单选题 College sports in the United States are a huge deal. Almost all major American universities have football, baseball, basketball and hockey programs, and{{U}} (71) {{/U}}millions of dollars each year to sports. Most universities earn millions{{U}} (72) {{/U}}as well, in television revenues and sponsorships. They also benefit{{U}} (73) {{/U}}from the added publicity they get via their teams. Big-name universities{{U}} (74) {{/U}}each other in the most popular sports. Football games at the university of Michigan regularly{{U}} (75) {{/U}}crowds of over 90,000. Basketball's national collegiate championship game is a TV{{U}} (76) {{/U}}on a par with (与……相同或相似) any other sporting event in the United States, {{U}}(77) {{/U}}perhaps the Super Bowl itself. At any given time during fall or winter one can{{U}} (78) {{/U}}one's TV set and see the top athletic programs—from schools like Michigan, UCLA, Duke and Stanford—{{U}} (79) {{/U}}in front of packed houses and national TV audiences. The athletes themselves are{{U}} (80) {{/U}}and provided with scholarships. College coaches identify{{U}} (81) {{/U}}teenagers and then go into high schools to{{U}} (82) {{/U}}the country's best players to attend their universities. There are strict roles about{{U}} (83) {{/U}}coaches can recruit—no recruiting calls after 9 p. m., only one official visit to a campus—but they are often bent and sometimes{{U}} (84) {{/U}}. Top college football programs{{U}} (85) {{/U}}scholarships to 20 or 30 players each year, and those student athletes, when they arrive{{U}} (86) {{/U}}campus, receive free housing, tuition, meals, books, and stipends. In return, the players{{U}} (87) {{/U}}the program in their sport. Football players at top colleges{{U}} (88) {{/U}}two hours a day, four days a week from January to April. In summer, it's back to strength and agility mining four days a week until mid August, when camp{{U}} (89) {{/U}}and preparation for the opening of the September-to-December season begins{{U}} (90) {{/U}}. During the season, practices last two or three hours a day from Tuesday to Friday. Saturday is game day. Mondays are an officially mandated day of rest.

单选题For it is "everybody", a whole society, which , has identified being feminine with caring about how one looks. Given these stereotypes, it is no wonder that beauty enjoys, at best, a rather mixed reputation.

单选题{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited, there was no way to {{U}}prevent{{/U}} spoilage, But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year. Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary their daily diet. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at most, for up to six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store perishables. All easy means of producing ice commercially had been invented in the 1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants, most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.

单选题The Aleuts, residing on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof islands, and the Alaskan Peninsula, have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Veniaminov selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut vocabulary, and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage. The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages. To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital, as did Russian, the language in which one conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut parents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect. Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity, The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. From the wording of many regulations, it appears that American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writhing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans. Gradually, despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression.

单选题Although Darwinism was a profoundly ______ world view, it was essentially passive, since it prescribed no steps to be taken, no victories over nature to be celebrated, no program of triumphs to be successively gained. A. limited B. debatable C. innovative D. paradoxical

单选题Reflecting on our exploration, we also discovered that people will exploit the newness, vagueness, and breadth of the information marketplace to support their wishes and predilections, ______they may be.

单选题More and more people nowadays are exercising, quitting tobacco, losing weight and becoming more health-conscious.

单选题When my doctor told me the results of all the tests, I was sure my illness was fatal and certain that I was going to die. One of my first 1 was that I would be leaving behind me so much that was unfinished. I told my friends that the 2 on my tombstone should read: "Grade of Incomplete." That 3 my life, and I regretted my delays and excuses. I wished that I had more time to do it all over again the right way. But deep inside I felt such a wish was useless. I imagined no recourse but to spend my remaining months in a gradual state of 4 , too weak, too sick and too absorbed in my dying to do much else. I cried a lot and felt very sorry for myself. After the operation to remove the tumor, my surgeon told me that I was cured. At first, I didn"t believe him. I thought he was humouring me, stringing me alone because he wanted me to be happy in my final months. 5 , though, I began to believe that he was telling me the truth and that I did indeed have a life ahead of me. Because I didn"t want my 6 simply to become a bad memory, I started to change the way I ran my life. I finished the photography project that summer. Then I applied for matriculation at my local college in the fall. Within a year I had chosen 7 I"m still working on getting that degree. Most important of all, my children and I took that 8 we"d always talked about. We took another one in the winter, too. At the end of five years I realized that I had rebuilt my life"s patterns. And now each day is more fulfilling than 9 That"s something I couldn"t say before the day that cancer 10 .

单选题Because his movements were so______I was hardly aware he was moving at all.

单选题The tone of the final paragraph can best be described as ______.

单选题 There has been a lot of hand-wringing over the death of Elizabeth Steinberg. Without blaming anyone in particular, neighbors, friends, social workers, the police and newspaper editors have struggled to define the community's responsibility to Elizabeth and to other battered children. As the collective soul-searching continues, there is a pervading sense that the system failed her. The fact is, in New York State the system couldn't have saved her. It is almost impossible to protect a child from violent parents, especially if they are white, middle-class, well-educated and represented by counsel. Why does the state permit violence against Children? There are a number of reasons. First, parental privilege is a rationalization. In the past, the law was giving its approval to the biblical injunction against sparing the rod. Second, while everyone agrees that the state must act to remove children from their homes when there is danger of serious physical or emotional harm, many child advocates believe that state intervention in the absence of serious injury is more harmful than helpful. Third, courts and legislatures tread carefully when their actions intrude or threaten to intrude on a relationship protected by the Constitution. In 1923, the Supreme Court recognized the "liberty of parent and guardian to direct the upbringing and education of children under their control". More recently, in 1977, it upheld the teacher's privilege to use corporal punishment against schoolchildren. Read together, these decisions give the constitutional imprimatur to parental use of physical force. Under the best conditions, small children depend utterly on their parents for survival. Under the worst, their dependency dooms them. While it is questionable whether anyone or anything could have saved Elizabeth Steinberg, it is plain that the law provided no protection. To the contrary, by justifying the use of physical force against children as an acceptable method of education and control, the law lent a measure of plausibility and legitimacy to her parents' conduct. More than 80 years ago, in the teeth of parental resistance and Supreme Court doctrine, the New York State Legislature acted to eliminate child labor law. Now, the state must act to eliminate child abuse by banning corporal punishment. To break the vicious cycle of violence, nothing less will answer. If there is a lesson to be drawn from the death of Elizabeth Steinberg, it is this: spare the rod and spare the child.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below. An important point in the development of a governmental agency is the codification of its controlling practices. The study of law or jurisprudence is usually concerned with the codes and practices of specific governments, past or present. It is also concerned with certain questions upon which a functional analysis of behavior has some bearing. What is a law? What role does a law play in governmental control? In particular, what effect does it have upon the behavior of the controllee and of the members of the governmental agency itself? A law usually has two important features. In the first place, it specifies behavior. The behavior is usually not described topographically but rather in terms of its effect upon others - the effect that is the object of governmental control. When we are told, for example, that an individual has "committed perjury," we are not told what he has actually said. "Robbery" and "assault" do not refer to specific forms of response. Only properties of behavior which are aversive to others are mentioned - in perjury the lack of a customary correspondence between a verbal response and certain factual circumstances, in robbery the removal of positive reinforces, and in assault the aversive character of physical injury. In the second place, a law specifies or implies a consequence, usually punishment, A law is thus a statement of a contingency of reinforcement maintained by a governmental agency. The contingency may have prevailed as a controlling practice prior to its codification as a law, or it may represent a new practice which goes into effect with the passage of the law. Laws are thus both descriptions of past practices and assurafices of similar practices in the future. A law is a rule of conduct in the sense that it specifies the consequences of certain actions which in mm "rule" behavior. The effect of a law upon the controlling agency The government of a large group requires an elaborate organization, the practices of which may be made more consistent and effective by codification. How codes of law affect governmental agents is the principal subject of jurisprudence. The behavioral processes are complex, although presumably not novel. In order to maintain or "enforce" contingencies of governmental control, an agency must establish the fact that an individual has behaved illegally and must interpret a code to determine the punishment. It must then carry out the punishment. These labors are usually divided among special subdivisions of the agency. The advantages gained when the individual is "not under man but under law" have usually been obvious, and the great codifiers of law occupy places of honor in the history of civilization. Codification does not, however, change the essential nature of governmental action nor remedy all its defects.Comprehension Questions:

单选题The marvel of the machine age, the electronic computer has been 1 only since 1946. It can do simple computations—add, subtract, multiply and divide— 2 lighting speed and perfect accuracy. It can multiply two 1-digit number in 1/1,1000 seconds, a problem that would 3 an average person five minutes to do with pencil and paper. Some computers can work 500,000 times faster than 4 . Once it is given a "program"—that is, a 5 set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language—a computer can gather 6 information for many purposes. For example, it can 7 bank accounts up to date and make out electric bills. If you are planning a trip by plane, the computer will find out 8 route to take. Not only can the computer gather facts, it can also store them as fast as they are gathered and can 9 whenever they are needed. 10 gathering and storing information, the computer can also solve complicated problems that once took months for people to do. For example, 11 sixteen hours an electronic brain solved a difficult design problem. First, it was 12 all the information necessary for designing a chemical plant. After running through 16,000 possible designs, it 13 the plan for the plant that would produce the most chemical at the lowest cost. Then it issued a printed set of exact 14 . Before it solved this problem, a team of engineers having the same information had worked for a year to produce only three designs, 15 of which was as efficient as the computer"s.

单选题Movies are often held up as either the paragons or pariahs of our society at large; towering achievements on the one hand and endless ______ on the other.

单选题While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within the family, others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline.

单选题The doctor promised that this medicine would ______ the pain in the stomach. A. affirmed B. agitated C. alleviate D. allocate

单选题One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production — capital. The ownership of large amount of capital can bring【C1】______profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists,【C2】______, have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of【C3】______that they call "post-industrial" society. One important change in such a society is that the ownership of【C4】______amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important【C5】______of profits and influences; knowledge as well as【C6】______capital brings profits and influence. There are many【C7】______with the thesis above, not the least of【C8】______is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not【C9】______the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the【C10】______of some new industries indicates【C11】______, genetic engineering and the new computer technology have【C12】______many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In【C13】______with criticism of the post-industrial society thesis, however, it must also be【C14】______that those already in control of huge amounts of capital(i. e. , major corporations)soon【C15】______to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge. Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly【C16】______. Many new high tech jobs are being created at the upper-middle-class level, but even more new jobs are being created in the low-skill, low-paying service【C17】______. Something like a class line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the【C18】______of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try illiteracy in the English language has been a severe【C19】______for many years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and【C20】______them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.

单选题When we talk about intelligence, we do not mean the ability to get a good score on a certain kind of test, or even the ability to do well in school. By intelligence we mean a style of life, a life, a way of behaving in various situations. The true test of intelligence is not how much we know how to do, but how we behave when we don"t know what to do. The intelligent person, young or old, meeting a new situation or problem, opens himself up to it. He tries to take in with mind and senses everything he can about it. He thinks about it, instead of about himself or what it might cause to happen to him. He grapples with it boldly, imaginatively, resourcefully, and if not confidently, at least hopefully; if he fails to master it, he looks without fear or shame at his mistakes and learns what he can from them. This is intelligence. Clearly its roots lie in a certain feeling about life, and one"s self with respect to life. Just as clearly, unintelligence is not what most psychologists seem to suppose, the same thing as intelligence, only less of it. It is an entirely different style of behavior, arising out of entirely different set of attitudes. Years of watching and comparing bright children with the not-bright, or less bright, have shown that they are very different kinds of people. The bright child is curious about life and reality, eager to get in touch with it, embrace it, unite himself with it. There is no wall, no barrier, between himself and life. On the other hand，the dull child is far less curious, far less interested in what goes on and what is real, more inclined to live in a world of fantasy. The bright child likes to experiment, to try things out. He lives by the maxim that there is more than one way to skin a cat. If he can"t do something one way, he"ll try another. The dull child is usually afraid to try at all. It takes a great deal of urging to get him to try even once; if that try fails, he is through. Nobody starts off stupid. Hardly an adult in a thousand, or ten thousand Could in any three years of his life learn as much, grow as much in his understanding of the world around him, as every infant learns and grows in his first three years. But what happens, as we grow older, to this extraordinary capacity for learning and intellectual growth? What happens is that it is destroyed, and more than by any other one thing, it is destroyed by the process that we misname education—a process that goes on in most homes and schools.