Read the following text carefully and then write a summary based on it. Your should write about 100 words. (10 points) Increasingly over the past ten years, people—especially young people—have become aware of the need to change their eating habits because much of the food they eat, particularly processed food, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today. Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount—but not the quality—of foods grown in commercial farming areas. Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry, there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food, they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins. There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts, on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a nonessential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is true that sugar has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person Consumes an average of 200 pounds (90 kg) a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and no fiber. It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of whole-meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on "healthy eating".

In 2016, many shoppers opted to avoid the frenetic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year. What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or do people shop more impulsively when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase. When my most recent book Brand washed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase. The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer' s hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book, 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. It can motivate us to make the purchase even more. A recent study conducted by Bangor University together with the United Kingdom's Royal Mail service also revealed the power of touch. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. In other words, we simply feel more committed to possess and thus buy an item when we've first touched it. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience. As the rituals of purchase in the lead-up to Christmas change, not only do we give less thought to the type of gifts we buy for our loved ones but, through our own digital wish lists, we increasingly control what they buy for us. The reality, however, is that no matter how convinced we all are that digital is the way to go, finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks.

The 20th century witnessed two profound changes in regions of the world where people are well educated and science and technology flourish: Life expectancy nearly doubled, and fertility rates fell dramatically. As a result, individuals and populations are aging. Virtually all educated people are aware of the graying of the United States, yet relatively few are as aware of its implications for science, technology, and human culture. Longer life is a remarkable achievement, but now we need to apply what we are learning in the natural and social sciences to redesign human culture to accommodate long lives. We need to find cures for Alzheimer"s disease and arthritis, develop technologies that render many age-related frailties such as poor balance invisible in the way eyeglasses now compensate for presbyopia, and begin seriously rethinking cultural norms, such as the timing of education and retirement. Longevity is the largely unexpected consequence of improvements in general living conditions. Genetically speaking, we are no smarter or heartier than our relatives were 10, 000 years ago. Nonetheless, in practical terms we are more biologically fit than our great-grandparents. Robert Fogel and his colleague Dora Costa coined the term " technophysio evolution" to refer to improvements in biological functioning that are a consequence of technological advances. They point out that technologies developed mostly in the past century vastly improved the quality and sustainability of the food supply. Subsequent improvements in nutrition were so dramatic that average body size increased by 50% and life expectancy doubled. The working capacity of vital organs greatly improved. Breakthroughs in manufacturing, transportation, energy production, and communications contributed further to improvements in biological functioning. Medical technology now enables full recovery from accidents or illnesses that were previously fatal or disabling. Remember, however, that advances of the 20th century did not aim to increase longevity or alleviate the disabling conditions of later life. Longer life was the byproduct of better conditions for the young. The challenge today is to build a world that is just as responsive to the needs of very old people as to the very young. The solutions must come from science and technology. Unlike evolution by natural selection, which operates across millennia, improvements in functioning due to technological advances can occur in a matter of years. In fact, given that the first of the 77 million Baby Boomers turned 60 in 2006, there is no time to waste. To the extent that we effectively use science and technology to compensate for human frailties at advanced ages, the conversation under way in the nation changes from one about old age to one about long life, and this is a far more interesting and more productive conversation to have.

Peking University conducted a survey among 16 college students by means of questionnaire. Write a report which should cover the following points: (1) the purpose of the survey; (2) introduce the questionnaire; (3) the findings of the questionnaire; (4) simple analysis of the survey.

For this part, you are required to write a letter. Suppose you are Wang Kai. A former classmate of yours Zhao Yong is planning to visit you during the summer vacation. Write to him according to the following outline: 1) express your welcome; 2) tell him your arrangements for his visit; 3) mention something that your former classmate should pay heed to. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhao Yong" instead. You do not need to write the address.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) The making of weathervanes (devices fixed on the top of buildings to show directions of the wind) is an ancient skill, going back to early Egyptian times. Today the craft is still very much alive in the workshop that Graham Smith has set up. He is one of the few people in the country who make hand-cut weathervanes. Graham"s designs are individually created and tailored to the specific requirements of his customers. "That way I can produce a unique personalized item", he explains, "A lot of my customers are women buying presents for their husbands. They want a distinctive gift that represents the man"s business or leisure interests". It"s all a far cry from the traditional cock, the most common design for weathervanes. It was not a cock but a witch on a broomstick that featured on the first weathervane Graham ever made. Friends admired his surprise present for his wife and began asking him to make vanes for them. "I realized that when it came to subjects that could be made into them, the possibilities were limitless", he says. (41)______. That was five years ago and he has no regrets about his new direction. "My previous work didn"t have an artistic element to it, whereas this is exciting and creative", he says, "I really enjoy the design side". (42)______. Graham also keeps plenty of traditional designs in stock, since they prove as popular as the one-offs. "It seems that people are attracted to handcrafting", Graham says, "They welcome the opportunity to acquire something a little bit different". (43)______. "I have found my place in the market. People love the individuality and I get a lot of satisfaction from seeing a nondescript shape turn into something almost lifelike", he says. (44)______. "And nowadays, with more and more people moving to the country, individuals want to put an exclusive finishing touch to their properties. It has bean a boost to crafts like mines", (45)______. American and Danish buyers in particular are showing interest. "Pricing", he explains, "depends on the intricacy of the design". His most recent request was for a curly-coated dog. Whatever the occasion, Graham can create a gift with a difference.A. Graham has become increasingly busy, supplying flat-packed weathervanes to clients worldwide.B. Graham decided to concentrate his efforts on a weathervane business. He had served an apprenticeship as a precision engineer and had worked in that trade for 15 years when he and his wife, Liz, agreed to swap role—she went out to work as an architectural assistant and he stayed at home to look after the children and build up the business.C. Last month, a local school was opened with his galleon ship weathervane hoisted above it.D. "For centuries, weathervanes have kept communities in touch with the elements, signaling those shifts in wind directions that bring about changes in the weather", he explains.E. Graham has no plans for expansion, as he wants to keep the business as a rural craft.F. Graham has now perfected over 100 original designs. He works to very fine detail, always seeking approval for the design of the silhouette from the customer before proceeding with the hand-cutting.

Analysts have their go at humor, and I have read some of this interpretative literature, (1)_____ without being greatly instructed. Humor can be (2)_____, (3)_____ a frog can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are (4)_____ to any but the pure scientific mind. One of the things (5)_____ said about humorists is that they are really very sad people-clowns with a breaking heart. There is some truth in it, but it is badly (6)_____. It would be more (7)_____, I think, to say that there is a deep vein of melancholy running through everyone"s life and that the humorist, perhaps more (8)_____ of it than some others, compensates for it actively and (9)_____. Humorists fatten on troubles. They have always made trouble (10)_____. They struggle along with a good will and endure pain (11)_____, knowing how well it will (12)_____ them in the sweet by and by. You find them wrestling with foreign languages, fighting folding ironing boards and swollen drainpipes, suffering the terrible (13)_____ of tight boots. They pour out their sorrows profitably, in a (14)_____ of what is not quite fiction nor quite fact either. Beneath the sparking surface of these dilemmas flows the strong (15)_____ of human woe. Practically everyone is a manic depressive of sorts, with his up moments and his down moments, and you certainly don"t have to be a humorist to (16)_____ the sadness of situation and mood. But there is often a rather fine line between laughing and crying, and if a humorous piece of writing brings a person to the point (17)_____ his emotional responses are untrustworthy and seem likely to break over into the opposite realm, it is (18)_____ humor, like poetry, has an extra content, it plays (19)_____ to the big hot fire which is Truth, and sometimes the reader feels the (20)_____.

Do people get happier or more foul-tempered as they age? Stereotypes of irritable neighbors【C1】______, scientists have been trying to answer this question for decades, and the results have been【C2】______. Now a study of several thousand Americans born between 1885 and 1980 reveals that well-being【C3】______increases with age but overall happiness【C4】______when a person was born. 【C5】______studies that have【C6】______older adults with the middle-aged and young have sometimes found that older adults are not as happy. But these studies could not【C7】______whether their【C8】______was because of their age or because of their【C9】______life experience. The new study, published online January 24 in Psychological Science, 【C10】______out the answer by examining 30 years of data on thousands of Americans, including【C11】______measures of mood and well-being, reports of job and relationship success, and objective measures of health. The researchers found, after controlling for variables【C12】______health, wealth, gender, ethnicity and educa tion, that well-being increases over everyone' s lifetime.【C13】______people who have lived through extreme hard ship, such as the Great Depression, 【C14】______much less happy than those who have had more【C15】______lives. This finding helps to【C16】______why past studies have found conflicting results—experience【C17】______, and tough times can【C18】______an entire generation's happiness for the rest of their lives. The【C19】______news is, 【C20】______we've lived through, we can all look forward to feeling more content as we age.

Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory whether political or forensic. Born in rude and abject poverty, he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his mind were within his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favorable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematics, but he could read no language save his own, and had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy. The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Until he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator was to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one for him to mix with except the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself. Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and, indeed, of prolonged and intense, reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his own—clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided" on his course. But though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vain regrets so that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many things to his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation, he was always independent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.

We know today that the traditions of tribal art are more complex and less "primitive" than its discoverers believed; we have even seen that the imitation of nature is by no means excluded from its aims. But the style of these ritualistic objects could still serve as a common focus for that search for expressiveness, structure, and simplicity that the new movements had inherited from the experiments of the three lonely rebels: Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Gauguin. The experiments of Expressionism are, perhaps, the easiest to explain in words. The term itself may not be happily chosen, for we know that we are all expressing ourselves in everything we do or leave undone, but the word became a convenient label because of its easily remembered contrast to Impressionism, and as a label it is quite useful. In one of his letters, Van Gogh had explained how he set about painting the portrait of a friend who was very dear to him. The conventional likeness was only the first stage. Having painted a "correct" portrait, he proceeded to change the colors and the setting. Van Gogh was right in saying that the method he had chosen could be compared to that of the cartoonist. Cartoon had always been "expressionist", for the cartoonist plays with the likeness of his victim, and distorts it to express just what he feels about his fellow man. As long as these distortions of nature sailed under the flag of humor nobody seemed to find them difficult to understand. Humorous art was a field in which everything was permitted, because people did not approach it with prejudices. Yet there is nothing inconsistent about it. It is true that our feelings about things do color the way in which we see them and, even more, the forms which we remember. Everyone must have experienced how different the same place may look when we are happy and when we are sad. What upset the public about the Expressionist art was, perhaps, not so much the fact that nature had been distorted as that the result led away from beauty. For the Expressionists felt so strongly about human suffering, poverty, violence and passion, that they were inclined to think that the insistence on harmony and beauty were only born out of a refusal to be honest. The art of the classical masters, of a Raphael or Correggio, seemed to them insincere and hypocritical. They wanted to face the bare facts of our existence, and to express their compassion for the disinherited and the ugly.

BSection III Writing/B

Studythefollowingphotoscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushouldl)describethecartoonbriefly,2)interpretthesocialphenomenonreflectedbythecartoon,and3)giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwrite160—200wordsneatly.

In the month of September, in Britain, you may see large numbers of birds (1)_____ on roofs and telegraph wires. These birds are swallows. They are (2)_____ together because, very soon, they will be flying. (3)_____ to much warmer lands, where they will find (4)_____ the small flying insects on which they (5)_____. There are no such insects (6)_____ in Britain during the winter; it is (7)_____ cold for them. The swallows settle, fly off, swoop, and (8)_____ again. This they do many times, for they are making short (9)_____ flights in order to be fit for the long journey (10)_____ them. (11)_____ of these migrating birds leave Britain in the autumn. They fly (12)_____ for hundreds of miles (13)_____ they reach the warm lands of Africa. But not all the birds get there, for many of them perish in the stormy weather they meet with (14)_____. In the spring of the following year they" (15)_____ the long and tiring journey back to Britain. They return to the identical barn or tree in the (16)_____ district which they had left the (17)_____ autumn. How do these birds find their (18)_____ there and back over such vast distances? Nobody knows exactly (19)_____, but it has something to do (20)_____ winds and air currents.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

How to Solve the Rubbish Problem in Cities?

Good Health A. Title: Good Health B. Time limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit: 160~200 words (not including the given opening sentence) D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: "The desire for good health is universal."" OUTLINE: 1. Importance of good health 2. Ways to keep fit 3. My own practices

But the real world eventually penetrates even the ivory tower. Exactly how humanity became human is still a matter of debate. But there are. at least, some well-formed hypotheses.【F1】 What these hypotheses have in common is that they rely not on Spencer"s idea of individual competition, but on social interaction. That interaction is. indeed, sometimes confrontational and occasionally bloody. But it is frequently collaborative, and even when it is not. it is more often manipulative than violent. Modern Darwinism"s big breakthrough was the identification of the central role of trust in human evolution. People who are related collaborate on the basis of nepotism.【F2】 It takes outrageous profit or provocation for someone to do down a relative with whom they share a lot of genes. Trust, though. allows the unrelated to collaborate, by keeping score of who docs what when, and punishing cheats. Very few animals can manage this. Indeed, outside the primates, only vampire bats have been shown to trust non relatives routinely.【F3】 (Well-fed bats will give some of the blood they have swallowed to hungry neighbours, but expect the favour to be returned when they are hungry and will deny favours to those who have cheated in the past.) 【F4】 The human mind, however, seems to have evolved the trick of being able to identify a large number of individuals and to keep score of its relations with them, delecting the dishonest or greedy and taking vengeance, even at some cost to itself. This process may even be—as Matt Ridley, who wrote for this newspaper a century and a half after Spencer, described it—the origin of virtue. The new social Darwinists(those who see society itself, rather than the savannah or the jungle, as the "natural" environment in which humanity is evolving and to which natural selection responds)have not abandoned Spencer altogether, of course. But they have put a new spin on him. The ranking by wealth of which Spencer so approved is but one example of a wider tendency for people to try to out-do each other. And that competition, whether athletic, artistic or financial, does seem to be about genetic display.【F5】 Unfakeable demonstrations of a superiority that has at least some underlying genetic component arc almost unfailingly attractive to the opposite sex. Thus both of the things needed to make an economy work, collaboration and competition, seem to have evolved under Charles Darwin " s penetrating gaze.

If I had asked for directions, I wouldn' t have gotten lost.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

Write a summary based on the following passage. You should write about 100 words. Remember to write clearly and use your own words as far as possible. It"s very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food, or drinking too much fluid of any kind, or smoking. The more we do a thing, the more we tend to like doing it; and, if we do not continue to do it, we feel unhappy. This is called the Force of Habit, and the force of habit should be fought against. Things, which may be very good when only done from time to time, tend to become very harmful when done too often and too much. This applies even to such good things as work or rest. Some people form a bad habit of working too much, and others idling too much. The wise man always remembers that this is true about himself, and checks any bad habit. He says to himself, "I"m now becoming idle", or "I like too many sweets", or "I smoke too much", and then adds, "I will get myself out of this bad habit at once". One of the most widely spread bad habits is the use of tobacco. Tobacco is now smoked or chewed by men, often by women, and even by children, almost all over the world. It was brought into Europe from America by Walter Raleign four centuries ago, and has hence spread everywhere. I very much doubt whether there is any good in the habit, even when tobacco is not used to excess, and it is extremely difficult to get rid of the habit once it has been formed. Alcohol is taken in almost all cool and cold climates, and to a very much less extent in hot one. Thus, it is taken by people who live in the Himalaya Mountains, but not nearly so much by those who live in plains of India. Alcohol is not necessary in any way to anybody. Millions of people are beginning to do without it entirely; and once the United States of America has passed laws which forbid its manufacture or sale throughout the length and the breadth of their vast country. In hot countries it is not required by the people at all, and should be avoided by them altogether. The regular use of alcohol, even in small quantities, tends to cause mischief in many ways to various organs of the body. It affects the liver, weakens the mental powers, and lessens the general energy of the body.