单选题 Directions: In this part there are four passages for you to read. After each passage there are five questions, below each of whom there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer. At the fall 2001 Social Science History Association convention in Chicago, the Crime and Justice network sponsored a forum on the history of gun ownership, gun use, and gun violence in the United States. Our purpose was to consider how social science history might contribute to the public debate over gun control and gun rights. To date, we have had little impact on that debate. It has been dominated by mainstream social scientists and historians, especially scholars such as Gary Kleck, John Lott, and Michael Bellesiles, whose work, despite profound flaws, is politically congenial to either opponents or proponents of gun control. Kleck and Mark Gertz, for instance, argue on the basis of their widely cited survey that gun owners prevent numerous crimes each year in the United States by using firearms to defend themselves and their property. If their survey respondents are to be believed, American gun owners shot 100, 000 criminals in 1994 in self-defense — a preposterous number. Lott claims on the basis of his statistical analysis of recent crime rates that laws allowing private individuals to carry concealed firearms deter murders, rapes, and robberies, because criminals are afraid to attack potentially armed victims. However, he biases his results by confining his analysis to the year between 1977 and 1992, when violent crime rates had peaked and varied little from year to year. He reports only regression models that support his thesis and neglects to mention that each of those models find a positive relationship between violent crime and real income, and an inverse relationship between violent crime and unemployment. Contrary to Kleck and Lott, Bellesiles insists that guns and America's "gun culture" are responsible for America's high rates of murder. In Belleville's opinion, relatively few Americans owned guns before the 1850s or know how to use, maintain, or repair them. As a result, he says, guns contributed little to the homicide rate, especially among white, which was low everywhere, even in the South and on the frontier, where historians once assume guns and murder went hand in hand. According to Bellesiles, these patterns changed dramatically after the Mexican War and especially after the Civil War, when gun ownership became widespread and cultural changes encouraged the use of handguns to command respect and resolve personal and political disputes. The result was an unprecedented wave of gun-related homicides that never truly abated. To this day, the United States has the highest homicide rate of any industrial democracy. Belleville's low estimates of gun ownership in early America conflict, however, with those of every historian who has previously studied the subject and have thus far proven irreproducible. Every homicide statistic he presents is either misleading or wrong. Given the influence of Kleck, kott, Bellesiles and other partisan scholars on the debate over gun control and gun rights, we felt a need to pull together what social science historians have learned to date about the history of gun ownership and gun violence in America, and to consider what research methods and projects might increase our knowledge in the near future.

单选题Every member of society has to make a ______ to straggle for the freedom of the country. [A] pledge [B] warranty [C] resolve [D] guarantee

单选题On his wanderings he's______Spanish, Italian, French and a smattering of Russian.(四川大学2010年试题)

单选题He left in such a hurry that I______ had time to thank him.

单选题The ordinary family colonial North America was primarily concerned with sheer physical survival and beyond that, its own economic prosperity. Thus children were 21 in terms of their productivity, and they 22 the role of producer quite early. 23 they fulfilled this role, their position in the structure of the family was one of 24 , and their psychological needs and capacities received 25 consideration. 26 the society becomes more complex, the 27 of children in the family and in the society becomes more important. In the complex, technological society that the United States has become, each member must fulfill a number of 28 and occupational roles and be in 29 contact with a great many other members. Consequently, viewing children as 30 acceptable and necessarily multifaceted members of society means that they are 31 more as people in their own right than as utilitarian organisms. This acceptance of children as 32 participants in the contemporary family is 33 in the variety of statutes protecting the rights of children and in the social and public welfare programs 34 exclusively to their well-being. This new view of children and the increasing contact between the members of society has also 35 in a surge of interest in child-rearing techniques. People today spend a considerable portion of their time conferring 36 the proper way to bring up children. It is now possible to 37 the details of the socialization of another person"s child by spreading the gospel of current and fashionable theories and methods of child rearing. The socialization of the contemporary child in the United States is a two-way transaction between parents and children 38 a one-way, parent-to-child training programs. As a consequence, socializing children and living with them over a long 39 of time is for parents a mixture of 40 , satisfaction, and problems.

单选题We existed on nothing but the______ necessities.

单选题Although Asian countries are generally more ______ in social customs than western countries, there have been several notable examples of women leaders in both China and India.(2007年中国矿业大学考博试题)

单选题Owing to a/an ______ lack of lower-income housing, the municipal government is embarrassed by the impressing housing issue.

单选题The biosphere is the name biologists give to the sort of skin on the surface of this planet that is inhabitable by living organisms. Most land creatures occupy only the interface between the atmosphere and the land; birds extend their range for a few hundred feet into the atmosphere; burrowing invertebrates such as earthworms may reach a few yards into the soil but rarely penetrate father unless it has been recently disturbed by men. Fish cover a wider range, from just beneath the surface of the sea to those depths of greater than a mile inhabited by specialized creatures. Fungi and bacteria are plentiful in the atmosphere to a height of about half a mile, blown there hy winds from the lower air. Balloon exploration of the stratosphere as long ago as 1936 indicated that moulds and bacteria could be found at heights of several miles, recently the USA"s National Aeronautics and Space Administration has detected them, in decreasing numbers, at heights up to eighteen feet, compared with 50 to 100 per cubic foot at two to six miles (the usual altitude of jet aircraft), and they are almost certainly in an inactive state. Marine bacteria have been detected at the bottom of the deep Pacific trench, sometimes as deep as seven miles; they are certainly not inactive. Living microbes have also been obtained on land from cores of rock drilled (while prospecting for oil) at depths of as much as 1,200 feet. Thus we can say, disregarding the exploits of astronauts, that the biosphere has a maximum thickness of about twenty-five miles. Active living processes occur only within a compass of about seven miles, in the sea, on land and in the lower atmosphere, but the majority of living creatures live within a zone of a hundred feet or so. If this planet were scaled down to the size of an orange, the biosphere, at its extreme width, would occupy the thickness of the orange-colored skin, excluding the pith. In this tiny zone of our planet takes place the multitude of chemical and biological activities that we call life. The way in which living creatures interact with each other, depend on each other or compete with each other, has fascinated thinkers since the beginning of recorded history. Living things exist in a fine balance which is often taken for granted for, from a practical point of view, things could not be otherwise. Yet it is a source of continual amazement to scientists because of its intricacy and delicacy. The balance of nature is obvious most often when it is disturbed, yet even here it can seem remarkable how quickly it readjusts itself to a new balance after a disturbance. The science of ecology—the study of the interaction of organisms with their environment—has grown up to deal with the minutiae of the balance of nature.

单选题While social scientists are devoting much of their effort to poverty research, ______.

单选题Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas it helps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures an increased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, the price of your television licence would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or tube would cost 20 percent more. And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in the products and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising. He will not do so for long, for mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy the inferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof I know that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value. Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can think of. There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personality declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawing excessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade. If its message were confined merely to information—and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtly persuasive—advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps that is what the well-known television personality wants.

单选题 If you are catching a train, it is always ______ better to be early even a fraction of a minute than too late.

单选题When confronted with such questions, my mind goes______, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.

单选题（浙江大学2009年试题） Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes that young adults experience, and they also need to give serious【1】to how they can best【2】to such changes. Growing bodies need movement and【3】, but not just in ways that emphasize competition.【4】they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the【5】that comes from achieving success arid knowing that their accomplishments are【6】by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be【7】to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers,【8】, publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews,【9】student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion c ubs. A variety of small clubs can provide【10】opportunities for leadership as well as for practice in successful【11】dynamics. Making friends is extremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the【12】of some kind of organization with a supportive adult【13】visible in the background. In these activities, it is important to remember that the young teens have【14】attention spans. A variety of activities should be organized【15】participants can remain active as long as they want and then go on to【16】else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants【17】. This does not mean that adults must accept irresponsibility.【18】they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by【19】for roles that are within their【20】and their attention spans and by shaving clearly stated rules.

单选题The incomplete sentence of "So far so good" (Paragraph 10) can probably be used to mean ______.

单选题It has long been known that total sleep ______is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

单选题The authorities are discouraging new ______ who want to enter the country as there aren't enough jobs for them.

单选题People were surprised to find that Mr. Johnson had the ability to _____ everything he was involved in.

单选题A major role of computer science has been to alleviate problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, and easier to use.

单选题Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt ______ but lonely.