Writeareportforauniversitylecturerto1.describethepictureandshowyourunderstanding2.giveyourcomment,and3.presentyousuggestionsYoushouldneatlywrite160—200words.

Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely【C1】______of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other【C2】______around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is【C3】______detailed behavior more astonishing than【C4】______any person can ever evolve in individual actions.【C5】______that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact【C6】______first-rate importance is the【C7】______role that custom plays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may【C8】______. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes. He sees it【C9】______by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his【C10】______probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes; his very concepts of the true and the false will still have【C11】______to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in【C12】______the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is【C13】______the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those【C14】______of his own baby talk that are【C15】______into the language of his family.【C16】______one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity to develop independently, the figure becomes no more than an【C17】______and matter-of-fact observation. The【C18】______history of the individual is first and【C19】______an adjustment to the patterns and standards traditionally【C20】______in his community.

For health insurance, the United States has taken the road less traveled. The United States is the only rich country without universal health insurance. People in the United States spend the most, rely heavily on the private sector, and obtain care from the world"s most complicated delivery system. While some supporters have expressed satisfaction, if not pride, in these remarkable qualities, others contend that the United States faces unique limitations in reforming health care. In her exceptional book, Parting at the Crossroads, Antonia Maioni compares the formation of the U.S. and Canadian health-care systems for the years 1930-60. The United States and Canada are often considered the most similar of Western democracies. They share a common border, are wealthy, and have federal government. Their trade unions are only moderately powerful, and their populations are diverse and young. Nevertheless, their health-insurance systems are nearly opposite. The United States relies on a mix of government plans, targeted to the elderly and indigent, and employment-based plans, which the government indirectly supports. Canada offers public health insurance to all qualified residents, with the private sector providing supplementary "services in some provinces. Labor organizations became strong advocates for health-insurance reform in both countries. Their impact partially depended on political institutions and how other actors, particularly organized medicine, wielded them. Canada"s governmental and electoral systems allowed labor to cooperate with a social democratic party in the Saskatchewan Province, which established a universal program. The Saskatchewan program demonstrated universal insurance feasibility, spurring the dominant Liberals to introduce a national universal program. In contrast, the U. S. electoral system effectively precluded third-party formation, forcing organized labor to dilute its health-insurance goals because it was one of many interests represented by the Democratic Party. Maioni suggested that economic vitality is important for the future of both countries" systems, but the prognosis is uncertain. Despite recent concerns about the Canadian government"s budgetary health, Maioni contends that widespread support protects universal insurance. Conversely, Maioni seems pessimistic about options for U.S. universal health insurance. Despite economic buoyancy, dissension will likely prevent reforms. Although a devastating economic downturn would make health finance difficult in either country, the U.S. system seems especially vulnerable. Employment-based insurance and Medicare both rely on labor market attachment. High, chronic unemployment could result in coverage loss and financial difficulties for employer insurance and Medicare, swelling the uninsured pool. Such a crisis could provide an opening for universal health insurance. In any case, whether the United States relies on the public or private sector, escalating health expenditures figure into budget of government, corporations, and families. The U.S. health care system"s future may depend on Americans" willingness to devote more of their national income to health care.

The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions, and the selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as 1860s there were counter movement to traditional orientation. One of the famous spokesmen of Japan"s "Enlightenment" claimed "the Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere". Another break of relative liberalism followed World War Ⅰ, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially, students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again, in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant. Following the end of World War Ⅱ, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar. Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life. School textbooks emphasize equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; hut in practice these values are often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones. Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but leftovers of the old order remain. An important feature of relationship in many institutions, including political parties and universities is the "oyabun-kobun" or parent-child relation. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The "oyabun-kobun" creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As a consequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even with the same profession.

To understand how astrology works, we should first take a quick look at the sky. Although the stars are at enormous distances, they do indeed give the impression of being affixed to the inner surface of a great hollow sphere surrounding the earth. Ancient people, in fact, literally believed in the existence of such a celestial sphere. As the earth, spins on its axis, the celestial sphere appears to turn about us each day, pivoting at points on a line with the earth"s axis of rotation. This daily turning of the sphere carries the stars around the sky, causing most of them to rise and set, but they, and constellations they define, maintains fixed patterns on the sphere, just as the continent of Australian maintains its shape on a spinning globe of the earth. Thus the stars were called fixed stars. The motion of the sun along the ecliptic is, of course, merely a reflection of the revolution of the earth around the sun, but the ancients believed the earth was fixed and the sun had an independent motion of its own, eastward among the stars. The glare of sunlight hides the stars in daytime, but the ancients were aware that the stars were up there even at night, and the slow eastward motion of the sun around the sky, at the rate of about thirty degrees each month, caused different stars to be visible at night at different times of the year. The moon, revolving around the earth each month, also has an independent motion in the sky. The moon, however, changes its position relatively rapidly. Although it appears to rise and set each day, as does nearly everything else in the sky, we can see the moon changing position during as short an interval as an hour or so. The moon"s path around the earth lies nearly in the same plane as the earth"s path around the sun, so the moon is never seen very far from the ecliptic in the sky. There are five other objects visible to the naked eye that also appear to move in respect to the fixed background of stars on the celestial sphere. These are the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and the Saturn. All of them revolve around the sun in nearly the same plane as the earth does, so they, like the moon, always appear near the ecliptic. Because we see the planets from the moving earth, however, they behave in a complicated way, with their apparent motions on the celestial sphere reflecting both their own independent motions around the sun and our motion as well.

The translator must have an excellent, up-to-date knowledge of his【C1】______languages, full facility in the handling of his target language, which will be his mother tongue or language of habitual【C2】______, and a knowledge and understanding of the【C3】______subject-matter in his field of specialization. That is, as it【C4】______, his professional equipment. 【C5】______this, it is desirable that he should have an【C6】______mind, wide interests, a good memory and the ability to grasp quickly the basic principles of new developments. He should be willing to work【C7】______ his own, often at high speeds, but should be humble enough to consult others【C8】______his own knowledge not always prove adequate to the task【C9】______. He should be able to type fairly quickly and accurately and, if he is working mainly for publication, should have more than a nodding【C10】______with printing techniques and proof-reading. If he is working basically as an information translator, let us say, for an industrial firm, he should have the flexibility of mind to enable him to【C11】______rapidly from one source to another, since this ability is frequently【C12】______of him in such work. Bearing in mind the nature of the translator"s work. i.e. the processing of the written word, it is, strictly speaking, 【C13】______that he should be able to speak the languages he is dealing with. If he does speak them, it is an advantage 【C14】______a hindrance, but this skill is in many ways a luxury that he can【C15】______with. It is, 【C16】______, desirable that he should have an approximate idea about the pronunciation of his source languages even if this is restricted to【C17】______how proper names and place names are pronounced. The same 【C18】______ to an ability to write his source languages. If he cannot, it does not【C19】______. There are many other skills and【C20】______that are desirable in a translator.

BSection III Writing/B

A Letter of Admission Write a letter of about 100 words based on the following situation: Li Ming"s application for admission to Washington University has been accepted. Write a letter to offer him admission and inform him the details he should know. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "The Admissions Office" instead. Do not write the address.

(46) Genoa is on the Italian Riviera, but its steelworks, container parks and oil terminal are not the usual charms of a millionaires" playground. Even so, for many wealthy people it was the place to be last weekend, to see the Salone Nautico"s fabulous display of luxury boats and yachts. (47) With some 350,000 visitors, the event is a shop-window for Italy"s boatbuilders who lead the market in providing the super-rich with boats stretching beyond 24m(79 ft). Italy"s boatyards make more than a third of all the floating palaces around the world. At this year"s show, Azimut-Benetti and Ferretti-Riva, the two leading producers, displayed their latest and most opulent models. Italy builds all kinds of pleasure craft and two-thirds, worth euro l.7 billion($2.1 billion) last year, are exported. (48) According to Paolo Vitelli, chairman of the Italian boatbuilders" association, the winning combination at the very top of the market is style fabrics, skilled carpenters, fashion, technology and innovation. "We are masters in these areas. The business is tailor-made for Italians". He is unconcerned by high oil prices and parts of the world sailing into economic doldrums. The market for luxury goods seems impervious to these. Three factors, says Mr. Vitelli have helped the market grow. (49) Boatbuilders have raised output by switching to modern production techniques: more marinas have been built, which makes life easier for owners; and the number of millionaires with money to splurge on pleasure craft has risen sharply. Their pockets have to be deep. Azimut-Benetti, which Mr. Vitelli founded in 1969, offers a range of craft. At the top of its fibreglass-hulled Azimut range is a 35m(116 ft) motor yacht which costs euro 8.5m. A steel-hulled Benetti, however, might cost five times that. Mr. Vitelli"s business reported net profits of euro 35m on sales of euro 403m last year and it is expanding strongly. (50) Meanwhile, new markets, like China and Russia. are opening up and producing their own crop of boating millionaires.

Writeanessayof160—200wordsbasedonthefollowingpicture.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturebriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithanexample/examplesYonshouldwriteneatly.(20points)

Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"OntheEssentialResponsibilityoftheProfessor".Intheessay,youshould(1)describethepictures;(2)interprettheirmeaning;(3)giveyouropinionaboutthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatly.

What would the world look like without the dollar domination? US officials are【C1】______ out a deal to end the government shutdown and【C2】______ its debt limit, hoping to avoid a global【C3】______ crisis. Meanwhile, some eyed【C4】______ to the US dollar to avoid a repeat. Earlier this week, an editorial from Xinhua news agency, called【C5】______ a new international reserve currency to【C6】______ the dollar. "It is perhaps a good time for the【C7】______ world to start considering building a de-Americanized world," it said. An organization like the International Monetary Fund could theoretically【C8】______ an entirely new international currency, says Benjamin Cohen of the University of California, but political disagreement would raise its ugly【C9】______ again. "Think of all the trouble the European Monetary Union has had【C10】______ with just 17 countries. Now【C11】______ by ten." "I think it much more likely that another【C12】______ currency becomes more important in international markets," says Menzie Chinn of the University of Wisconsin. "The Chinese are, with mixed【C13】______, pursuing a path of making their own currency more international." 【C14】______ don"t expect to be cashing in renminbi any time soon. The last big【C15】______ in reserve currency, from British pounds to the US dollar, began in the 1950s and【C16】______ two decades. Even if we could just【C17】______ the dollar overnight, no other currency, including the renminbi, can currently【C18】______ it, says Cohen. "Governments still use the dollar, 【C19】______ the current political difficulty in Washington, because of its【C20】______ availability, deep liquidity and wide acceptability."

The planets seemed like pretty small places. At the same time, Earth seemed a lot larger than it does now. No one had ever seen our planet as a planet: a blue marble on black velvet, coated with water and air. No one knew that the moon was born in an impact. No one fully appreciated that humanity was becoming a geologic force in its own right, capable of changing the environment on a global scale. Whatever else the Space Age has done, it has enriched our view of the natural world and given us a perspective. National Research Council(NRC)panels periodically ask whether the world' s planetary exploration programs are on track. The list of goals that follows synthesizes their priorities. 1. Monitor Earth's Climate The venerable Landsat series, which has monitored the surface since 1972, has been on the fritz for years, and the U. S. has Department of Agriculture has already had to buy data from Indian satellites to monitor crop productivity. For some types of data, no other nation can fill in. 2. Prepare an Asteroid Defense Like climate monitoring, guarding the planet from asteroids always seems to fall between the cracks. Neither NASA nor the European Space Agency(ESA)has a mandate to stave off human extinction. It would take 15 years or longer to mount a defense against an incoming body, assuming that the technology were ready to go. 3. Seek Out New Life Before Spotnik, scientists thought the solar system might be a veritable Garden of Eden. Earth' s sister worlds proved to be hellish, even when the Mariner probes revealed a cratered moonscape and the Viking landers failed to find even a single organic molecule. But lately the plausible venues for life have multiplied. 4. Explain the Genesis of the Planets Studies of the origin of the planets overlap quite a bit with studies of the origins of life. Jakosky puts it thus: "Venus sits at the inner edge of the habitable zone. Mars sits at the outer edge. Earth sits in the middle. And understanding the differences between those planets is central to asking about life beyond our solar system." 5. Break Out of the Solar System A solar sail 200 meters across could carry a 500-kilogram spacecraft. After launch from Earth, it would first swoop toward the sun, going as it dared—just inside Mercury' s orbit—to get flung out by the intense sunlight. "Such a mission, be it ESA-or NASA-led, is the next logical step in our exploration of space," Wim mer-Schweingruber says. "After all, there is more to space than exploring our very, very local neighborhood." The estimated price tag is about $2 billion including three decades' operating expenses. [A]Like the origin of life, the origin of the planets was a complex, multistage process. Jupiter was the first-born. Did it build up slowly, like the other planets? Did it form farther from the sun and move inward? [B]Like a windsurfer, the spacecraft would steer by leaning to one side or the other. Just before passing Jupiter's orbit, it would cast off the sail and glide outward. To get ready, engineers need to design a sufficiently lightweight sail and test it on first. [C]So NRC prepares to take some action plans. Extend asteroid search to smaller bodies, perhaps using a dedicated infrared space telescope. Deflect an asteroid in a controlled way as a trial run. Develop an official system for evaluating potential threats. [D]The NRC panel called for restoring the lost funding, which pay for 17 new missions over the coming decade, such as ones to keep tabs on ice sheets and carbon dioxide levels—essential for predicting climate change and its effects. People sometimes take the mundane yet urgent task of looking after our own planet for granted. [E]Mars is looking hopeful again. Outer-planet moons, notably Europa and Enceladus, appear to have vast underground seas and plenty of life's raw materials. Even Venus might have been covered in oceans once. The research is not just about finding companionship in the cosmos. It is about divining our own origins. [F]This past spring ESA completed a set of feasibility studies—and promptly shelved them for lack of money. It would take a joint effort with NASA or the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency(JAXA), or both, to make the plan happen.

Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueofdiggingwells.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow1)thecontentofthepicture2)themeaning/yourunderstanding2.giveaspecificexample/comment,and3.presentyoursuggestionsYoushouldneatlywrite160—200words

ThePetofModernPeopleWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

In Bavaria's Holledau region endless rows of hop bines and grain field still undulate through the hills as they have for centuries; but today they share the south-facing slopes with solar panels. Germany's Energiewende ("energy transition" or "revolution") has transformed its countryside. The main tool in this transition is a policy of subsidising renewable power. Germany guarantees investors in green energy that their electricity is fed into the grid before that from conventional sources, and at high prices fixed for 20 years. Thanks to this support, the share of renewable energy in German electricity generation has gone from 3.6% in 1990 to 30% last year. But although green energy is subsidised in most of the EU and America, Germany's efforts are unusually generous. Consumers pay the price of the subsidies—more than €20 billion ($22 billion) each year—through their electricity bills. As a result, Germany's renewables law has long been in need of reform. In July, after much wrangling, the German parliament finally changed it. The government will still determine the volume of renewable-energy capacity it wants added each year, to try and slow climate change. Its target is for 40-45% of electricity to be generated from renewables by 2025, 55-60% by 2035 and at least 80% by 2050. But from next year the fixed sum paid in feed-in tariffs to everyone supplying renewable power will be replaced with auctions in which investors place sealed bids to build new wind or solar farms. Those who offer to do it for the lowest price will win, and only they will be paid for the power they supply. This reform is an important step toward a market economy, says Patrick Graichen of Agora Energiewende, a think-tank. But problems remain. The new reform does not address the more fundamental flaws in the Energiewende. The first is that even as the share of renewable energy in electricity generation rises, overall production is so far not getting cleaner, as measured by emissions. One reason is the snap decision after the disaster at Fukushima in 2011 by Angela Merkel, the chancellor, to phase out nuclear power (which emits no greenhouse gases) by 2022. While renewables can easily compensate for this missing nuclear capacity on windy and sunny days, other energy sources are needed for the rest. Environmentally, gas-fired power plants would be the next best option, but they are more expensive to run than coal-fired plants. And so Germany continues to rely on dirty lignite and only slightly less dirty hard coal.Alongside this, the Energiewende has so far focused almost entirely on electricity generation. But electricity accounts for only about 21% of energy consumed in Germany, with the rest used to drive cars and trucks and to heat homes. Renewable sources play a negligible role in these sectors. Electric vehicles remain more of a marketing dream than reality. Too few Germans drive them to make the air cleaner, though this may change in the wake of the Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal last year.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed, h is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often referred to as "nature/nurture". Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics, and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Proponents of the "nurture "theory, or, as they are often called, behaviorists, claimed that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B.F. Skinner sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists" view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Either of these theories cannot yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

Suppose you are a witness of a traffic accident, Li Ming. Please write a report to the principal of the Traffic Accident Investigation Unit of the Police Station according to your information: 时间：2004-2-8； 地点：市中心，第二拐角处； 原因：卡车司机开车前饮酒过量，开车头晕，失控撞翻一辆摩托车； 伤亡情况：摩托车司机当场死亡，卡车司机受重伤； 影响：交通中断2小时； 经济损失：2万元。 You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

A study found that the radiation from CT scans—the tests regularly used to【C1】______internal injuries or signs of cancer—is likely【C2】______for 2 percent of cancer cases in the United States. 【C3】______lots of Americans undergo CT scans, that research is unlikely to【C4】______in doctors' offices: Two-thirds of patients in a new JAMA study reported【C5】______nothing of the risks of the diagnostic procedure.【C6】______, 17 percent felt like they played an active role in a discussion【C7】______whether this diagnostic test was the best path forward. "Our study indicates that most decisions to undergo outpatient CT are【C8】______by physicians and risk communication is【C9】______," a team of researchers led by University of Colorado's Tanner Caverly writes. "The risk communication that took place had limited【C10】______: respondents who recalled discussing the benefits and risks of imaging did not have better【C11】______." Would a conversation about the【C12】______risks have made a difference? Caverly's team asked a few other questions that suggest it would: Patients undergoing the scan have little idea about the radiation【C13】______One-quarter self-identified radiation as a risk of a CT scan; 37 percent were able to identify CT scans as having a higher level of radiation【C14】______a chest x-ray. There's a growing movement in medicine right now to【C15】______on unnecessary treatment or【C16】______of care. Much of this has been led by a group called Choosing Wisely, which has【C17】______with dozens of medical societies to come up with lists of【C18】______that doctors themselves don't think they ought to be using. One of their key messages is that more care isn't【C19】______better; all medicine comes with some level of risk That message does not,【C20】______, seem to be delivered in the doctor's offices studied here.