的着装必须符合职业的特点。白大褂是医生的校准职业装，但医生常常忽略衣服所沾上的血迹、钢笔水、小便甚至大便。穿着这样的衣服工作不仅使病人感到医生外观不雅，而且有传播疾病的危险。必须佩带标明医生姓名和等级(如主治医生、专科住院医生和普科住院医生)的身份牌，使患者能够一目了然。这对识别医生身份和安全考虑都很重要。 总之，查房前准备充分对实施有效、有序和富有成果的病人护理是至关重要的。它不仅有助于促进医疗工作，而且会增强患者对于医务人员的信任。相反，查房准备不足导致患者信息的遗漏，损害患者的治疗及安全。

问答题Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 人格变化 自从现代心理学建立以来，由老龄化引发的人格变化一直是大家争论的话题。人格发展理论有两大主要流派。第一个流派认为成年人的人格是相对稳定的。例如，麦克卡雷和考斯塔指出25～30岁以上的成年人的人格结构一般不会有大的变化。弗洛伊德认为一个人的人格发展到了青春期就相对完整，40岁以后几乎就不会再发生变化。这些作者认为人格发展就像身高一样，逐渐稳定并进入最佳成熟状态。另一方面，第二个流派认为人格以可塑性与变化为特征，人格发展会随着人生阅历变化而发生变化。卡斯皮和巴尔迪茨主张，虽然人格显现出一定的稳定性，但人与环境间的交互作用极其复杂，人格变化会贯穿于人的一生。 人格特点的纵向研究表明，基本的人格特征在成年人阶段还是相对稳定的。例如，巴尔迪摩的纵向研究发现，诸如情绪性、外倾性、开放性等在内的人格衡量指标在10年或更长的时间内存在显著的稳定性。科学家们在明尼苏达州进行的一项长达30年的相同研究也得出了类似的结论。而且，在老年人中进行的访谈发现，一个人的自我意象似乎没有随着年龄的增长而发生什么变化。这使得一些人类学家推断自我意象本质上是“永恒的”。很多理论学者相信一旦进入成年期，人格不再有显著的变化。然而，近期的纵向研究发现绝对稳定性被高估了。事实上，人们已经发现了成年期出现的显著的个人内在变化。一般说来，随着宜人性和责任感的增加，情绪性、外倾性降低。这就意味着心理层面上的成熟始于成人阶段之初。随着年龄的增长，成熟速度下降，但持续性的重大变化不断出现，直至高龄阶段。例如，斐尔德和米尔萨普的纵向研究发现情绪性下降会延续到69岁，然后趋向平稳直到83岁，而宜人性增加，外向性减弱的变化也延续到83岁。 尽管基本的人格特征在成年期还相当稳定，但人格的其他方面会出现一些可预见性的变化。成人阶段人格变化之一就是更加醉心于个人内心世界，包括增加对个人感情和经历的关注，减少外倾性。这种持续增长的内倾性格的变化经常伴随着比年轻时候更少的冲动和更谨慎的行为。在某些情况下，还伴随对外部世界兴趣的降低，行事会更加小心翼翼。 纵向研究已经发现，随着年龄的增长，成年人越来越表现出彼此间的差异。人际交往的风格更加个性化，人们也较以往更加的“自我”。在一定程度上，这可能是由于老年人降低了对顺应外部世界期望的需求，在缺乏清晰、明确的老年社会角色标准的社会当中尤其如此。另外，有些变化还可能是由于阿耳茨海默式病(早老性痴呆)、艾滋病、中风、或者其他疾病如脑瘤、感染、抑郁、其他压力等引起的。

问答题Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 人类的健康一直取决于人类与环境的关系。人类，像其他动物一样，不断被环境中对其起作用的自然力量改变着，而人类又不断地改变着环境。与其他生命形式——从鲸鱼到微小的病毒——为伴的人类只是动态系统中的一部分。在这个动态系统中，人类不断地同周围世界交换着物质与能量。例如，人类从环境中摄取固体、液体及气体物质，并向环境中排放固体、液体及气体废物。除此之外，我们甚至发明了同样与周围环境交换物质与能量的机器。在生命过程中，生物体可以进入我们的机体，有些对我们的生理功能是有益的，而另一些则可引起疾病。另外，我们既可以获益于，也可以受难于世界上的非生物力量。所有这些与环境的相互作用都与我们和总环境的关系相关。对于那些负责保护环境和美化环境的人来说，广义的人类环境是至关重要的。绝对不能忽视的是，分析证明人民大众的健康是保护环境最关键的原因。但是在为保护环境而保护环境的压力下，这一点常常被忽视。另一方面，公共卫生工作者本身必须尽力避免制定或采取一些狭隘的、环境尚欠考虑的或过时的措施、计划和行动，因为对人类健康造成危害的现在和潜在的外部因素绝不是仅与水、空气和垃圾中的某一特定功能因素相关的、固定不变的孤立现象。不能否认，过去人们面临那些大规模流行的、表面上看存在着简单的、特定的因果关系的疾病时所采取的一些方法曾取得过很大成果。不幸的是，这种观点对于多因素疾病来说是极不恰当的。因为疾病主要起因于越来越复杂的环境变化。这种做法忽视了整个人类和整个环境之间关系的极端复杂性。 正如动物一样，人类除身体和智力方面比较发达以外，并无特别之处。我们的现实环境是一个囊括物质和生命的王国，以及由我们非凡的智力所造就的文化环境的多因素体系。因此人类机体既可被看做是环境的生物物理学的组成部分，同时也是社会文化的组成部分。整个人体和整个环境之间的这些关系是动态的。任何一方均可侵犯另一方，反过来每一方又可对对方的侵犯作出反应。为满足我们的生物、文化及独一无二的技术需要，我们大胆地、不断地改变着自然形成的环境，并创造出崭新的环境。人类对环境的这种改变常常是不协调的，没有考虑全面或其最终产生的结果。

问答题In this part there is an essay in Chinese. Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the passage. 近几十年来，许多国家的流行病学调查资料都表明，不少传染病的发病率和死亡率在不断下降，而癌症的发病率和死亡率却在不断上升。大量的调查研究表明，癌症等疾病的发病率的上升都与环境污染有关。由于环境污染对人体的作用一般具有剂量小、作用时间长等特点，所以容易被人们所忽视，往往病发之日，尚不知谁是元凶。环境污染就像邪恶的阴影，悄悄吞噬着人体的健康。 大气污染以及日益严重的雾霾天气与肺癌之间的正向关联性，目前已得到国内外诸多专家和权威组织的证实。 加拿大渥太华大学曾对美国50个州和波多黎各地区的18万名非吸烟者进行了长达26年的跟踪研究，并发现PM2．5与肺癌之间存在明显相关性。研究数据表明，空气污染与肺癌的产生和死亡率有密切关系，污染越严重，肺癌越多，死亡率越高，反之则越少和越低。PM2．5浓度每增加10微克每立方米，肺癌死亡率增加15％～27％，本身具有肺部疾病的人肺癌的死亡率更高。 研究认为，污染空气中的微小颗粒可以通过炎症伤害肺并损害DNA，这可能是引起非吸烟者患肺癌并死亡的直接原因。这项研究结果目前已在国际权威杂志上发表。 国际癌症研究机构的最新数据显示，全球2010年因肺癌死亡的患者中，有22．3万人与大气污染直接相关。为此，世界卫生组织已于2013年将“室外空气污染”列为一类致癌物，并将它视为迄今“最广泛传播的致癌物”。 作为雾霾天气“罪魁祸首”的细颗粒物，PM2．5主要来源于汽车尾气、工业生产排放的废气以及建筑工地和道路交通产生的扬尘。王凯说，PM2．5可以承载十几种致癌物质，其中多环芳烃与肺癌的患病率有明显相关性。 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院副院长石远凯也表示，研究表明，PM2．5被人体吸入肺部后，会直接导致肺泡弹性降低、功能减弱，甚至诱发肺纤维化，影响肺泡换气功能。久而久之，肺部功能下降并导致严重的器质性病变，甚至引发肺癌。 “PM2．5的增高与肺癌发生越来越相关，并直接增加了罹患肺癌的风险。”中国工程院院士钟南山表示。为此，他从2012年全国两会开始，一直关注PM2．5的问题，并呼吁在全国范围内尽快启动对PM2．5的监测。 专家表示，想要有效控制肺癌的发生率和死亡率，摆脱“世界第一肺癌大国”这项帽子，科研、医疗、环保等多部门携手，打破现有僵局、出台有力措施已成当务之急。

问答题Directions：In this part there is an essay in Chinese．Read it carefully and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET．Make sure that your summary covers the major points of the essay． 冬季体育锻炼 尽管冬季寒冷，但是仍需进行必要的体育锻炼。寒冷的气候条件下进行体育锻炼，一定要注意自我保健，否则，会适得其反，冻坏身体。冬季体育锻炼项目主要有滑冰、滑雪、晨练、冬泳等，下面结合冬季气候作介绍。 首先是着装问题。服装的隔热值必须与运动中增强的代谢产热过程平衡。在冷天多穿衣服，衣服在皮肤之外包住一层温暖的空气，使传导散热过程减弱。但在运动时，机体的产热大大增加，如果穿得过多，反而有害，应穿轻便的衣服。这样在运动中产热增加时，可以方便地脱掉。近年来，服装制造商在发展轻质服装方面不断改进，这样可以保证良好的隔热性，同时又保证了活动的自由性。在寒冷环境下运动时，机体能量代谢增强，产热增加，此时机体血管扩展，大大降低了身体对寒冷的抵抗能力。因此，在运动间隙要特别注意保暖，及时加衣。寒冷环境中运动时能量消耗大，代谢水平高，使身体内的能源物质消耗增多，在代谢过程中还需要各种维生素的参与，如维生素B1、B2、B3、烟酸、维生素C等需求增加。 因此，对于从事滑冰、滑雪及在寒冷环境下锻炼者的膳食，应注意增加较多的热量。一般来说，冬季比春季从事同等强度的运动热量消耗高10％左右。据测算，一个成年人两小时的滑冰练习可增加消耗1000一1500千卡热量。在三大物质的比例中，因脂肪具有产热量多的特点，且增加脂肪有助于机体御寒，故应适当增加脂肪的供能比例，一般可占全部热量的25％一30％；而蛋白质也应偏高，占12％一18％；其余由糖来供给。体育运动者按每天消耗3500卡热量计算，蛋白质约需130克，脂肪150克，糖约480克，相当于每天应摄入米饭或馒头600克左右，鸡肉100克，瘦猪肉200克，鸡蛋两个，牛奶两杯，植物油50克等。 冰雪项目锻炼中，膳食中维生素也应相应增加，维生素C能增强人体对寒冷的适应能力。据文献，摄入大量维生素可明显减少寒冷环境中的体温下降幅度，缓解机体肾上腺的过度应激反应，增加机体耐寒能力。冬泳是我国北方的一大特色，冬泳健身在理论上有其科学性，但冬泳毕竟是一项冒险的运动，必须掌握科学的方法。反之，就会影响身体健康，甚至诱发疾病。一是冬泳锻炼应从秋季的冷水浴开始，逐渐提高对寒冷的适应能力；冬泳期间应加强高能量饮食的补充，冬泳前不要喝酒；对于心、肝、肾有严重疾病的人或有脑血管病、溃疡、关节炎的患者，以及妇女，在月经期均不宜冬泳。 冬季有晨练习惯的人，遇大雾天，最好在室内进行，一是雾天能见度低，容易发生交通事故；二是冬雾中含有对人体有害的酸和胺等污染物，吸入体内易引起气管炎、喉炎、结膜炎和一些过敏性疾病。另外，冬季晨练应尽量用鼻呼吸，鼻道能对吸入的冷空气预热，鼻黏膜能阻止吸入空气中的灰尘。对于严重的疾病患者，冬天的耐寒锻炼更应适度。锻炼时应根据病情变化适当减少或增加幅度，以防旧病复发。注意循序渐进，掌握体育锻炼与药物治疗相结合的原则。在天气过于寒冷时，最好不要外出锻炼。

问答题Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 病人有权利，医生也有权利 曾经有一个阶段，医疗保健的典型模式是神权模式。“医生好像就是上帝，”卡罗琳?施密德说，“医生似乎什么都知道。随着护理变得更加复杂，这种模式也变得更温和了。我们进入了一个被称为父系的时代，这个时候医生就像父亲一样，知道什么对病人最好。” 随着医疗护理变得更加的技术化，上述模式变成了我们所说的工程模式。这种情况下，人们与医生打交道的方式与跟一位工程师签合同差不多。因为这位工程师比你知识丰富，你信任他让他接管并且做正确的事。 施密德女士说，近年来，“人们意识到一个问题——尤其是对那些即将从医学院校毕业的年轻医生们——通过媒体对医疗知识的传播，病人的经验更加老到、也懂得更多。现在的理想模式已经变成了合作模式，医生和病人对医疗本质都有了进一步的了解。” 在这种医疗处理的新方法中，病人和医生作为团队进行合作。对病人的好处在于他们获得了很多权利，这是前所未有的。然而，就像言论自由也有限制一样——我们不允许在拥挤的剧院里乱喊“着火啦!”——病人的权利也是有限制的。 在这种合作模式中，施密德女士说，“你是在团队中做事。不管什么时候你与人共事，你们都是两个人，而且双方都有权利。病人知道他们想让自己接受什么治疗，这些是非常实在的权利。但医生知道自己有能力或者愿意做什么，这些要与他自己的个人道德和对健全的医疗行业的知识相一致。与上述两者中的任何一个背道而驰都像对他实施了暴力。” 在明尼苏达州，已经有法律认可的生前遗嘱表，你可以从医生、医疗保健提供者或者律师那儿得到它。这张表格会问你一些问题。来帮你理清临终医疗阶段你想要什么和不想要什么。 你不必将表格中的所有项都填满。比如，如果愿意的话，你可以什么都不填，只写上你代理人的名字，这个代表你说话的人不能将你的治疗决定公之于众。 很多人把生前遗嘱等同于“拔管子”。但是据莱蒙斯先生所说，“生前遗嘱并不意味着‘拔管子’。它还意味着把管子接到墙上的医疗仪器上，即做任何可能的事，因为它是你的意愿”。 生前遗嘱不用太复杂。事实上，它可以是一个简单的声明。如“如果两位医生都认为我是脑死亡，我就不想继续活下去了”。把一个人的愿望用白纸黑字写下来，可以清楚表明这个人真正想要的东西。 你可能会觉得生前遗嘱跟自己一点关系都没有。事实上，法律也没有要求。它只是一个工具，帮你确保你可以得到你想要的治疗。如果你没有生前遗嘱，医生会询问你的至亲。任何情况下医生都会尽责地运用他们的知识和经验，在治疗的任何阶段帮你作出最好的决定。只有你自己才能决定是否使用这个工具。

问答题Please read the following article in Chinese carefully, and then write a summary of 200 words in English on the ANSWER SHEET. Make sure that you cover all the major points of the article. 科学家说，在第一批艾滋病例被发现以后的20年里，他们对这种病毒性疾病的了解已超过其他任何一种病毒性疾病。但是，联合国艾滋病规划署的负责人彼得?皮奥和国际艾滋病学会会长罗马的斯特凡诺?韦拉及其他一些专家都认为，全面考察那些未决问题，可能对艾滋病和其他疾病治疗的进展是一项有益的举措。 这些较广泛的重要科学问题包括：为什么艾滋病使患者容易感染某些癌症和传染病? 一种传统的说法是，癌细胞在人体内不断繁殖，但受到健康免疫系统的控制。艾滋病的情况却不是这样。艾滋病人很容易患非何杰金氏淋巴瘤和卡波西氏肉瘤，但不易患在美国最常见的乳腺癌、结肠癌和肺癌等。这说明，受损的免疫系统(至少是艾滋病患者的免疫系统)可以抑制普通癌细胞的发展。 艾滋病病毒侵入人体后通过什么途径摧毁免疫系统? 当艾滋病病毒通过性接触传播时，病毒必须穿过组织屏障进入人体。这个过程目前尚不清楚。病毒可能直接侵入，或许由一系列不同种类的细胞带入。最终，艾滋病病毒穿过淋巴管到淋巴结和淋巴系统的其他部分。但病毒是如何摧毁人体内负责打击入侵传染体的CD一4细胞的，目前还无法确定。 艾滋病病毒是怎样破坏免疫系统的? 艾滋病病毒能杀死对付自己的免疫细胞，但艾滋病病毒携带者患艾滋病的快慢却大不相同。因此科学家提出问题：免疫系统中那些使人患艾滋病时间出现差异的因素能否被识别出来?如果能，它们能否用于制止艾滋病患者病情的恶化，甚至在最初就可能防止人们感染艾滋病病毒? 最有效的艾滋病疗法是什么? 从理论上来说，尽早治疗可以提供维护免疫功能的最佳时机。但是新药物无法彻底清除体内的艾滋病病毒，因此患者不得不终身服用这些具有危险副作用的药物，而且还可能在产生抗药性时改服别的药物。因此新的方法可能建议在免疫系统出现衰退迹象时才开始治疗。 可能研制出疫苗吗? 毫无疑问，一种有效的疫苗是控制这种瘟疫的关键。但是目前只有一种疫苗进入了全面检验的阶段，而对其会有多大的保护功能，却有着很大的争议。世界各地流行的艾滋病在遗传类型上各不相同，目前还不清楚，从某种艾滋病病毒获得的疫苗能否防止其他类型的艾滋病。 如果没有疫苗，能否阻止艾滋病病毒的传播? 如果没有深入集中的行为研究，仅靠宣传是无法阻止这种全球性瘟疫的。