He was luckier, however, because he was only slightly wounded.

You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates" Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and other information which you think is relevant. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use "Postgraduates" Association" instead. (10 points)

Good Health A. Title: Good Health B. Time limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit: 160~200 words (not including the given opening sentence) D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: "The desire for good health is universal.'' OUTLINE: 1. Importance of good health 2. Ways to keep fit 3. My own practices

Write an e-mail of about 100 words to a foreign teacher in your college, inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest. You should include the details you think necessary. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Amongalltheworthyfeelingsofmankind,loveisprobablythenoblest,buteveryonehashis/herownunderstandingofit.Therehasbeenadiscussionrecentlyontheissueinanewspaper.Writeanessaytothenewspaperto1.showyourunderstandingofthesymbolicmeaningofthepicturebelow,2.giveaspecificexample,and3.giveyoursuggestionastothebestwaytoshowlove.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

Many people like to travel. The problem is getting your pet to the【C1】______. In recent years, transporting pets on flights has grown more【C2】______—and more expensive. All major carriers have【C3】______raised the fees that they【C4】______for bringing pets onboard, matching, or in some cases, 【C5】______, the fee for children flying alone. Fees【C6】______depending on whether the pet flies under your seat, or as checked baggage, which【C7】______extra handling. Pet safety has also become a more【C8】______issue. Incidents of animals being lost, injured or dying have recently【C9】______. Thirty-nine animals died while flying aboard【C10】______jets last year, compared with 22 two years ago. 【C11】______those numbers are a small percentage of the hundreds of thousands of animals flown by the airlines each year, they expose the dangers that pets may face while traveling. Not that airlines don"t 【C12】______ risks, but that some pets are liable to breathing problems or【C13】______ illness. Delta, which reported several dog【C14】______last year, has changed its policy and now【C15】______some breeds from its planes.Despite the inconveniences, airlines say they are going out of their way to be pet【C16】______. Last year Frontier Airlines, in【C17】______to demand, began accepting pets in the passenger cabin for the first time. 【C18】______it had transported pets only as baggage. If you are considering putting your pet on a plane, here are a few tips to【C19】______the process. Don"t wait until the last minute to book, for airlines limit the number of pets in the cabin. Placing your pet on the floor of the car beforehand so it can feel the【C20】______as it will on a plane.

Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthefollowingpictures.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethepicturesbriefly,2)interpretthemeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task.【F1】 But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us. I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of "free" labour deserves respect.【F2】 But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom. Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force.【F3】 It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. 【F4】 Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field.【F5】 This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.

Write a letter to the manager of a hotel to complain about the service you received there and suggest the solution. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

At some point during their education, biology students are told about a conversation in a pub that took place over 50 years ago. J.B.S. Haldane, a British geneticist, was asked whether he would lay down his life for his country. After doing a quick calculation on the back of a napkin, he said he would do so for two brothers or eight cousins. In other words, he would die to protect the equivalent of his genetic contribution to the next generation. The theory of kin selection—the idea that animals can pass on their genes by helping their close relatives—is biology"s explanation for seemingly altruistic acts. An individual carrying genes that promote altruism might be expected to die younger than one with "selfish" genes, and thus to have a reduced contribution to the next generation"s genetic pool But if the same individual acts altruistically to protect its relatives, genes for altruistic behavior might nevertheless propagate. Acts of apparent altruism to non-relatives can also be explained away, in what has become a cottage industry within biology. An animal might care for the offspring of another that it is unrelated to because it hopes to obtain the same benefits for itself later on (a phenomenon known as reciprocal altruism). The hunter who generously shares his spoils with others may be doing so in order to signal his superior status to females, and ultimately boost his breeding success. These apparently selfless acts are therefore disguised acts of self-interest. All of these examples fit economists" arguments that Homo sapiens is also Homo economics—maximizing something that economists call utility, and biologists fitness. But there is a residuum of human activity that defies such explanations: people contribute to charities for the homeless, return lost wallets, do voluntary work and tip waiters in restaurants to which they do not plan to return. Both economic rationalism and natural selection offer few explanations for such random acts of kindness. Nor can they easily explain the opposite: spiteful behavior, when someone harms his own interest in order to damage that of another. But people are now trying to find answers. When a new phenomenon is recognized by science, a name always helps. In a paper in Human Nature, Dr. Fehr and his colleagues argue for a behavioral propensity they call "strong reciprocity". This name is intended to distinguish it from reciprocal altruism. According to Dr. Fehr, a person is a strong reciprocator if he is willing to sacrifice resources to be kind to those who are being kind, and to punish those who are being unkind. Significantly, strong reciprocators will behave this way even if doing so provides no prospect of material rewards in the future.

TheWaytoOuterSpaceWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. Then came Merck"s withdrawal from the market of its blockbuster anti-inflammatory drug, Vioxx, because of an increase in side effects, including heart attacks and strokes. This led one of FDA"s medical officers, in November testimony before the Senate Finance Committee, to accuse his own colleagues of discounting recommendations from the agency"s safety researchers, and of consistently being in denial when data indicate safety problems from an approved drug.B. The first kind of error is highly visible, causing the regulators to be attacked by the media and patient groups, and to be investigated by Congress. But the second kind of error—keeping a potentially important product out of consumers" hands—is usually a non-event, eliciting little attention, let alone outrage.C. The FDA is a favorite target of critics, who variously accuse regulators of excessive risk-aversion and delay of approvals, or of too cozy a relationship with the drug industry. Sen. Charles E. Grassley (R-Iowa), the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, recently chided the agency, "The health and safety of the public must be the FDA"s first and only concern."D. First the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) was blindsided by Chiron Corp."s inability to provide flu vaccine this season because of contamination at its manufacturing facility, depriving Americans of half the usual supply.E. Grassley is right, but particularly when governmental pre marketing approval of a product is required, greater safety is not synonymous with more stringent regulation. In fact, net benefit to patients often suffers because of an obscure regulatory anomaly: the asymmetry of outcomes from the two types of mistakes that regulators can make. A regulator can commit an error by permitting something bad to happen (approving a harmful product), or by preventing something good from becoming available (not approving a beneficial product). Both outcomes are bad for the public, but the consequences for the regulator are very different.F. As a result, regulators make decisions defensively—in other words, to avoid approvals of harmful products at any cost—so they tend to delay or reject new products of all sorts, from fat substitutes to vaccines and painkillers. That"s bad for public health and for consumers" freedom to choose.G. Congress has a long and ignoble history of exaggerated legislative responses to perceived health crises. It seems to be at it again. Recent events have shifted the Congress into crisis mode once more.Order: F is the first paragraph and G is the last.

Only a year ago, the suit and tie seemed headed for extinction—along with other old-economy anomalies like profits, proven products and payment in cash. In the new economy, workers would wear whatever clothing best got their creative juices flowing, without unduly restricting freedom of movement while playing table football and engaging in other activities de rigueur in the modern cut-ting-edge working environment. This sartorial revolution started, inevitably, in Silicon Valley, but by last spring it had stormed even the most sober and traditional banks, consultancies and law firms of Manhattan and the City of London. One by one, they all went "business casual". Now, it turns out, the vision of an open-neck future was but a mirage. Suits are back. According to the Doneger Group, a "style consultancy", sales of suits and dress shirts bottomed in the third quarter of last year, and have since rebounded sharply. The evidence is clearest in New York, where many a suit has been rescued from the wardrobe, with chinos and polo-shirts relegated to the weekends. Only workers who never come face to face with customers or senior managers can still fearlessly wear jeans and T-shirts. Even America"s congenitally casual west coast is going conservative. The new vogue is "dressy casual". At a minimum, The Economist has found, shirts are once more being tucked into trousers. New-economy trendsetters such as Bill Gates, Michael Dell and Larry Ellison have all been seen looking dapper. When Steve Case, boss of AOL, wore a tie at the announcement of his firm"s purchase of Time Warner a year ago, it was interpreted as a gesture to reassure Time workers. With hindsight, it seems Mr. Case simply had a feel for fashion. George Bush, sure-footed in his first weeks in the White House, has banned jeans from the Oval Office and wears a suit almost everywhere except on the ranch. The time has surely come to replace the old "hemline theory" of economic cycles with a new theory of suits. Back in the 1920s, George Taylor, an economist at the University of Pennsylvania, argued that hemlines on women"s skirts were a useful indicator of economic activity. They moved higher in good times, because women could afford to wear, and show off, expensive silk stockings. In hard times, they moved lower, as modesty required that less expensively clad legs be covered. Now that women have more to think about than their stockings, the wearing of suits may be a more reliable guide to economic trends. In any case, many female executives have abandoned hemlines altogether in favor of trousers. The suit is the perfect clothes for hard economic times. It speaks of seriousness of purpose and self-discipline. It speaks of dullness, too, which is a welcome contrast with the anarchic creativity of the dotcoms.A suit saves time, because it requires no thought and still looks all right—a crucial competitive advantage in the labor market that men long enjoyed over women. How foolish it was to throw that away. Above all, the backlash against suits revealed a labor market so tight that workers had all the cards. Bosses hated seeing their staff slouch contemptuously in torn jeans and jumpers, but had to put up with it. Now, jobs are harder to come by, and involve more work and less play. The suit is back. Everywhere except The Economist, of course. Here, freedom of movement is religion.

Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethetrend,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160-200wordsneatly.

As the merchant class expanded in the eighteenth-century North American colonies, the silversmith and the coppersmith businesses rose to serve it. Only a few silversmiths were available in New York or Boston in the late seventeenth century, but in the eighteenth-century they could be found in all major colonial cities. No other colonial artisans rivaled the silversmiths" prestige. They handled the most expensive material and passed direct connections to prosperous colonial merchants. Their products, primarily silver plates and bowls, reflected their exalted status and testified to their customers" prominence. Silver stood as one of the surest ways to store wealth at a time before neighborhood banks existed. Unlike the silver coins from which they were made, silver articles were readily identifiable. Often formed to individual specifications, they always carried the silversmith"s distinctive markings and consequently could be traced and retrieved. Customers generally secured the silver for the silver objects they ordered. They saved coins, took them to smiths, and discussed the type of pieces they desired. Silversmiths complied with these requests by melting the money in a small furnace, adding a bit of copper to form a stronger alloy, and casting the alloy in rectangular blocks. They hammered these ingots to the appropriate thickness by hand, shaped them, and pressed designs into them for adornment. Engraving was also done by hand. In addition to plates and bowls, some customers sought more intricate products, such as silver teapots. These were made by shaping or casting pans separately and then soldering them together. Colonial coppersmithing also came of age in the early eighteenth century and prospered in northern cities. Copper"s ability to conduct heat efficiently and to resist corrosion contributed to its attractiveness. But because it was expensive in colonial America, coppersmiths were never very numerous. Virtually all copper worked by smiths was imported as sheets or obtained by recycling old copper goods. Copper was used for practical items, but it was not admired for its beauty. Coppersmiths employed it to fashion pots and kettles for the home. They shaped it in much the same manner as silver or melted it in a foundry with lead or tin. They also mixed it with zinc to make brass for maritime and scientific instruments.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

EnergyCrisisWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

A full-time job doesn"t have to destroy all hope of family dinners or afternoon playtime. Women can increase their chances of getting on the new mommy track through successful negotiation both at work and at home. After lawyer Lindsay Androski Kelly, 30, decided she would work only at a firm that allowed flexible hours, she specifically asked about family-friendlypolicies during job interviews. While Kelly"s approach worked for her, Michelle Goodman, warns against asking for flexibility too early, before proving oneself on the job. "You do need to pay your dues a little bit," she says. She recommends researching companies ahead of time to find out whether they"re known for family-friendly arrangements. Pat Katepoo, founder of WorkOptions.com, which offers guidance on achieving customized work arrangements, suggests first pitching a trial period. "Even if supervisors are nervous about a nontraditional arrangement, they will feel some sense of control if there"s a backdoor option for stopping it." Putting the proposal in writing with clear explanations of how the job will still get done also helps, Katepoo says. In her experience, if employees have worked for a manager for at least one to two years, are reliable performers, and have a trusting relationship with their manager, they have an 80 percent chance of at least getting a trial period. Regardless of the schedule, setting boundaries—such as having a policy against meetings after 5 p.m. —is key, says Mary Ann Mason, co-author of Mothers on the Fast Track: How a New Generation Can Balance Family and Careers. She also urges women not to wait too long before having children. For some fields, especially those that require extensive training such as academia or medicine, it"s easier to have small children earlier, rather than during what Mason calls the "make or break" years between ages 30 and 40. Women working in low-skilled jobs, on the other hand, usually find flexibility only by lucking into employers who accept it, says Leslie Morgan Steiner, editor of Mommy Wars. "Men and women at the lowest income levels don"t have any leverage," she says. Women across the economic spectrum benefit from support at home. Leslie Bennetts, author of The Feminine Mistake: Are We Giving Up Too Much?, encourages women to find a way to continue working throughout motherhood: "Women must insist that their husbands share everything." Many women appear to be doing just that:A University of Maryland study found that the time men spent on housework almost doubled between the 1960s and 1990s, by which time they were doing one third of it.

The NHS (National Health Service) has approved the creation of chains of hospitals for the first time in its history in a bid to tackle its deep financial problems and to allow more patients to be cared for by leading doctors in their fields. It will see highly respected institutions, such as Moorfields eye hospital in London and Manchester's Christie cancer centre, providing specialist services to patients potentially many miles away in another part of England. But the move has prompted fears that it will lead to the running down, and even closure, of small local hospitals which are highly valued by patients as a result of mergers and takeovers. Simon Stevens, the chief executive of NHS England, will announce the dramatic step in a speech to the CBI on Friday in which he will hail it as part of the "radical reform" the health service must undergo if it is to remain viable. He has pledged to transform the way the NHS in England works by 2020 so it can withstand the huge pressures caused by the growing and ageing population, growth in the number of people with long-term conditions such as diabetes and dementia, and tight budgets expected for years to come. The decision to permit hospitals to band together into chains, which are common in many other countries, overturns 67 years of NHS history. Ed Smith, the chair of NHS financial regulator Monitor, said the era of standalone hospitals such as the foundation trust hospitals introduced by the last Labour government, was dead. Smith said: "These were right at the time, but the economic and clinical circumstances facing the NHS are now different, and our response needs to evolve." While hospitals would still retain their separate identities for the time being, NHS sources admitted it could lead to big or high-performing hospitals taking over smaller district general hospitals, many of which are increasingly in the red and struggling to provide high-class care, especially with a growing shortage of many types of health professionals. Dr. Gives Peedell, an oncologist who co-chairs the National Health Action party, said: "The history of mergers in the NHS, and in the wider world of industry, is by no means one of predictable success. The danger would be that smaller trusts are gobbled up by larger ones in the name of efficiency, leaving services much less accessible for local people. And the evidence from America shows that chains end up squeezing out competition and care is compromised in the quest to maximize profit."

Harvard thrilled middle-class parents last week by capping its tuition for families with incomes of up to $180,000 at 10 percent of their earnings. The move sparked hopes of a donation race that could ease the soaring costs of college. Earlier this month, Duke joined a group of schools including Harvard, Princeton, and Stanford that promise free rides to low-income students. But many point out that these gestures will affect only a few hundred lucky students. The outlays are so comparatively small that they are unlikely to divert pressure for reforms in the ways colleges spend their money—especially the estimated $380 billion of endowment funds stored in tax-free accounts. "It"s an important gesture," College Parents of America President James Boyle says of Harvard But colleges should do more now with the money they"ve socked away for a rainy day, he says The numbers are smaller, but the story is similar at other colleges. The average endowment has been reaping 10 percent a year on investments since 2004. But colleges spent an average of just 4.6 percent of their endowments last year while raising tuition faster than the rate of inflation. That troubles folks like Sen. Chuck Grassley, who"s pushing Congress to require wealthy colleges to spend at least 5 percent of their endowments every year. "Tax-exempt organizations are supposed to provide public benefit in exchange for their special status," he said. "Helping the next generation afford college is a public benefit. " Many college officials, of course, are battling such rule changes. While Harvard, Yale, and Princeton all have more than $1 million worth of endowment per student, half of all colleges have no more than $2,000 per student saved up. Even high-earning schools say they already are spending as much as they should. Chris Bittman, chief investment officer of the University of Colorado Foundation, racked up almost 23 percent in returns last fiscal year, bringing the school"s endowment to nearly $800 million. He supports the school"s policy of spending 4.5 percent. Recent big profits can"t last forever, he says. Instead, endowments should plan on earning the long-term average of 10 percent. Still, pressure appears to be forcing some changes. In June, Stanford announced it would increase its endowment spending to 5.5 percent, or $160 million a year. If every school followed suit, that would free up about $4 billion a year (or $200 per student) to increase aid or keep tuition prices down. Or as Richard Vedder, an Ohio University economist, says, "a small step for mankind."