单选题（北京航空航天大学2010年试题） When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible【1】of action open to him; he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea【2】, or patent it. A【3】patent is the result of a bargain【4】between an inventor and the state, but the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period【5】. Only in the most exceptional circumstances【6】the lifespan of a patent【7】to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever【8】was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuit was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent's normal life there was no color TV to【9】and thus no hope for reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently【10】after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the【11】office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if【12】than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone【13】to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through【14】patents that the one sure way of violation of any other inventor's right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form【15】invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally【16】to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is【17】on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely【18】in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology,【19】makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory for magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate【20】the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.

单选题{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Granted, it's a pretty serious time to be living on this planet. Insane terrorists, political fingerpointing, a string of awful hurricanes, you name it, all filling the headlines with grim reminders that life aren't so peachy. Even reading the smaller stories in national publications seems to indicate that the world is run by gruwnups, and they're busy taking the fun out of everything. The other day I was browsing through one of those magazines that explain serious science news to us dumbbells, and came across an item which announced that two different companies have perfected a pill that contains all the good-for-you stuff found in a glass of red wine and is completely non-alcoholic. Now I'm sure there are other adults out there who, like me, were pleasantly surprised to learn that a little tipple of pinot noir with the roast duckling might not turn one into a slobbering drunk but may actually be beneficial to your health. The news was a single candle, lit in a world of darkness, easing a tiny part of that big rock of guilt we constantly lug uphill. Of course, the minute the news got around, some Italian scientists began putting that age-old innocent beverage through a freeze-drying process that preserved the benefits while removing the alcohol along with all that unnecessary enjoyment. Swell news for teetotalers, but just another indication that our main focus is on getting through each grim day without a moment of relief. Sound far-fetched? Even comic books (a main source of amusement, when I was a tad) have become literary vehicles for philosophical messages. I figure it's all a big plot. Something probably cooked up by mommies and dictators and insurance companies and people who play their boom boxes too loudly. Just to make sure that you and I are prevented from squeezing a dollop of guilt-free enjoyment from a modest amount of fermented grape juice. Mark my words, the next great leap in science won't be in the field of cloning or DNA research or rocket science. What they'll do is develop a way to turn a big juicy standing rib roast into a pinch of tasteless grey protein-packed powder you can sprinkle on a piece of white bread and have for dinner. Remember: just because we're paranoid don't mean they ain't out to get us.

单选题It is too early to ______ the effect of the new measure.(2004年湖北省考博试题)

单选题You are required to fill out this form and_____it to the officer at that counter.

单选题There are four passages in this part After each passage, there are five questions, you are to choose the best answer for each question. The housing market has been for two years propping up consumers' spirits while the rest of the economy lies exhausted on the floor, still trying to struggle to its feet. According to the National Association of Realtors, the national median existing-home price ended the year at $ 164, 000, up 7.1 percent from 2001. That's the strongest annual increase since 1980. Although residential real estate activity makes up less than 8% of total U. S. GDP, a housing market like this one can make the difference between positive and negative growth. Most significantly, consumer spending is 66% of GDP, and the purchase of a new home tends to have an "umbrella effect" on the homeowner's spending as he has to stock it with a washer/dryer, a new big-screen TV, and maybe a swing set for the yard. The main factor in housing's continued strength is a classic economic example of zero-sum boom: the persistent weakness everywhere else. As the 2003 recovery continues to be more forecast than reality. Falling stock prices raised investor appeal for U. S. Treasury Bonds, which in turn, allowed most interest rates to drift even lower. But there are not many signs that there's a bubble ready to burst. December's new record in housing starts, for example, was nicely matched by the new record in new home sales. If you build it, they will buy and even if an economic pickup starts to reduce housing's relative attractiveness, there's no reason why modest economic growth and improved consumer mood can't help sustaining housing's strength. "The momentum gained from low mortgage interest rates will carry strong home sales into 2003, with an improving economy offsetting modestly higher mortgage interest rates as the year progresses," said David Lereah, chief economist at the National Association of Realtors. Just as housing has taken up much of the economic slack for the past two years, both as a comforting investment for fretting consumers and a driver of consumer spending itself, a big bump elsewhere in the economy in 2003 could be housing's downfall. If stocks roar back this spring, capital inflows could steal from the bond market, pushing up long-term interest rates. or Alan Greenspan and the Fed could do the same to short-term rates, as a way to hit the brakes on a recovery that is heating up too fast. In other words, if everything possible goes wrong for housing, homeowners should have plenty to compensate them in terms of job security and income hikes.

单选题Future agriculture should depend on high technology______traditional methods.

单选题Whether their football team will win is a matter of ______ to me.

单选题Now many manufacturers build their business reputations by enclosing ______ in the new products in case of damage in shipment or by incorrect operation. A. categories B. accessories C. analogies D. observatories

单选题New vehicles must ______ with certain standards for environment protection. A. apply B. comply C. imply D. supply

单选题John complained to the bookseller that there were some pages ______ in the dictionary.

单选题Research should continue on controlled nuclear fusion, but no energy program should be premised on its existence until it has proved practical.

单选题One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant ones. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons after they have consumed one or more drinks. Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged. The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learning theory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol. In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization, conditions Or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout. The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce the behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking. Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.

单选题How many of those trial implants fail to survive?

单选题Social anxiety, in its many forms, is epidemic. Nearly one in four men and one in eight women report high anxiety when going out on a date, while a third of men and almost a half of women report such feelings at dances and discotheques. And the most frequent fear in one survey of 3,000 adults was found to be speaking before a group. "Social anxiety can be the surface sign of much deeper psychological conflicts, such as hidden hostility or guilt," said Seymour Epstein, a clinical psychologist, who has been writing extensively on anxiety and personality. There have long been people who complained of social anxiety, as well those who have sought to cure the problem. Lately there has been a mushrooming of serious research by social psychologists on the topic, and new clinical treatments offered for those who view ordinary social contacts as dangerous and threatening. Not all self-consciousness leads to social anxiety, in the view of Arnold Buss, one of the first psychologists to study the phenomenon. The garden variety self-consciousness, Dr. Buss has written, is simply an introspective awareness of one"s thoughts and feelings. What he calls "public self-consciousness", on the other hand, is a powerful perception of oneself as an object of social scrutiny. The latter is the root of social anxiety. Social anxiety generally creates three different kinds of problems, which can occur separately or in tandem, according to Dr. Cheek. For some people, their social anxiety is primarily cognitive: they suffer from repetitive thoughts expressing their fear of making a poor impression, such as "He must think I am an idiot," or "I cannot think of anything to say." Other people, though, experience their social anxiety almost entirely through physiological symptoms, such as blushing, a pounding heart, or sweating in social situation. In either case, these symptoms lead to a set of behavioral ones: for example, not being able to speak although one wants to, or a general social awkwardness.

单选题This week marks the 10th anniversary of the Alar apple scare, in which many American consumers were driven into a panic following the release of a report by an environmental organization claiming that apples containing the chemical Alar posed a serious health threat to preschoolers. The report was disseminated through a PR (Problem Report) campaign and bypassed any legitimate form of scientific peer re view. Introduced to the American public by CBS "60 Minutes," the unsubstantiated claims in the report led some school districts to remove apples from their school lunch programs and unduly frightened conscientious parents trying to develop good eating habits for their children. Last month, Consumers Union released a report wanting consumers of the perils of consuming many fruits and vegetables that frequently contained "unsafe" levels of pesticide residues. This was especially true for children, they claimed, lake its predecessor 10 years earlier, the Consumers Union report received no legitimate scientific peer review and the public's first exposure to it was through news coverage. Not only does such reporting potentially drive children for consuming healthful fruits and vegetables, the conclusions were based on a misleading interpretation of what constitutes a "safe" level of exposure. Briefly, the authors used values known as the "chronic reference doses," set by the U.S. environmental Protection Agency, as their barometers of safely. Used appropriately, thee levels represent the maximum amount of pesticide that could be consumed daily for life without concern. For a 70-year lifetime, for example, consumers would have to ingest this 'average amount of pesticide every day for more than 25,000 days. It is clear, as the report points out, that there are days on which kids may be exposed to more; it is also clear that there are many more days when exposure is zero. Had the authors more appropriately calculated the cumulative exposures for which the safety standards axe meant to apply, there would have been no risks and no warnings. Parents should feel proud, rather than guilty, of providing fruits and vegetables for their children. It is well established that a diet rich in such foods decreases the risk of heart disease and cancer. Such benefits dramatically overwhelm the theoretical risks of tiny amounts of pesticides in food. So keep serving up the peaches, apples, squash, grapes and pears.

单选题The director of the research institute came in person to ______ that everything was all right.

单选题Trade with Britain and the West Indies allowed colonial seaports such as Boston to ______

单选题When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving "to pursue my goal of running a company. " Broadcasting his ambition was " very much my decision," McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO and chairman on September 29. McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGee isn't alone. In recent weeks the No. 2 executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanation that they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executives who don't get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders. The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn Ferry, senior partner Dennis Carey : "I can't think of a single search I've done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first. " Those who jumped without a job haven't always landed in top positions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana when the business became part of PepsiCo(PEP)a decade ago, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally took that post at a major financial institution three years later. Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. "The traditional rule was it's safer to stay where you are, but that's been fundamentally inverted," says one headhunter. "The people who've been hurt the worst are those who've stayed too long. "