单选题In a world increasingly fearsome and fragile, TV commercials represent an oasis of calm and reassurance. For six minutes in every hour, viewers know that they will be wafted away from this cruel world into an idealized well-ordered land. You and I may experience real life as largely harassed and chaotic but in the world of the TV commercials happy families may be relied upon to gather at breakfast-time for convivial bowls of cornflakes, their teeth free of decay, their hair innocent of dandruff, their shirts whiter than snow. TV advertising in Britain, obsessed with the symbols of the good life, exploits a yearning for evidence of old-fashioned security. Things were better in the old days: bread was crusty and beer was a man's drink. But in selling the idea of a better life, it strikes me that most British commercials fail in their primary function. I cannot be alone among those who usually remember everything about TV advertising except the product it is designed to publicize. In one superb commercial, a distinguished-looking Italian butler drives a car headlong into a vast dining-hall to serve champagne. What on earth was it selling? The champagne? The car? What car? Search me! Viewers reveled in the medium and forgot the message. American advertisers don't make such mistakes. A typical U. S. commercial features a woman in a kitchen holding a highly-visible bottle of something or other and selling it hard. No art, no craft, just the message. America sells the steak, while Britain sells the sizzle. A nation needs symbols. We need proof that lovely things still endure, like a team of shire horses criss-crossing the landscape at sundown. We want to be reminded that they still exist, that we may still come across pockets of sanity and beauty in a world less sane and less beautiful each day. TV commercials provide us with those symbols. They provide a link with the way we like to think we were. They help us to keep in touch with lost innocence.

单选题You probably know that it"s better for both you and the environment if you buy an organic tomato instead of one that"s been doused in pesticides, but there are lots of other things to consider before venturing down the aisle of your local supermarket (or farmer"s market). The explosion in 1 product and other foods during the last few years has been an extremely 2 development in the food industry. However, 3 till exists about exactly what the organic 4 means. Do you know the difference between a cereal that"s "organic", "100% organic", and "made with organic 5 "? The USDA has clearly defined standards that 6 which of those labels can legally go on your raisin bran. You can learn more about them at www. usda. gov. Organic foods are great, but the jury is still very much out 7 another new development in the food world: genetically 8 organisms (GMOs). No one knows for certain the short and 9 effects of these products of gene engineering, 10 there"s a chance they could lead to the 11 creation of "superweeds" or 12 with natural plant stocks, for more information on GMOs, we recommend visiting www. saynotogmos. org. 13 you"re shopping, don"t forget to consider the companies behind the 14 names. One cereal company might be an environmental champion, 15 the other manufactures its corn flakes via 16 environmental practices. An easy way to compare two companies is to use 17 such as www. responsibleshopper. com. They present both the good and bad sides of every company they 18 , and they grade hundreds of companies on social, ethical and environmental issues. Remember: 19 conscious shopping is a powerful tool for effecting change. You can make a difference every time you fill your 20 cart.

单选题A survey has found that three quarters of men quite enjoy their food shopping experience and are happy to ______ their way around the aisles searching out products. A. drive B. steer C. navigate D. voyage

单选题For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a place where ______.

单选题Playing violent video games can have immediate and lasting effects on a person's thoughts and behavior, new research shows. In fact, researchers report that the interactive and increasingly graphic mature of some video games makes them "potentially more dangerous" than violence-charged television and movies. Psychologists Anderson and Dill conducted two studies. In one study of 227 college students, the investigators found that students who more frequently played violent video games during junior high and high school were more likely to have engaged in " aggressive behavior". A second study in which 210 college students played either a violent or non-violent video game revealed that the violence-packed game increased subjects' aggression immediately afterwards. In the first study, the investigators questioned students on their natural levels of aggression and irritability, and their delinquent(犯法的)behavior — for instance whether they had bit other students in the past year. The investigators found that students with aggressive personalities and those who more often played violent video games were more prone to real-life aggression. Students who considered themselves aggressive were also more likely to play violet video games. Since aggressive people may seek out violet games, coming to the conclusion that the video games caused real-life delinquency is too risky. However, the second study lined video-game violence with immediate increases in aggression. Anderson and Dill had students play either a violent game or a nonviolent game and let the students believe they were playing against an opponent in another room after completing the video game, participants played a competitive-reaction game with their imaginary opponents, in this game the winner was allowed to publish the loser with a noise blast(响亮的噪音). The researchers found that students who were fresh from the violent video game blasted their opponents longer than those who played the nonviolent game. Because video games show short-term and long-term effects, Anderson and Dill suppose that videogame violence influences behavior not by arousing aggressive feelings, but by teaching players to find "aggressive solutions" to problems. Unlike TV, many video games demand that player identify with the aggressor and actively participate in violence.

单选题Who won the World Cup 1994 football game? What happened at the United Nations? How did the critics like the new play?【C1】______en event takes place, newspapers are on the street【C2】______the details.【C3】______anything happens in the world, reporters are on the spot to gather the news. Newspapers have one basic【C4】______. to get the news as quickly as possible from its source, from those who make it to those who want to【C5】______it. Radio, telegraph, television, and【C6】______inventions brought competition for newspapers. So did the development of magazines and other means of communication.【C7】______. this competition merely spurred the newspapers on. They quickly made use of the newer and faster means of communication to improve the【C8】______and thus the efficiency of their own operations. Today more newspapers are【C9】______and read than ever before. Competition also led newspapers to【C10】______out into many other fields. Besides keeping readers informed of the latest news, today's newspapers entertain and influence readers about politics and other important and serious【C11】______. Newspapers influence readers' economic choices【C12】______advertising. Most newspapers depend on advertising for their very【C13】______. Newspapers are sold at a price that【C14】______even a small fraction of the cost of production. The main【C15】______of income for most newspapers is commercial advertising. The【C16】______in selling advertising depends newspaper's value to advertisers. This【C17】______in terms of circulation. How many people read the newspaper? Circulation depends【C18】______on the work of the circulation department and on the services or entertainment【C19】______in a newspaper's pages. But for the most part, circulation depends on a newspaper's value to readers as a source of information【C20】______the community, city, county, state, nation and world — and even outer space.

单选题The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory: the control over a cognitive project as a whole is often lost. The literary scholar seems to be collecting data, which is a preliminary operation, without making use of them. Like a diligent ant gathering food it will never eat, the contemporary literary scholar seems intent upon writing footnotes of a book s/he will never try to read. I propose that at the outset of a research project it is necessary to render explicitly the questions the scholar will try to answer, what methods will be used and the reason why s/he thinks that it may be worthwhile answering such questions. More over, the work of the people concerned with the study of literature seems casual. For instance, much research is devoted to one author, often on the occasion of an anniversary. Now there is no reason to think that our observations will be more valid, urgent, appropriate, useful, or interesting if the author of the texts we are concerned with was born or died or the texts were written fifty, one hundred, or two hundred years ago. This seems to be celebration and not research producing knowledge. It does not seem to make any sense to determine one's research program by looking at the calendar. The widespread habit of limiting the scope of a research project to a single author often leads to a confined understanding of the author and the texts, which, in turn, offers marginal results. The average literary scholar considers these results satisfactory. But for what purpose are they satisfactory? Often the research strategies and methods of the literary scholar are repetitive. A new operation that is anologous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile. It is on these premises that many texts concerning literature are produced and accepted. I propose instead that in a concrete project that tries to produce knowledge, any statement needs verification. But there is a point where it is unnecessary to repeat the same operation on new data, because the result has already been established: rather than additional confirmation of what is already known, it is the exploration of what is still unknown that deserves priority. Contemporary literary research seems to be based on habits that originated in the past and that bear little resemblance to research projects as they are intended now in other fields. If our main aim were the proposal of some objects as cultural models, then it would be useful to our purpose to try to attract our society's attention toward these objects and the persons who produced them. It would be reasonable to perform our actions on the occasion of anniversaries, because we would not be doing research, but celebration and propaganda. Celebration aims at confirming certitudes and strengthening bonds of solidarity among the participants. It does not produce knowledge, but it confirms what is already known. Legitimating by means of the power of words has been for many centuries the main job of the man of letters.

单选题He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.

单选题The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive human care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect .patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten. These conditions continued until after World War Ⅱ. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposés called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail's Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America's prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered "crazy" and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients' rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures. Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental healty administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.

单选题At many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19, the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state's flagship public institution, launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a "smoke-out" to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they're on school property. Kentucky joins more than 365 U.S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn't seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior. Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campus wide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted to limited outdoor areas. One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. "Our campus is about 1,800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn't really feasible," says Joni Troester, director of the university's campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban. The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. "We don't have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments," says Robert Winfield, the school's chief health officer. "We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community." Naturally, there has been pushback from students. "Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?" asks Jonathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school's College Libertarians. "If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. "Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today's health-obsessed culture, those may be next.

单选题The police carried out an ______ investigation, but the missing woman was not yet found.

单选题The author is critical mainly of ______.

单选题Inthe4thparagraph,theauthorthinksthat

单选题Most of the marine species living in the darkest depths have ______.

单选题A balmy breeze came in and made us all feel refreshed. A. gentle B. strong C. warm D. fairy

单选题Evidence came up ______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as five months old.

单选题Whoever has skills and knowledge in this country, I believe, should be properly treated and rewarded______his educational background and family origin.(浙江大学2009年试题)

单选题There are many forms of energy, ______ is atomic energy.

单选题Researchers warn (against) taking (large numbers of) vitamin A pills, because the tablets contain a form of (the chemical) flint that can be extremely toxic (with high doses).A. againstB. large numbers ofC. the chemicalD. with high doses

单选题The Chinese world diving champion was______ from the national team, which news has been front-page report in the country for several days.(2005年北京大学考博试题)