单选题The theory of the Social Contract, first formulated by the English philosophers Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, assumes that men at first lived in a state of anarchy in which there was no society, no government, and no organized coercion of the individual by the group. Hobbes maintained that by the social contract men had surrendered their natural liberties in order to enjoy the order and safety of the organized state. The French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in Le Contrat Social (1762), found the general will, a means of establishing reciprocal rights and duties, privileges, and responsibilities as a basis of the state. Similar ideas were used as a justification for both the American and the French revolutions in the 18th century. Thomas Jefferson held that the preservation of certain natural rights was an essential part of the social contract, and that "consent of the governed" was fundamental to any exercise of governmental power. The Social Contract theory has withstood the test of time; it served as a rationale for the enactment of felon disenfranchisement laws in the past, and remains a compelling argument today. The early exclusion of felons from the franchise by many states could well have rested on Locke's concept, so influential at the time, that by entering into society every man authorizes the society, or which is all one, the legislature thereof, to make laws for him, as the public good of the society shall require. A man who breaks the laws he has authorized his agent to make for his own governance could fairly have been thought to have abandoned the right to participate in further administering the compact. This is especially so when account is taken of the heavy incidence of recidivism and the prevalence of organized crime. When someone commits a crime, he commits it not just against the victim, but against our entire society. Protests that time sewed is enough, and that society should prioritize the rehabilitation and reintegration of felons should fall on deaf ears. Opponents of disenfranchisement claim that the inability to vote stymies felons' "remittance into a lawabiding society". Yet they neglect to explain why the tonic of voting did not curtail felons from committing crimes initially. They have breached the social contract and, like insane persons, have raised questions about their ability to vote responsibly. Despite its initial attractiveness, the use of social contract theory to defend felon disenfranchisement is in fact specious. Disenfranchised felons are unequal parties to a contract that is fundamentally unfair in its formation on the grounds that they are unconscionable. The social contract between citizens and the state to which they delegate their authority gains its validity from the parties, freedom to contract and share an active voice in negotiating. In fact, active citizenship in the United States is but a facade without this vital right. The felon, disenfranchised upon breaching the original social contract, enters into a second contract upon his release. The validity of this second formation is questionable because the felon, in his disenfranchised state, is not an equal party truly free to contract. This suggests that the contract is unconscionable because of the unincarcerated felon's unequal position as a silent party to the ongoing negotiation of the contract. The social contract suffers from many of the ailments in the formation, liquidated damages provision, and unconscionable terms that would invalidate any traditional contract. The franchise should be returned to unincarcerated felons so that they may be whole and free parties to the social contract. The Social Contract theory and the objectives of punishment fail to provide a satisfactory explanation for the denial of one of the most fundamental rights to millions of citizens. Disenfranchisement's defenders continue to claim that denying convicts the vote is necessary to protect something called the "purity of the ballot box" and that because offenders violate the "social contract", they forfeit political rights completely unrelated to the needs of incarceration.

单选题As is known to all ,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.

单选题{{B}}Section B{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. No one gets out of this world alive, and few people come through life without at least one serious illness. (31) {{U}}If we are given a serious diagnosis, it is useful to try to remain free of panic and depression.{{/U}} Panic can constrict blood vessels and impose an additional burden on the heart. (32) {{U}}Depression, as medical researchers way back to Galen, that ancient Greek doctor, have observed, can set the stage for other illnesses or intensify existing ones.{{/U}} It is no surprise that so many patients who learn that they have cancer or heart disease or any other catastrophic disease become worse at the time of diagnosis. (33) {{U}}The moment they have a label to attach to their symptoms, the illness deepens.{{/U}} All the terrible things they have heard about disease produce the kind of despair that in turn complicates the underlying condition. (34) {{U}}It is not unnatural to be severely apprehensive about a serious diagnosis, but a reasonable confidence is justified.{{/U}} Cancer today, for example, is largely a treatable disease. A heavily damaged heart can be reconditioned. (35) {{U}}Even a positive HIV diagnosis does not necessarily mean that the illness will move into the active stage.{{/U}}

单选题Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out Whether, as many smokers say, smoking helps them to "think and concentrate." Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived (被剥夺) of cigarettes through a series of tests. In the first test, each subject (试验对象) sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and nonsmokers performed equally well. The next test was more complex, requiring all to scan sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters was transformed into a different one. Non-smokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine (尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers. In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers. The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it. Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details. "As our tests became more complex," sums up Spilich, "non-smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins." He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity./

单选题Between 1833 and 1837, the publishers of a "penny press" proved that a low-priced paper, edited to interest ordinary people, could win what amounted to a mass circulation for the times and thereby attract an advertising volume that would make it independent. These were papers for the common citizen and were not tied to the interests of the business community, like the mercantile press, or dependent for financial support upon political party allegiance. It did not necessarily follow that all the penny papers would be superior in their handling of the news and opinion functions. But the door was open for some to make important journalistic advances. The first offerings of a penny paper tended to 'be highly sensational; human interest stories overshadowed important news, and crime and sex stories were written in full detail. But as the penny paper attracted readers from various social and economic brackets, its sensationalism was modified. The ordinary reader came to want a better product, too. popularized style of writing and presentation of news remained, but the penny paper became a respectable publication that offered significant information and editorial leadership. Once the first of the successful penny papers had shown the way, later ventures could enter the competition at the higher level of journalistic responsibility the pioneering paper, had reached. This was the pattern of American newspapers in the years following the founding of the New York Sun in 1833. The Sun, published by Benjamin Day, entered the lists against 11 other dailies. It was tiny in comparison; but it was bright and readable, and it preferred human interest features to important but dull political speech reports. It had a police reporter writing squibs of crime news in the style already proved successful by some other papers. And, most important, it sold for a penny, whereas its competitors sold for sir cents. By 1837 the Sun was printing 30,000 copies a day, which was more than the total of all 11 New York daily newspapers combined when the Sun first appeared. In those same four years James Gordon Bennett brought out his New York Herald (1835), and a trio of New York printers who were imitating Day's success founded the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1836) and the Baltimore Sun (1837). The four penny sheets all became famed newspapers.

单选题As far as the rank of position is concerned, an associate professor is ______ to a professor, though they are almost equally knowledgeable. A. attached B. subsidiary C. previous D. inferior

单选题Which question is NOT answered in the article?

单选题The degree of downward slope of a beach depends on its composition of deposits as well as on the action of waves across its surface.

单选题In China______graduates go abroad to have a further study every year.

单选题{{B}}Passage 3{{/B}} Monochronic time (M-time) and polychronic time (P-time) represent two variant solutions to the use of both time and space as organizing frames for activities. Space is included because the two systems (time and space) are functionally interrelated. M-time emphasizes schedules, segmentation, and promptness. P-time systems are characterized by several things happening at once. They stress involvement of people and completion of transactions rather than adherence to preset schedules. P-time is treated as much less tangible than M-time. P-time is apt to be considered a point rather than a ribbon or a road, and that point is sacred. Americans overseas are psychologically stressed in many ways when confronted by P-time systems such as those in Latin America and the Middle East. In the markets and stores of Mediterranean countries, one is surrounded by other customers vying for the attention of a clerk. There is no order as to who is served next, and to the northern European or American, confusion and clamor abound. In a different context, the same patterns apply within the governmental bureaucracies of Mediterranean countries: A cabinet officer, for instance, may have a large reception area outside his private office. There are almost always small groups waiting in this area, and these groups are visited by government officials, who move around the room conferring with each. Much of their business is transacted in public instead of having a series of private meetings in an inner office. Particularly distressing to Americans is the way in which appointments are handled by polychronic people. Appointments just don't carry the same weight as they do in the United States. Things are constantly shifted around. Nothing seems solid or firm, particularly plans for the future, and there are always changes in the most important plans right up to the very last minute. In contrast, within the Western world, man finds little in life that is exempt from the iron hand of M-time. In fact, his social and business life, even his sex life are apt to be completely time dominated.

单选题This subject is not included in the ______ of the school.

单选题I was taken __________ when I saw him because he had lost all his hair.

单选题Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its ______ to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. A. assignment B. resistance C. adjustment D. liability

单选题The senior citizen expressed a sentiment which ______ profoundly to every Chinese heart.

单选题After speaking for three hours, the lecturer found he could scarcely talk, as he had become ______.

单选题I ______ the meeting yesterday, but some urgent matter prevented me from coming.

单选题He is by no means a(n)______man. On the contrary, he always departs from customs.

单选题There is no question but that Newton was a highly competent Minister of the Mint. It was mainly through his efforts (41) the English currency was put on (42) satisfactory basis at a difficult time. (43) discovered a relationship between prices and (44) amount of money in circulation, which (45) later formalized in the so-called "quality (46) "of money: if the amount of (47) in circulation is doubled--other things (48) the same--then prices also will (49) double. This is a simple application (50) the principle that it is impossible (51) . get something for nothing, but apparently (52) took someone like Newton to discover it. There (53) an obvious comparison with Copernicus, who (54) the Polish government on currency questions (55) in doing so discovered another important (56) (usually known as Gresham's Law): when (57) money is accepted as legal tender, (58) money will be driven out of (59) . Copernicus anticipated Gresham in the formulation (60) this law.