单选题The idea that it is the business of governments to cheer up their citizens has moved in recent years to centre-stage. Academics interested in measures of GDH (gross domestic happiness) were once forced to turn to the esoteric example of Bhutan. Now Britain's Conservative-led government is compiling a national happiness index, and Nicolas Sarkozy, France's president, wants to replace the traditional GDP count with a measure that takes in subjective happiness levels and environmental sustainability. Martin Seligman, a former president of the American Psychological Association, would approve. He has uncovered various structured ways of perking people up, all of them, he insists on the very first page of his new book, "grounded in careful science". Much of this book consists of the results of various complex tests and interventions designed to reduce depression and anxiety and increase resilience and self-discipline. Writing a "what-went-well-today-and-why" diary for a week, for example, tends to lower depression levels for as much as six months, he claims. "Flourish" represents a partial rejection of Mr. Seligman's previous work, "Authentic Happiness" (a title he says was forced on him by his publisher). To focus solely on happiness rather than the more expansive concept of "well-being", Mr. Seligman now says, is a form of "monism" that neglects important ingredients, such as "relationships" and "accomplishment". Research consistently shows that parents are less satisfied with their lives than the childless. Yet the human race continues to propagate itself. Either, says Mr. Seligman, we are "massively deluded" about the effects of children on our happiness, or we take more than "life satisfaction" into account when choosing to breed. Mr. Seligman's book is, in effect, an attempt to add dashes of both Aristotelian wisdom and Nietzschean grit to the stock of Benthamite utilitarianism that underlies much of the newer work in this field. Mr. Seligman says he now rejects the Aristotelian view that all human action aims at happiness. But Aristotle's term, eudaimonia, usually rendered in English as "happiness", actually translates better as "flourishing". Moreover, Mr. Seligman's emphasis on "good character" is reminiscent of the Aristotelian virtues. As for Nietzsche, whose ironic writings seem to occupy another universe from Mr. Seligman's empirically grounded "positive psychology", his idea that the "will to power" drives much human action finds ready approval here. Mr. Seligman has fans. Schools and universities around the world are using his work to craft happier, more robust students. A test designed by Mr. Seligman and his colleagues to assess the psychological fitness of serving troops will, he says, be taken by all American soldiers every year. The many critics of positive psychology are unlikely to be swayed by this book, particularly given its tone, by turns cheesy and hubristic, and its sloppy editing. But they appear to be losing the argument.

单选题Naturally, in a group of animals as diverse as the snakes, and with so many varied enemies, there are numerous defensive reactions and devices. There is, however, one general pattern of hehaviour, in the presence of a suspected enemy the first reaction is to try to escape observation; if this fails, the next resort is flight to some inaccessible retreat, but if this is not possible, or is circumvented, various kinds of intimidatory gestures and warning devices arc brought into play ;in the last resort the snake attacks. This pattern varies with the circumstances; some stages may be omitted or combined unpredictably whilst some notoriously irascible species may dispense with all the preliminaries and attack almost at once, though seldom or never without some provocation. The difficulty is to know what constitutes provocation, a matter that is apt to be debatable in other fields! Amongst the factors that increase aggressiveness are hunger, the mating season and surprise, with the last mentioned the commonest ; when hunting for food or for mates, activity and the aggressive instinct are both at their peak, but it is when it is caught unawares that the normal chain of re- actions tends to become telescoped. Owing to their poor sense of hearing, snakes are very liable to be, quite literally, caught napping and a similar situation arises during their periods of temporary blindness just before sloughing begins. By far the greatest number of snake-bite accidents result from the unwitting disturbance of resting snakes, and this hazard is much increased with species that are well camouflaged and whose natural instinct is to trust to this concealment as their principal defence. As well as differences in aggressiveness between individuals of the same species according to the circumstances and conditions, there are also notable differences between species ,even closely allied species; and the reports of those who have been attacked may understandably be lacking in objectivity. So it is impossible to forecast, even in outline, how any encounter will develop. The Hamadryad, for example,is usually credited with being amongst the most aggressive of snakes ,and there are many accounts of unprovoked attacks ;yet on one occasion fourteen men and seven dogs passed and returned within two yards of a nest and no snake was seen although the fe- male, which guards the nest, could not have been far. away. One very well-known student of snakes once parked his car under some trees near Nairobi and on his return found a small green snake on it. Being preoccupied at the moment he gave it only a cursory glance and, thinking it was a common harmless tree-snake, bundled it unceremoniously into his pocket ;it was, as he later discovered to his horror, a young Green Mamba, but it made no attempt to bite despite the rough treatment it had received. The proportion of the snakes of the world that have some forms of procrypsis( i. e. resemblance to the background)is very high, but the frequency with which the resemblance results in accidents suggests that it is incorrect to regard it as primarily a "protective" device. There is every advantage to a predatory animal in being unobserved until its prey comes within striking distance, but it is distinctly hazardous to allow an enemy to approach closely with the hope ,but no certainty, of remaining undetected. The commonest type of proerypsis is the result of colours that harmonize with hose of the normal background, associated with patterns that disrupt the animal' s outline or produce "counter shading" whereby those parts of the body that will be seen in shadow and appear dark, are lighter in colour whilst highlight areas are dark-coloured.

单选题He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness, and has left the country ______.

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单选题The shortage of water became more ______this summer with the highest temperatures in 40 years.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)

单选题He grasped her by the throat and started to ______ the life out of her.

单选题What does the word "deprivation" mean ( Paragraph 3, Line 1)?

单选题Motorways are, no doubt the safest roads in Britain. Mile (41) mile, vehicle for vehicle, you are much (42) likely to be killed or seriously injured than on an ordinary road. On (43) hand, if you do have a serious accident on a motorway, fatalities are much more likely to (44) than in a comparable accident (45) on the roads. Motorways have no (46) bends,, no roundabouts or traffic lights and (47) speeds are much greater than on other roads. Though the 70 mph limit is (48) in force, it is often treated with the contempt that most drivers have for the 30 mph limit applying in built up areas in Britain. Added to this is the fact that motorway drivers seem to like traveling in groups with perhaps (49) ten metres between each vehicle. The resulting horrific pile-ups (50) vehicle stops for some reason mechanical failure, driver error and so on have become all (51) familiar through pictures in newspapers or on television. How (52) of these drivers realize that it takes a car about one hundred metres to brake to a stop (53) 70 mph? Drivers also seem to think that motorway driving gives them complete protection from the changing weather. (54) wet the road, whatever the visibility in mist or fog, on they (55) at ridiculous speeds oblivious of police warnings or speed restrictions (56) their journey comes to a conclusion. Perhaps one remedy (57) this motorway madness would be better driver education. At present, learner drivers are bared (58) motorways and are thus as far as this kind of driving is (59) thrown in at the deep end. However, much more efficient policing is required, (60) it is the duty of the police not only to enforce the law but also to protect the general public from its own foolishness.

单选题The European Parliament has banned the terms "Miss" and "Mrs" ______ they offend female members. A. as long as B. the moment C. so that D. in case

单选题Even after ten years her name {{U}}conjures up{{/U}} such beautiful memories.

单选题There is an old saying in English which goes, "Never put off until tomorrow What you can do today." A. look for it C. put it in place B. cancel it D. postpone it

单选题The company used so much coal that it has a train to ______ the delivery process.

单选题The excursion will give you an even deeper ______ into our language and culture.

单选题He collects ______ of all kinds of rocks and minerals. A. specimens B. timbers C. serpents D. trunks

单选题Although we decorated the room only six months ago, the paint on the ceiling is already______because of the damp.

单选题______ the passage of light, many new plastics are processed using technologies rivaling those used in the manufacture of computer chips.

单选题In a car engine, more ______ means better acceleration.