The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is【C1】______ to say it anyway. He is that 【C2】______bird, a scientist who works independently【C3】______any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not【C4】______thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested. 【C5】______he, however, might tremble at the【C6】______of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only【C7】______that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in【C8】______ are a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection. This group generally do well in IQ test,【C9】______12-15 points above the【C10】______value of 100, and have contributed【C11】______to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the【C12】______of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists,【C13】______. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts,【C14】______, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been【C15】______to social effects, such as a strong tradition of【C16】______education. The latter was seen as a(n)【C17】______of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately【C18】______. His argument is that the unusual history of these people has【C19】______them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this【C20】______state of affairs.

Violent lyrics in songs increase aggression -related thoughts and emotions and could indirectly create a more hostile social environment, a study released on Sunday by a U.S. psychology association found. The Washington D.C.-based American Psychological Association (APA) released the study, resulting from five experiments involving over 500 college students, in the May issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The violent songs increased feelings of hostility without provocation or threat, according to the study. It said the effect was not the result of differences in musical style, specific performing artist or arousal properties of the songs. Even the humorous violent songs increased aggressive thoughts, the study said. The group said the study contradicts a popular notion that listening to angry, violent music actually serves as a positive catharsis for people. The music industry came under criticism from lawmakers in October for failing to use more descriptive parental advisory labels that specify whether the music contains sex, violence or strong language. But the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) has said that current CD labels give parents enough information without violating the right to free expression. The RIAA is the trade group for the world"s five big labels, including AOL Time Warner Inc., EMI Group Plc., Bertelsmann AG, Vivendi Universal"s Universal Music and Sony Corp. Results of the APA"s experiments showed that violent songs led to more aggressive interpretations of ambiguously aggressive words and increased the relative speed with which people read aggressive versus non-aggressive words. "Such aggression-biased interpretations can, in turn, instigate a more aggressive response, verbal or physical, than would have been emitted in a nonbiased state, thus provoking an aggressive escalatory spiral of antisocial exchanges", said researcher Craig Anderson, in a statement. While researchers said repeated exposure to violent lyrics could indirectly create a more hostile social environment, they said it was possible the effects of violent songs may last only a fairly short time.

The pollution of Hong Kong"s beaches by oil from a damaged tanker last year recalls a similar incident which took place in Britain in 1967 when the Torrey Canyon, a huge oil tanker, split in two and caused disaster in coastal areas. Shoals of fishes were killed, sea birds hopelessly fouled with oil and coastal holiday resorts put out of business for several weeks. As a result of this particular incident scientists are becoming restless at the thought of Britain"s inability to cope with national disasters on a large scale. The reason for their concern is that technology is rapidly outstripping(超越) man"s ability to control it. Oil tankers, for instance, have been allowed to get bigger and bigger without sufficient thought being given to emergency braking and maneuvering arrangement. Collisions at sea continue, but little effect has been made to develop safety devices as effective as those used for aircraft. Scientists were outspoken in expressing their concern during a recent meeting of the British Association. Unanimous approval was voiced when the leading speaker urged that a permanent national rescue services should be established, equipped for any emergency and ready to move off immediately. Of all the possible disasters mentioned, the one promoting most discussion was a major release of radioactivity from a nuclear power station. One does not need a particularly vivid imagination to visualize the other possibilities discussed. What would be the effect of a jumbo-jet crashing on a large chemical plant handling destroying liquids? Could the tapping of natural gas lead to any form of collapse? Suppose a lorry full of a highly poisonous chemical crashed unseen into a large reservoir? Dams can burst, abnormal conditions can lead to massive electrical blackouts. An intensive study of such possibilities could at least reduce the effects of future disasters. For example, it would mean that a number of technical alternatives (such as the choice between detergent or chalk for dispersing oil) could be examined and tested in advance so that specially trained expert would know exactly what action was needed in a given emergency.

Who he was, why he married her, what their problems were, and how it all ended happily are told with all the skill of a good storyteller.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) If you smoke and you still don"t believe that there"s" a definite link between smoking and bronchial troubles, heart disease and lung cancer, then you are certainly deceiving yourself. No one will accuse you of hypocrisy. Let us just say that you are suffering from a bad case of wishful thinking. This needn"t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company. Whenever the subject of smoking and health is raised, the governments of most countries hear no evil, see no evil and smell no evil. Admittedly, a few governments have taken timid measures. (41)______. (42)______. The answer is simply money. Tobacco is a wonderful commodity to tax. It"s almost like a tax on our daily bread. In tax revenue alone, the government of Britain collects enough from smokers to pay for its entire educational facilities. So while the authorities point out ever so discreetly that smoking may, conceivably, be harmful, it doesn"t do to shout too loudly about it. This is surely the most short-sighted policy you could imagine. (43)______. Enormous amounts are spent on cancer research and on efforts to cure people suffering from the disease. Countless valuable lives are lost. In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking were banned altogether. Of course, we are not ready for such a drastic action. But if the governments of the world were honestly concerned about the welfare of their peoples, you"d think they"d conduct aggressive anti-smoking campaigns. Far from it! The tobacco industry is allowed to spend staggering sums on advertising. Its advertising is as insidious as it is dishonest. We are never shown pictures of real smokers coughing up their lungs early in the morning. That would never do. (44)______. (45)______. Smoking should be banned in all public places like theatres, cinemas and restaurants. Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially of the dire consequences of taking up the habit. A horrific warning—say, a picture of a death"s head, should be included in every packet of cigarettes that is sold. As individuals, we are certainly weak, but if governments acted honestly and courageously, they could protect us from ourselves.A. For a start, governments could begin by banning all cigarette and tobacco advertising and should then conduct anti-smoking advertising campaigns of their own.B. You don"t have to look very far to find out why the official reactions to medical findings have been so lukewarm.C. If smoking is banned in our life, some economists would worry about a great loss in cigarettes economy.D. While money is eagerly collected in vast sums with one hand, it is paid out in increasingly vaster sums with the other.E. The advertisement always depicts virile, clean-shaven young men. They suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy! Smoking is associated with the great open-air life, with beautiful girls, true love and togetherness. What utter nonsense!F. Smoking is discouraged among the students at ail of our colleges, the subject of smoking and health is widely discussed there.G. In Britain, for instance, cigarette advertising has been banned on television. The conscience of the nation is appeased, while the population continues to puff its way to smoky, cancerous death.

On your way from Chengdu to Beijing you lost your luggage carried by the airline. Write a complaint letter to the service center of the Airline. In your letter, you should tell them 1) what happened to your luggage, 2) what your luggage is like, and 3) what compensation you expect. You should write about 100 words neatly. Do not sign your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

BSection III Writing/B

There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of.

In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the majority of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1016 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotton industry following boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants" subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits", the federal census category roughly including the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural backgrounds comes into question.Notes:boll weevil infestation 棉铃虫蔓延。cessation中止，停止。mason 泥瓦匠。recruiter 招募者。influx流入，涌入。

Writeanessayof160~200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(20points)

For hundreds of millions of years, turtles have struggled out of the sea to lay their eggs on sandy beaches, long before there were nature documentaries to celebrate them, or GPS satellites and marine biologists to track them, or volunteers to hand-carry the hatchlings down to the water"s edge lest they become disoriented by headlights and crawl towards a motel parking lot instead. A formidable wall of bureaucracy has been erected to protect their prime nesting on the Atlantic coastlines. With all that attention paid to them, you" d think these creatures would at least have the gratitude not to go extinct. But Nature is indifferent to human notions of fairness , and a report by the Fish and Wildlife Service showed a worrisome drop in the populations of several species of North Atlantic turtles, notably loggerheads , which can grow to as much as 400 pounds. The South Florida nesting population, the largest, has declined by 50% in the last decade, according to Elizabeth Griffin, a marine biologist with the environmental group Oceana. The figures prompted Oceana to petition the government to upgrade the level of protection for the North Atlantic loggerheads from "threatened" to "endangered"—meaning they are in danger of disappearing without additional help. Which raises the obvious question: what else do these turtles want from us, anyway? It turns out, according to Griffin, that while we have done a good job of protecting the turtles for the weeks they spend on land (as egg-laying females, as eggs and as hatchlings), we have neglected the years they spend in the ocean. "The threat is from commercial fishing," says Griffin. Trawlers (which drag large nets through the water and along the ocean floor) and longline fishers (which can deploy thousands of hooks on lines that can stretch for miles) take a heavy toll on turtles. Of course, like every other environmental issue today, this is playing out against the background of global warming and human interference with natural ecosystems. The narrow strips of beach on which the turtles lay their eggs are being squeezed on one side by development and on the other by the threat of rising sea levels as the oceans warm. Ultimately we must get a handle on those issues as well, or a creature that outlived the dinosaurs will meet its end at the hands of humans, leaving our descendants to wonder how creature so ugly could have won so much affection.

Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The child"s happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents" happiness? Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart. A good "old-fashioned" spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn"t even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good. Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents" confidence in their own authority. And it hasn"t taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on child-care, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don"t know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. $o, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents" lives are regulated according to the needs of their offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey? Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine indeed. The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there"s some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood appear like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.

Can this be the right time to invest in luxury goods? Miuccia Prada was obviously biting her nails. The granddaughter of the founder of the Italian fashion group has just opened spectacular new stores in quick succession in New York and London. With its magic mirrors, silver displays and computer-controlled changing rooms, Prada"s two-month-old shop in Manhattan cost a staggering $40m, sits just a mile from Ground Zero, and sells practically nothing. The luxury-goods business has been in despair in hasty succession against a background of a weakening global economy, an enduring slump in Japanese spending, and the September 11th terrorist attacks. The Japanese, who used to buy a third of the world"s luxury goods, cut their foreign travel in half after the attacks and tightened their Louis Vuitton purse-strings. At the same time, wealthy Americans stopped flying, which has a dramatic effect on the luxury-goods purveyors of London, Paris and Rome. At home too, Americans" attitudes to luxury changed, at least temporarily. "Conspicuous abstention" replaced greedy consumerism among the fast-growing, younger breed of newly rich. The decline in job security, the lower bonuses in financial services, and the stock market bust that wiped out much of the paper wealth generated in the late 1990s, bred a new frugality. Sales of expensive jewelry, watches and handbags—the products that make the juiciest profits for the big luxury-goods groups—dropped sharply. The impact has been most striking among the handful of large, quoted luxury-goods companies. France"s Louis Vuitton Moet Hennessy (LVMH), the industry leader, issued four profits warnings after September 11th and ended up reporting a 20% decline in operating profit for 2001, after having repeatedly promised its investors double-digit growth; and Italy"s Gucci Group, the third largest, announced this week that second-half profits dropped by 33%. Meanwhile, privately held Prada had to postpone its stock market flotation and was forced to sell a recently acquired stake in Fendi, a prestigious Italian bag maker, in order to reduce its debts. Luxury is an unusual business. A luxury brand cannot be extended indefinitely: if it becomes too common, it is devalued, as Pierre Cardin and Ralph Lauren proved by sticking their labels on everything from T-shirts to paint. Equally, a brand name can be undermined if it is not advertised consistently, or if it is displayed and sold poorly. Sagra Maceira de Rosen, a luxury-goods analyst at J.P. Morgan, argues that, "Luxury companies are primarily retailers. In retailing, the most important thing is execution, and execution is all about management. You may have the best designed product, but if you don"t get it into the right kind of shop at the right time, you will fail".

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. After a host of experiments and years of testing they have found out: That it your vocabulary is limited your chances of success are limited. That one of the easiest and quickest ways to get a-head is by consciously building up your knowledge of words. That the vocabulary of the average person almost stops growing by the middle twenties. And that from then on it is necessary to have an intelligent plan if progress is to be made. No haphazard hit-or-miss methods will do.B. Similarly it has been found by Professor Lewis M. Terman, of Stanford University, that a vocabulary test is as accurate a measure of intelligence as any three units of the standard and accepted Stanford-Binet I.Q. tests. The study of words is not merely something that has to do with literature. Words are your tools of thought. You can"t even think at all without them. Try it. If you are planning to go down town this afternoon you will find that you are saying to your-self: "I think I will go down town this afternoon." You can"t make such a simple decision as this without using words.C. Two classes in a high school were selected for an experiment. Their ages and their environment were the same. Each class represented an identical cross-section of the community. One, the control class, took the normal courses. The other class was given special vocabulary training. At the end of the period the marks of the latter class surpassed those of the control group, not only in English, but in every subject, including mathematics and the sciences.D. You see, there are certain factors in success that can be measured as scientifically as the contents of a test-tube, and it has been discovered that the most common characteristic of outstanding success is "an extensive knowledge of the exact meaning of English words". The extent of your vocabulary indicates the degree of your intelligence. Your brain power will increase as you learn to know more words. Here"s the proof.E. It has long since been satisfactorily established that a high executive does not have a large vocabulary merely because of the opportunities of his position. That would be putting the cart before the horse. Quite the reverse is true. His skill in words was a tremendous help in getting him his job. Dr. Johnson O"Connor of the Human Engineering Laboratory of Boston and of the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, gave a vocabulary test to 100 young men who were studying to be industrial executives. Five years later those who had passed in the upper ten percent all, without exception, had executive positions, while not a single young man of the lower twenty-five percent had become an executive.F. Without words you could make no decisions and form no judgments whatsoever. A pianist may have the most beautiful tunes in his head, but if he had only five keys on his piano he would never get more than a fraction of these tunes out. Your words are your keys for your thoughts. And the more words you have at your command the deeper, clearer and more accurate will be your thinking. A command of English will not only improve the processes of your mind. It will give you assurance; build your self-confidence; lend color to your personality; increase your popularity.G. Your boss has a bigger vocabulary than you have. That"s one good reason why he"s your boss. This discovery has been made in the word laboratories of the world. Not by theoretical English professors, but by practical, hard-headed scholars who have been searching for the secrets of Success.Order: G is the first paragraph and F is the last.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandwriteanarticleonthechangesofpeople"sdailyexpensesinXcity.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollowingpoints:1)describethechanges,2)analysethereasonsandgiveyourcomments.Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatly.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

You"ve been working out regularly for quite a while, but you"re nowhere near your fitness goals. So now it"s time to【C1】______your ultimate weapon—your mind. 【C2】______thinking of fitness as something mysterious that you do with your body, take an analytical, goal-oriented【C3】______to making physical improvements that stick. Try these tips for【C4】______a smart fitness plan: 【C5】______your goals. Whether it"s to lose fat and gain muscle or to run a triathlon, it"s vital to have a goal to work toward. Knowing【C6】______you"re going makes it easier to take the right steps. Get【C7】______. Training gains are met through【C8】______effort over a period of time. Don"t expect【C9】______and overnight results—regardless of 【C10】______exercise equipment infomercials claim. 【C11】______yourself for all the little positive steps you take and for consistently striving forward. Be yourself. Work toward a goal that you can achieve with your body. Don"t try to change your basic shape or to go against your own【C12】______physical capabilities. Take an objective look at yourself, then work toward【C13】______what you"ve got rather than trying to attain someone else"s body. Do your research. 【C14】______you are not making progress, ask a qualified personal trainer to【C15】______your routine and your goals. Read health and fitness magazines. There"s tons of great fitness information out there—【C16】______it to fit you. 【C17】______your weaknesses, then use your brain to outsmart them. Many people avoid their weak points or bad habits, hoping that they can【C18】______them into oblivion. Instead, take them up as【C19】______to how you can improve. Keep a food and fitness journal for a month. Then analyze it for【C20】______patterns.

You are a resident living in an urban district Write a letter to the director who is in charge of the estate management, complaining that some people let their dogs run in the lawn, caulking danger and noise to the dwellers in the neighborhood. Ask him to help stopping this practice. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their"expectation of life", the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.