Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160—200words.Youressaymustbewrittenclearlyandmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Describethepicture2)Deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepicture3)Suggestcounter-measures.

Labor is not just a meaningful experience—it"s also a marketable one. When instant cake mixes were introduced, in the 1950s, housewives were initially resistant: The mixes were too easy, suggesting that their labor was undervalued. When manufacturers changed the recipe to require the addition of an egg, adoption rose dramatically. Ironically, increasing the labor involved—making the task more arduous—led to greater liking. Research conducted with my colleagues Daniel Mochon, of Yale University, and Dan Ariely, of Duke University, shows that labor enhances affection for its results. When people construct products themselves, from bookshelves to Build-a-Bears, they come to overvalue their(often poorly made)creations. We call this phenomenon the IKEA effect, in honor of the wildly successful Swedish manufacturer whose products typically arrive with some assembly required. In one of our studies we asked people to fold origami(the Japanese art of folding paper into shapes representing objects)and then to bid on their own creations along with other people"s. They were consistently willing to pay more for their own origami. In fact, they were so fond of their amateurish creations that they valued them as highly as origami made by experts. We also investigated the limits of the IKEA effect, showing that labor leads to higher valuation only when the labor is fruitful: When participants failed to complete an effortful task, the IKEA effect dissipated. Our research suggests that consumers may be willing to pay a premium for do-it-yourself projects, but there"s an important caution: Companies hoping to persuade their customers to assume labor costs— for example, by nudging them toward self-service through internet channels—should be careful to create tasks difficult enough to lead to higher valuation but not so difficult that customers can"t complete them. Finally, the IKEA effect has broader implications for organizational dynamics: It contributes to the sunk cost effect, whereby managers continue to devote resources to(sometimes failing)projects in which they have invested their labor, and to the not-invented-here syndrome, whereby they discount good ideas developed elsewhere in favor of their(sometimes inferior)internally developed ideas. Managers should keep in mind that ideas they have come to love because they invested their own labor in them may not be as highly valued by their coworkers—or their customers.

Title: People Should be Rewarded According to Ability, or to Age and ExperienceYour composition should be based on the outline given in Chinese below: 1. 年轻人进入社会要面对论资排辈的现实。 2. 社会上种种因素阻碍年轻人发展。 3. 雇主应该正确看待一个人的能力，按其能力付给报酬。 You should write about 160-200 words neatly.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Forty years ago, a historic document was signed in Rome that was to change the economic outlook and the future of many countries in Europe. That document was the Treaty of Rome, and this year, on March 25, 1997, the European Union celebrated the 40th anniversary of its signing. A revised draft Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty) was presented in Rome on that date. (41)______. (42)______. The Treaty set out the three pillars of the European Union—Pillar 1: the three European communities which form its basis; Pillar 2: the development of a common foreign and security policy; and Pillar 3: cooperation in the areas of justice and home affairs, including immigration and asylum(收容所), drug trafficking(交易) and international crime. (43)______. EMU means a single monetary policy operating within a single economic market and is therefore the logical complement to the Single Market in Europe today. The EMU will be run by a European Central Bank independent of both national governments and European Union institutions. (44)______. The euro will enter into circulation in January 1999 in those Member States which meet the criteria for entry to the EMU, and by mid 2002 the changeover from national currencies to the euro in those countries will be complete. The introduction of the euro will be the most visible measure of integration to date in the daily lives of citizens of the European Union. The rights of European citizens were further extended by the Maastricht Treaty, so that today citizens of the Member States may travel, reside, work and carry out transactions in any country of the EU without hindrance(障碍) and with full protection of the law. The European Union"s fields of responsibility Wire extended to include areas such as consumer protection, public health policy, environmental protection, education and culture and the creation of major transport, communications and energy. (45)______. The first union of six Member States has been enlarged to its present number of fifteen. Added to the original six are Denmark, Ireland, the United Kingdom, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Austria, Sweden and Finland, the last three countries being admitted to the European Union in 1995. The next century will see the inclusion in the Union of a number of countries, mostly from Central and Eastern Europe. Today the European Union is one of the world"s greatest single trading powers. Its present population of 370 million has many freedoms and choices, both as citizens and as consumers. Its companies have entered new markets and formed new partnerships to exploit economic opportunities at home and abroad. As the century draws to a close, the vision of a united Europe, made manifest by the Treaty of Rome, is closer to realization than ever before.A. In November 1993, the Treaty on European Union (also known as the Maastricht Treaty alter the Dutch town where EU leaders met) came into force, creating the European Union and paving the way for greater integration between Member States.B. A major aspect of EMU is the single currency, known as the euro.C. Since the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, Europe has witnessed a remarkable growth in its vitality, homogeneity and strength as a democracy.D. As the century comes to an end, a united and enlarged Europe, under the guide of Treaty of Rome, is sure to be realized very soon.E. The revised Treaty is a continuation of the process towards integration of the countries of Europe that began in 1957.F. The revised treaty is a formal agreement between two or more states, as regards peace and trade.G. The Treaty also set out the economic criteria Member States must meet to complete Europe"s economic and monetary union (EMU), the ultimate goal of economic partnership envisaged by the architects of the Treaty of Rome.

This question is less difficult than that question.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

In addition, changes made to the construction codes in Los Angeles during the last 20 years have strengthened the city' s buildings and highways, making them more resistant to quakes.

BSection III Writing/B

When I was a psychiatric resident, we had a faculty member who was famous for his messy office: stacks of papers and old journals covered every chair and table as well as much of the floor. Eventually, the faculty member had to be given another office in which to see patients. Not surprisingly, the psychiatric diagnostic manual does riot list "messy room" in the index. But it does mention a tantalizing symptom: inability "to discard worn-out or worthless objects even when they have no sentimental value." It comes under the diagnosis obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, an obscure cousin of the more famous obsessive-compulsive disorder(强迫性神经官能症) I was barely aware of the diagnosis. Every era has mental disorders that for cultural or scientific reasons become popular. In Freud"s day it was hysteria. Currently, depression has moved to center stage. But other ailments go relatively ignored, and this disorder was one. (46) It came with a list of additional symptoms: anxiety about spending money, excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure activities, rigidity about following rules, perfectionism in doing tasks—at times to the point of interfering with finishing them. (47) In moderation, the symptoms seemed to fit right in with our workaholic culture—perhaps explaining the low profile of the diagnosis. Relentless work orientation and perfectionism may even be assets in rule-and-detail-oriented professions like accounting or law. But when the symptoms are too intense or pervasive, they become crippling. Beneath the seemingly adaptive behaviors lies a central disability. People with this diagnosis have enormous difficulty in making decisions. (48) They lack the internal sense of completion that most of us experience at the end of a choice or a task, even one as simple as throwing something out or making a purchase. In obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, this feeling occurs only after endless deliberation and revision, if at all. (49) The need to come up with the "correct" answer, the best purchase or the perfect proposal leads to excess rumination over each decision. It can even lead to complete paralysis. For such people, rules of all kinds are a godsend they represent pre-made decisions. Open-ended assignments, like writing papers, are nightmares. For such a patient or for a psychiatrist, understanding a cluster of diagnostic symptoms can be a revelation. The picture leaps out from the previously disorganized background. (50) But undoubtedly, at times we can become too reductionistic, seeing patterns where none exist: sometimes a messy room is just a messy room.

A deal is a deal—except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state" s strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it would not:challenge the constitutionality of Vermont"s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It" s a stunning move. The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermont"s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant"s license be subject to Vermont legislature"s approval. Then, too, the company went along. Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn"t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee" s safety and Entergy"s management—especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy"s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews the company" s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worth.

Asia"s real boat-rocker is a growing China, not Japan, a senior American economist observed. There is so much noise surrounding and emanating from the world"s miracle economy that it is becoming cacophonous. In Washington, D.C., the latest idea is that China is becoming too successful, perhaps even dangerously so: while Capitol Hill resounds with complaints of trade surpluses and currency manipulation, the Pentagon and sundry think-tanks echo to a new drumbeat of analysts worrying about China"s 12.6% annual rise in military spending and about whether it might soon have the ability to take preemptive military action to force Taiwan to rejoin it. So it may be no coincidence that for three consecutive weekends the streets of big Chinese cities have been filled with the sounds of demonstrators marching and rocks being thrown, all seeking to send a different message: that Japan is the problem in Asia, not China, because of its wanton failure to face up to its history; and that by cosying up to Japan in security matters, America is allying with Asia"s pariah. Deafness is not the only risk from all this noise. The pressure towards protectionism in Washington is strong, and could put in further danger not only trade with China but also the wider climate for trade liberalisation in the Doha round of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). So far words have been the main weapons used between China and Japan, but there is a chance that nationalism in either or both countries could lead the governments to strike confrontational poses over their territorial disputes in the seas that divide them, even involving their navies. And the more that nationalist positions become entrenched in both countries but especially China, the more that street protests could become stirred up, perhaps towards more violence. All these issues are complex ones and, as is often the case in trade and in historical disputes, finding solutions is likely to be far from simple. A revaluation of the yuan, as demanded in Congress, would not rebalance trade between America and China, though it might help a little, in due course. A "sincere" apology by Japan for its wartime atrocities might also help a little, but it would not suddenly turn Asia"s natural great-power rivals into bosom buddies. For behind all the noise lies one big fact: that it is the rise of China, not the status or conduct of Japan, that poses Asia"s thorniest questions.

(46) Television has transformed politics in the United States by changing the way in which information is distributed, by altering political campaigns, and changing citizens" patterns of response to politics. By giving citizen"s independent access to the candidates, television dismissed the role of the political party in the selection of the major party candidates. By cantering politics on the person of candidates, television accelerated the citizen"s focus on character rather than issues. Television has altered the forms of political communication as well. (47) The messages on which most of us rely are briefer than they once were, the stump speech, a political speech given by traveling politicians and lasting 1.5 to 2 hours, which characterized nineteenth-century political discourse, has given way to the 30 second advertisement and then 10 second "sound bite" in broadcast news. Increasingly the audience for speeches is not that standing in front of the politician but rather the viewing audience who will hear and see a clip of the speech on the news. In these abbreviated forms, much of what consisted the traditional political discourse of earlier ages has been lost. (48) In 15 or 30 seconds, a speaker can"t establish the historical context that shaped the issue in question, cannot detail the probable causes of the problem, and cannot examine alternative proposals to argue that one is preferable to others. In clips, politicians assert but do not argue. Because television is an intimate medium, speaking through it required a changed political style that was more conversational, personal, and visual than that of the old-style stump speech. Reliance on television means that increasingly our political world contains memorable pictures rather than memorable words. Schools teach us not analyze words and print. (49) However, in a world in which politics is increasingly visual, informed citizenship requires a new set of skills. Recognizing the power of television"s pictures, politicians craft televisual and staged events, called pseudo-events, designed to attract media coverage. (50) Politicians, their speechwriters and their public relations advisers for televised consumption have crafted much of the political activity we see on television news. Sound bites in news and answers to questions in debates increasingly sound like advertisements.

Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing not what is acceptable but what will become accepted. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the science; Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goal. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of date, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare"s Hamlet is not a tract about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power, nor is Picasso"s painting Guernica primarily a prepositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, rather than transcend that form. This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has no bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of music. On the other hand, Mozart"s The Marriage of Figaro(费加罗的婚礼) is surely among the masterpiece of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his composition reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits of the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart, Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.

Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are, who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good【B1】_______ about the wearer' s background, personality, status, mood, and 【B2】_______ on life. People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes 【B3】_______. Newscasters, or the【B4】______who read the news on TV, are considered to be more【B5】______, honest, and competent when they are【B6】______conservatively. And college students who【B7】______themselves as taking an active role in their interpersonal relationships say they are【B8】______about the costumes they must wear to play these roles successfully.【B9】______, many of us can relate instances in【B10】______the clothing we wore changed the way we felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing to gain confidence when you anticipated a【B11】______situation, such as a job interview, or a court appearance. In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achieving success. It has been【B12】______for women. A good many women in the business world are uncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine" and "feminine"【B13】______they should convey by their professional clothing. The【B14】______of clothing alternatives to women has also been greater than that 【B15】______ for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably for managerial【B16】______when the women display【B17】______"feminine grooming"—shorter hair, moderate use of make-up, and plain【B18】______clothing. As one male administrator confessed, "An【B19】______woman is definitely going to get a longer interview,【B20】______she won't get a job."

BPart B/B

A. Tide: ADVERTISEMENT ON TV B. Time limit: 40 minutes C. Word limit; 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence) D. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: "Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen. " E. Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) Outline: 1. Present state 2. Reasons 3. My comments

In a science-fiction movie called "Species", a mysterious signal from outer space turns out to describe the genome of an unknown organism. When the inevitable mad scientist synthesizes the DNA described by the instructions, the creature he breeds from it turns out to resemble Natasha Henstridge, an athletic actress. Unfortunately, the alien harbors within her delicate form the destructive powers of a Panzer division, and it all ends badly for the rash geneticist and his laboratory. Glen Evans, chief executive of Egea Biosciences in San Diego, California, acknowledges regretfully that despite seeking his expert opinion—in return for which he was presented with the poster of the striking Mr. Henstridge that hangs on his office wall—the producers of "Species" did not hew very closely to his suggestions about the feasibility of their script ideas. Still, they had come to the right man. Dr. Evans believes that his firm will soon be able to create, if not an alien succubus, at least a tiny biological machine made of artificial proteins that could mimic the behavior of a living cell. Making such proteins will require the ability to synthesize long stretches of DNA. Existing technology for synthesizing DNA can manage to make genes that encode a few dozen amino acids, but this is too short to produce any interesting proteins. Egea"s technology, by contrast, would allow biologists to manufacture genes wholesale. The firm"s scientists can make genes long enough to encode 6,000 amino acids. They aim to synthesize a gene for 30,000 amino acids within two years. Using a library of the roughly 1,500 possible "motifs" or folds that a protein can adopt, Egea"s scientists employ computers to design new proteins that are likely to have desirable shapes and properties. To synthesize the DNA that encodes these proteins, Egea uses a machine which has dubbed the "genewriter". Dr. Evans likens this device to a word-processor for DNA, on which you can type in the sequence of letters defining a piece of DNA and get that molecule out. As Egea extends the length of DNA it can synthesize, Dr. Evans envisages encoding not just proteins, but entire biochemical pathways, which are teams of proteins that conduct metabolic processes. A collection of such molecules could conceivably function as a miniature machine that would operate in the body and attack disease, just as the body"s own defensive cells do. Perhaps Dr. Evans and his colleagues ought to get in touch with their friends in Hollywood.

Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)interpretitsmeaning,and3)giveyourpointofview.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatly.

Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars.【F1】 Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find. "Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual," says education writer Diane Ravitch. "Schools could be a counterbalance." Ravitch's latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control.【F2】 Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. "Continuing along this path," says writer Earl Shorris, "We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society." "Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege," writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism.【F3】 Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children, "【F4】 We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing." Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind.【F5】 Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country' s educational system is in the grips of people who "joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise."

When, in 1976, John Midgley was awarded the CBE for telling readers of The Economist about the United States, he took particular delight in the fact that he went by bus from work to accept the decoration from Queen Elizabeth (who was staying in Blair House in Washington), and was in and out quick enough, drinking up a gin and tonic without a stop, to use the transfer ticket to go out to dinner. He was a print hack all his life, spending freely on fun and friends, but never bothering to make his name known or his wallet fatter, with books or broadcasting. The possessor of free intelligence, he was not on a soap-box, or concentrated on influencing the great and good, though he got their attention just the same. His job, he once said, "was to assist the reading public to understand what was going on". He conveyed his liberal view of the world with great clarity but "if you can"t give [people] useful information, you can shut up". He finally did shut up, just before Christmas. Midgley, born in the working-class north of England in 1911, was in military intelligence during the Second World War, trying to work out Germany"s intentions. He then turned to journalism, dodging for a time between The Economist, the (then) Manchester Guardian and the Times. as leader writer and foreign correspondent. In 1956 he landed on The Economist and, luckily for us, stayed there, until and beyond his retirement, contributing a book review days before he died. He was foreign editor for seven years, pulling foreign coverage together in (his own words) "a reasonably satisfactory manner". He was a brilliant, scary teacher to a classroom of aspiring hacks, not lazily rewriting their pathetic stories but throwing them back to be redone, with advice that bums to this day. He also less brilliantly, sent Kim Philby, whom he had known at Cambridge, to string for the paper from Beirut. until the spy"s mask fell off and he fled to the Soviet Union. In 1963, after a bit of an upheaval at The Economist, he went off to be Washington correspondent and, from then on, everything fell into place. He excelled at his job, lucidly explaining American affairs even to Americans themselves as well as to the rest of the world. He married Elizabeth. a producer at CBS, and they looked after each other with love and wit. Their house in north-west Washington was a warm and lovely meeting-place. His was a good life, the second half especially.