单选题Students of the great society, looking at mankind in the long perspective of history, have frequently been disposed to seek an explanation of existing cultural differences among races and peoples in some single dominating cause or condition. One school of thought has found that explanation in climate and in the physical environment. Another school has sought an explanation of divergent cultures in the innate qualities of races biologically inherited. These two theories have this in common, namely, that they both conceive civilization and society to be the result of evolutionary processes—processes by which man has acquired new inheritable traits—rather than processes by which new relations have been established between men. In contrast to both of these, there is the catastrophic theory of civilization. From this point of view, climate and innate racial traits, important as they may have been in the evolution of races, have been of only minor influence in creating existing cultural differences. In fact, races and cultures, so far from being in any sense identical—or even the products of similar conditions and forces—are perhaps to be set over against one another as contrast effects, the results of antagonistic tendencies, so that civilization may be said to flourish at the expense of racial differences rather than to be conserved by them. At any rate, if it is true that races are the products of isolation and inbreeding, it is just as certain that civilization, on the other hand, is a consequence of contact and communication. The forces which have been decisive in the history of mankind are those which have brought men together in fruitful competition, conflict, and cooperation. Among the most important of these influences have been—according to what I have called the catastrophic theory of progress-migration and the incidental collisions, conflicts, and fusions of people and culture which they have occasioned. "Every advance in culture," says Bucher, in his Industrial Evolution, "commences, so to speak, with a new period of wandering," and in support of this thesis he points out that the earlier forms of trade were migratory, that the first industries to free themselves from the household husbandry and become independent occupations were carried on itinerantly. "The great founders of religion, the earliest poets and philosophers, the musicians and actors of past epochs, are all great wanderers. Even today, do not the inventor, the preacher of a new doctrine, and the virtuoso travel from place to place in search of adherents and admirers—notwithstanding the immense recent development in the means of communicating information?" The influences on migrations have not been limited, of course, by the changes which they have effected in existing cultures. In the long run, they have determined the racial characteristics of historical peoples. "The whole teaching of ethnology," as Griffith Taylor remarks, "Show that peoples of mixed race are the rule and not the exceptions. " Every nation, upon examination, turns out to have been a more or less successful melting-pot. To this constant sifting of races and peoples, human geographers have given the title "the historical movement," because, as Miss Semple says, "it underlies most written history and constitutes the major part of unwritten history, especially that of savage and nomadic tribes. " Changes in race do inevitably follow changes in culture. The movements and mingling of peoples which bring rapid, sudden, and often catastrophic changes in customs and habits are followed, in the course of time, as a result of interbreeding, by corresponding modifications in temperament and physique. There has probably never been an instance where races have lived together in the intimate contacts which a common economy enforces in which racial contiguity has not produced racial hybrids. However, changes in racial characteristics and in cultural traits proceed at very different rates, and it is notorious that cultural changes are not consolidated and transmitted biologically. Comprehension Questions.

单选题During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews. Nonetheless, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups. A. opposed B. exploited C. despised D. annoyed

单选题Frank stormed into the room and ______ the door, but it wasn't that easy to close the door on what Jack had said. A. slashed B. slammed C. slipped D. slapped

单选题In the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by both the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leif's return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companion sight three countries in succession before reaching Greenland, and to come upon each new land takes 1 "doegr" more than the last until Biarni comes to land directly in front of his father's house in the lastmentioned country. This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may be that the entire tale is but a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for Leif. It should be noted, however, that the stories of Leif's visit to King Olaf and Biarni's to that king's predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were from different sources. Also, Biarni landed on none of the lands he passed, but Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason to believe that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was "level and covered with woods", and "there were small hillocks upon it". Of forests, later writers do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally. And of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that "wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines". Additionally, if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it. "They found there hellus (large flat stones)." According to the Biarni narrative, however, "this land was high and mountainous." The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 "doegr" in both narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introduced into narratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to come upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his father's home. But it should be recalled that Heriufsness lay below two high mountains which served as landmarks for navigators. I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leif's voyage contained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leif's voyage across the entire width of the North Atlantic is said to be "probable" because it is incorporated into the narrative of a preferred authority, while Biarni's is "improbable" or even "impossible" because the document containing it has been condemned.

单选题The mother______her daughter on how to behave at the ball.

单选题According to the British courts, after their return to society, the two adults will be ______.

单选题Until last spring, Nia Parker and the other kids in her neighborhood commuted to school on Bus 59. But as fuel prices rose, the school district needed to find a way to cut its transportation costs. So the schools busing company redrew its route map, eliminating Nia's bus altogether. Now Nia and her neighbors travel the half mile to school via a "walking school bus" — a group of kids, supervised by an adult or two, who make the walk together. Like the rest of us, school districts are feeling pinched by rising fuel costs — and finding new ways to adapt. The price of diesel fuel has gone up 34 percent in the past two years. For the typical American school district, bus bills total 5 percent of the budget. As administrators look to trim, busing is an inviting target, since it doesn't affect classroom instruction(or test scores). More than one third of American school administrators have eliminated bus stops or routes in order to stay within budget. Many parents are delighted to see their kids walking to school, partly because many did so themselves: according to a 1969 survey, nearly half of school kids walked or biked to school, compared with only 16 percent in 2001. Modern parents have been unwilling to let kids walk to school for fear of traffic, crime or simple bullying, but with organized adult supervision, those concerns have diminished. Schools and busing companies are finding other ways to save. In rural areas where busing is a must, some schools have even chosen four-day school weeks. Busing companies instruct drivers to eliminate extra stops from routes and to turn off engine while idling. They are also using computer software to determine the most fuel-efficient routes, which aren't always the shortest ones. There could be downsides, however, to the busing cutbacks. If every formerly bused student begins walking to school, it's an environmental win — but if too many of their parents decide to drive them instead, the overall carbon footprint can grow. Replacing buses with many more parent — driven cars can also increase safety risks: A 2002 report concluded students are 13 times safer on a school bus than in a passenger car, since buses have fewer accidents and withstand them better due to their size. And some students complain about the long morning hikes, particularly when the route contains a really big hill.

单选题Arguing about details______many hours of the committee's valuable time.

单选题Classified Advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as "Help Wanted", "Real Estate", "Lost and Found" are made, the rate charged being less than that for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertiser may, on this account, use a very small advertisement that would be lost if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely to much extent on display type to get the reader's attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is vying with others in the same group for the reader's attention. In many cases the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way the classified advertisement has in reality become a display advertisement. This is particularly true of real-estate advertising.

单选题3 The Internet is a global network that connects other computer networks, together with software and protocols for controlling the movement of data. The Internet, often re ferred to as "the Net", was initiated in 1969 by a group of universities and private re search groups funded by the US Department of Defense. It now covers almost every country in the world. Its organization is informal and deliberately nonpolitical; its controllers tend to concentrate on technical aspects rather than on administrative control. The Internet offers users a number of basic services including data transfer, electronic mail, and the ability to access information in remote databases. A notable feature is the ex istence of user groups, which allow people to exchange information and debate specific subjects of interest. In addition, there are a number of high-level services. For example, MBONE allows the transmission of messages to more than one destination. It is used in videoconferencing. The World Wide Web, known as "the Web", is another high level In- ternet service, developed in the 1990s in Geneva. It is a service for distributing multimedia information, including graphics, pictures, sounds, and video as well as text. A feature of the World Wide Web is that it allows links to other related documents elsewhere on the In ternet. Documents for publication on the Web are presented in a form known as HTML (hypertext mark up language). This allows a specification of the page layout and typogra phy as it will appear on the screen. It also allows the inclusion of active links to other docu ments. Generally, these appear on the screen display as highlighted text or as additional icons. Typically, the user can use a mouse to "click" on one of these points to load and view a related document. Many commercial and public organizations now have their own Web site (specified by an address code) and publish a "home page", giving information about the organization. Up to the mid-1990s, the major users of the Internet were academic and research or ganizations. This has begun to change rapidly with individual home users linking in through commercial access providers and with a growing interest by companies in using the Internet for publicity, saies, and as a medium for electronic publishing. At the same time, there are problems with the flow of information across national borders, bringing in debates about copyright protection, data protection, the publication of pornography, and ulti mately political control and censorship.

单选题Why are laws formed?

单选题Juliet is not at work. She is taking a ______until the end of this week. A．vocation B．vacation C．vacancy D．volume

单选题He became quite overbearing and domineering once he had become accustomed to the shown to soldiers by the natives. He enjoyed his new sense of power.

单选题It is reported that the latest outbreak of the bird flu in Pennsylvania in the United States has prompted China to slap a ban on Upoultry/U imports from the state.

单选题It is not enough to observe behavior and ______ them with physiological events that occur at the same time.

单选题______ of the households in London owned a car in the early 1950s.

单选题Prominently displayed on the front page of the New York Times is the company motto: "All the News That's Fit to Print." No form of mass media can carry every newsworthy event; all are constrained by costs and availability of space and time. For instance, the average daily newspaper fills approximately 62 percent of its space with advertising, leaving a mere 38 percent for news accounts, along with human interest stories, and pure entertainment features. Contrary to the mirror-to-society myth, news is not simply out there; it must be picked from a multitude of happenings, What then is news? Perhaps the best explanation is that "news is what reporters, editors, and producers decide is news." Although the basis of news judgment often seems vague and unarticulated, Doris Graber has identified five criteria most often used in selecting stories. * To qualify as news the story must have a high impact on the audience, that is, the events covered must be relevant to people's lives. Events in the Middle East, for example, are news when they have a measurable effect on American hostages there or on the supply of oil at home. * Larry Speakes, who served as deputy press secretary to former President Ronald Reagan, once noted that no one pays attention when one hundred members of Congress come out of a White House meeting and say that the president's program is great. "But if one says it stinks, that's news." * Familiarity is also an element of newsworthiness. Approximately 85 percent of the domestic news stories covered by television and news magazines involve well-known people-mostly those holding official positions. Unknown people are most newsworthy as victims of crime or natural disasters. * Local events are more newsworthy than those far away. In a nation linked by instant communications, however, close to home may also include such familiar locations as Washington, D. C. , and Wall Street. * Stories must be timely and novel to capture the attention of the media. As a former editor of the old New York Sun put it, "When a dog bites a man, that is not news, because it happens often. But if a man bites a dog, that is news." Reporters rely almost exclusively on interviewing and only occasionally on the reading of documents. The dependence on the interview results partly from the need to personalize the news—especially in television journalism, with its demand for visuals. The fact that most reporters find document analysis dull and boring also increases their dependence on interviews. Whatever the cause, the result is a bias in favor of those willing and able to talk. These criteria have little to do with the intrinsic importance of news stories and stress mainly ways of keeping me audience interested. Because media outlets make their profit from the advertising, they must keep their ratings or circulations high. This concern for audience appeal has an impact on the way politics is conducted in the United States.

单选题The law was intended as a(n)______measure until the administration could formulate a permanent farm program that would satisfy both the nation's farmers and the Supreme Court.

单选题______recent brain and behavioral research, Dr. Goleman wrote a fascinating book entitled "Emotional Intelligence". A.Drawing up B.Drawing on C.Putting up D.Putting on

单选题______sermons retained their preeminence in religious life during most of the twentieth century, they are gradually losing that central places as churches devote more energy to social activities.