TheDangersofSmokingWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.

Baghdad, Iraq—If, in time, the attempt to implant a pro-Western, democratic political System in Iraq ends up buried in the desert sands, historians will have no shortage of things that went wrong. (46) Equally, if the problems here ultimately recede, supporters of the enterprise will find vindication (证明…正确) in the Bush administration"s decision to hold course as others lost faith. (47) Either way, any reckoning will examine the numbers of American troops committed here: whether they were so thinly stretched that their mission was doomed from the start, or, as Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfield said last week, American commanders were given "exactly what they"ve recommended" in terms of troops. Mr. Rumsfield has long taken a "less is more" approach to combat troop levels, and in a BBC interview Monday, be seemed to move toward those now pressing to reduce troop levels soon. (48) "The reason for fewer," he said, "is because ultimately it"s going to be the Iraqi people who are going to prevail in this insurgency(起义)" in other words, Iraqi, not American, troops are the ones who will win the war, if it can be won. The words seemed at least to nod to politics. (49) Last week, even as opinion polls showed continuing erosion in support for the war, a conservative from a state heavy with military bases who has been a staunch(坚定的) supporter of the war, Representative Walter B. Jones of North Carolina, joined with another Republican and two Democrats in calling on President Bush to begin drawing down the troops in Iraq by Oct. 1, 2006. Earlier this year, the Pentagon offered an even earlier date for an initial reduction. But in recent weeks, American generals here have been telling Congressional visitors that the disappointing performance of many Iraqi combat units has made early departures impractical. They say it will be two years or more before Iraqis can be expected to begin replacing American units as the main guarantors of security. Commanders concerned for their careers have not thought it prudent to go further, and to say publicly what many say privately: that with recent American troop levels—139,000 now they have been forced to play an infernal board game, constantly shuttling combat units from one war zone to another, leaving insurgent buildups unmet in some places while they deal with more urgent problems elsewhere. Generals are not famous for wanting smaller armies. (50) But American commanders here have been cautioned by the reality that the Pentagon(五角大楼), in a time of all-volunteer forces and plunging recruiting levels, has few if any extra troops to deploy(部署), and that there are limits to what American public opinion would bear. So the generals have kept quiet about troop levels.

[A]Thepoet's,thewriter's,dutyistowriteaboutthesethings.Itishisprivilegetohelpmanendurebyliftinghisheart,byremindinghimofthecourageandhonorandhopeandprideandcompassionandpityandsacrificewhichhavebeenthegloryofhispast.[B]Ifeelthatthisawardwasnotmadetomeasaman,buttomywork—life'sworkintheagonyandsweatofthehumanspirit,notforgloryandleastofallforprofit,buttocreateoutofthematerialsofthehumanspiritsomethingwhichdidnotexistbefore.Sothisawardisonlymineintrust.Itwillnotbedifficulttofindadedicationforthemoneypartofitcommensuratewiththepurposeandsignificanceofitsorigin.[C]Thepoet'svoiceneednotmerelybetherecordofman,itcanbeoneoftheprops,thepillarstohelphimendureandprevail.[D]Hemustlearnthemagain.Hemustteachhimselfthatthebasestofallthingsistobeafraid;and,teachinghimselfthat,forgetitforever,leavingnoroominhisworkshopforanythingbuttheoldveritiesandtruthsoftheheart,theuniversaltruthslackingwhichanystoryisephemeralanddoomed—loveandhonorandpityandprideandcompassionandsacrifice.Untilhedoesso,helaborsunderacurse.Hewritesnotoflovebutoflust,ofdefeatsinwhichnobodylosesanythingofvalue,ofvictorieswithouthopeand,worstofall,withoutpityorcompassion.Hisgriefsgrieveonnouniversalbones,leavingnoscars.Hewritesnotoftheheartbutoftheglands.[E]Ourtragedytodayisageneralanduniversalphysicalfearsolongsustainedbynowthatwecanevenbearit.Therearenolongerproblemsofthespirit.Thereisonlythequestion:WhenwillIbeblownup?Becauseofthis,theyoungmanorwomanwritingtodayhasforgottentheproblemsofthehumanheartinconflictwithitselfwhichalonecanmakegoodwritingbecauseonlythatisworthwritingabout,worththeagonyandthesweat.[F]ButIwouldliketodothesamewiththeacclaimtoo,byusingthismomentasapinnaclefromwhichImightbelistenedtobytheyoungmenandwomenalreadydedicatedtothesameanguishandtravail,amongwhomisalreadythatonewhowillsomedaystandwhereIamstanding.[G]Untilherelearnsthesethings,hewillwriteasthoughhestoodamongandwatchedtheendofman.Ideclinetoaccepttheendofman.Itiseasyenoughtosaythatmanisimmortalsimplybecausehewillendure:thatwhenthelastding-dongofdoomhasclangedandfadedfromthelastworthlessrockhangingtidelessinthelastredanddyingevening,thateventhentherewillstillbeonemoresound:thatofhispunyinexhaustiblevoice,stilltalking.Irefusetoacceptthis.Ibelievethatmanwillnotmerelyendure:hewillprevail.Heisimmortal,notbecausehealoneamongcreatureshasaninexhaustiblevoice,butbecausehehasasoul,aspiritcapableofcompassionandsacrificeandendurance.

In cities all over the United States, workers spend several hours a day in cars crawling along in traffic to get to offices many miles from home. They experience stress, waste time, and pay a lot for gas, car maintenance, and parking. Once they get to work, they make their way through a maze of cubicles, each with its computer, phone, and file cabinet. Nancy Alley, human resources manager at TBWA Chiat Day, doesn"t. She stays at home, talking with managers over the phone and faxing in paperwork. Instead of walking down the hall to chat with coworkers, she E-mails them. Nancy is a telecommuter, someone who works some or all of the time at home. Since 1990, the number of U.S. telecommuters has grown from 4.2 million to 9.2 million. Highway congestion, the high cost of office space, federal clean-air laws, reduced work forces, and lifestyle needs—all these factors contribute to the growth of telecommuting. What makes it possible is technology. Desktop and laptop personal computers, networking, videoconferencing, fax machines, E-mail, and multiple phone lines provide the fast and efficient communication required for telecommuting. The experiences of many companies suggest that telecommuting can increase workplace flexibility and enhance productivity. At Georgia Power Company, for example, a pilot telecommuting project was so successful that the company decided to triple its number of telecommuters. The company reduced the cost of leased office space by $100,000 a year, increased productivity among the telecommuting employees of its customer service center, and saved the workers a combined 750 commuter miles a day. Telecommuting, however, is not without its obstacles. At one computer software firm, the information systems manager offered telecommuting as an option to her 100-person staff. After three months, the staff members reported that being away from the office was counterproductive to their work. Programmers missed being able to drop by analysts cubicles with questions, and everyone re-ported they were interrupted at home more often. As part of its cost-cutting initiative, Nestle required 140 sales employees to telecommute. Facing many technical problems with telephone lines and frustratingly slow computer networking, most of these telecommuters found it an annoying experience. Telecommuting also makes many employees feel isolated and out of touch, leading to decreased motivation and less, not more productivity. By blurring the barriers between work and family, telecommuting often leads to more work hours and more interference with family life. Telecommuting is not universally applicable. Jobs and individuals must be suitable, and staff must be capable of managing telecommuters. In addition, technological improvements, such as high-speed modems, are crucial. Few people expect to conduct business regularly from a tropical island or mountain resort any time soon.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

There are many sites available to people looking to find someone for an online dating experience. These sites differ from one another in many ways and it" s important before you sign up with one to understand exactly what they are offering to you. If you do a search for dating online you"ll find that there are many sites that claim to be free. They offer individuals the opportunity to post a profile and a picture in the hopes of connecting with someone interested in getting to know them better. Although online dating really began with these free sites, they do have drawbacks. These drawbacks should be carefully considered before a person reveals too much of themselves. One of the drawbacks is that many of the free online dating sites don"t have the resources available to screen everyone who joins. This means that if you sign up in search of an online dating partner they cannot guarantee who you are talking with. The profile might read completely different from the actual person behind the keyboard. If you are serious about finding a mate this type of site might lead to more heartbreak than anything else. A good alternative to the free online dating sites is the pay sites. These sites charge a fee for members to join and search for a potential paramour. The identity of the person is authenticated so others can rest assured that they are really corresponding with who they think they are. Any quality online dating site, whether free or not, should ensure that they will keep your identifying information confidential until you decide to share it; this is very important to keep in mind. If a site does not have a privacy policy in place you"d do well to not deal with them at all. Most online dating sites will give their clients several choices when it comes to contacting other members they are interested in. Members will need to choose a screen name upon joining which is the way other members who are interested in dating them can identify them by. This screen name will also be used as part of an internal email system that members can then use to contact each other. Online dating has led to some real time marriages. It"s a great way to meet and learn about new and interesting people. If you think online dating is for you, research some of the available services, then sign up and get ready for a brand new adventure in dating. Your prince or princess charming might be waiting for you right now.

It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter(后者)is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former(前者).

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country's GDP measures "everything except that which makes life worthwhile." With Britain voting to leave the European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a timely moment to assess what he was referring to. The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that do not matter and miss things that do. By most recent measures, the UK's GDP has been the envy of the Western World, with record low unemployment and high growth figures. If everything was going so well, then why did over 17 million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to their country' s economic prospects? A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than just focusing on GDP, over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more rounded assessment of how countries are performing. While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn't the case with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge improvements across measures including civil society, income equality and the environment. This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer regarded as the sole measure of a country's success, the world looks very different. So, what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure, it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as environmental equality or education outcomes—all things that contribute to a person's sense of well-being. The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and for growth. But policymakers who refocus efforts on improving well-being rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted doom and may even see progress.

Emotions are the gifts of our ancestors. We have them, and so do other animals. We must never forget this. Where does history end and current affairs begin? John Lewis Gaddis, who is often described as the dean of cold-war historians, has no doubts about his own special subject.【F1】 To his students at Yale University, many of whom were still children when the confrontation with the Soviets ended in 1989. he-writes, the cold war is "history: not all that different from the Peloponnesian War". With a mixture of wistfulness and wonderment, Mr. Gaddis notes: "When I talk about Stalin and Truman, even Reagan and Gorbachev, it could as easily be Napoleon, Caesar or Alexander the Great. " It is partly in deference to a new generation that Mr. Gaddis has decided to write a fresh and admirably concise history of the cold war. With disarming frankness, he also admits that his agent had spotted a gap in the market. But Mr. Gaddis" latest work avoids the obvious trap of simply being a summary of his earlier writings, the historian"s equivalent of a "Greatest Hits" album.【F2】 While the books that made Mr. Gaddis" reputation, in particular his 1982 classic, " Strategies of Containment", necessarily concentrated on the American perspective, his latest work provides a much more rounded picture by drawing on the flood of information that has come out from the Soviet side since the end of the cold war. Mr. Gaddis recounts not only what Truman. Kennedy and Reagan were thinking, but also how Stalin, Khrushchev and Mikhail Gorbachev responded to the same events. The reader learns, for example, how close the Americans came to winning the Korean war and creating a united, pro-western Korea. At one point Stalin seemed resigned to the defeat of North Korea. Mr. Gaddis quotes him as "wearily" remarking: "So what. Let it be. Let the Americans be our neighbours. " The pro-western tide was turned only when Mao persuaded his own advisers that China must intervene, and sent 300,000 troops to support Kim II Sung. The American side of the cold war has been familiar for a long time. But even here Mr. Gaddis" mastery of the material, his fluent style and eye for the telling anecdote make his new work a pleasure.【F3】 The reader comes across plain speaking Harry Truman worrying privately about the need for a complete change in human nature if the nuclear age was not to be succeeded by the "insect age or an atmosphereless planet". There is also the sleepless Richard Nixon leaving the White House in the early hours of the morning to argue with anti-Vietnam-war demonstrators gathered under the Lincoln Memorial. 【F4】 As one of America"s leading historians, Mr. Gaddis has been consulted by President George Bush on several occasions -notably just before Mr. Bush made his second inaugural speech in which he pledged to "end tyranny" around the world. The admiration is mutual. Unusually for an Ivy League eminence, Mr. Gaddis hacked the Iraq war and praised the Bush administration for the boldness and vision of its foreign policy.【F5】 And while he is too conscientious an historian to allow his political views to intrude upon his narrative of the cold war, a few minor passages hint at his real feelings: a trace of irritation in his account of General de Gaulle"s anti-Americanism and an obvious admiration for the clarity and simplicity of the ideas of Ronald Reagan.

Come on—Everybody" s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good—drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word. Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, please don"t smoke!" pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers—teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it"s presented here is that it doesn"t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed. There" s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits—as well as negative ones—spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day. Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It"s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that"s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.

Black death that drove Newton from his college and into a momentous discovery, (1)_____ England in 1665. Astronomical records of the time show that (2)_____ was a year of intense sun-spot activity, and studies of annual tree (3)_____, which are wider when the sun is disturbed (4)_____ that the terrible plague of 1348 was (5)_____ accompanied by an active sun. This sounds incredible, (6)_____ we now have evidence that the sun has a direct effect on some of our body (7)_____. Over 120,000 tests made on people in a Black Sea (8)_____ to measure the number of lymphocytes in their blood. These small cells normally (9)_____ between 20 and 25 percent of man"s white blood cells, but in years of great solar activity this (10)_____ decreases. There was a biff drop during the sunspot years of 1986 and 1987, and number of people (11)_____ from diseases caused by a lymphocyte deficiency (12)_____ doubled during the tremendous solar explosion of February 1986. Many of the body"s (13)_____ seem to be influenced by sun-induced changes in the earth"s magnetic (14)_____. If this is so, one (15)_____ to find that the nervous system, which depends on electrical stimuli, would be the most (16)_____. A study of 5,580 coal—mine accidents (17)_____ the Ruhr river shows that most occurred on the day following solar activity. Studies of traffic accidents in Russia and in Germany show that these increase, by as much as four (18)_____ the average, on days after the (19)_____ of a solar flare. This suggests that accidents may be (20)_____ a disturbance deeper than a simple decrease in reaction time. These results make it clear that man is, among other things, a remarkably sensitive living sundial.

You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points) You are going to read a text about the topic of nuclear fusion. Scientists say they have achieved small-scale nuclear fusion in a tabletop experiment, using tried and true techniques that are expected to generate far less controversy than past such claims. This latest experiment relied on a tiny crystal to generate a strong electric field. While the energy created was too small to harness cheap fusion power, the technique could have potential uses in medicine, spacecraft propulsion, the oil drilling industry and homeland security, said Seth Putterman, a physicist at the University of California at Los Angeles. Putterman and his colleagues at UCLA, Brian Naranjo and Jim Gimzewski, report their results in Thursday"s issue of the journal Nature. (41) Held up to ridicule Previous claims of tabletop fusion have been met with skepticism and even derision by physicists. (42) Sound theoretical basis Fusion experts said the UCLA experiment will face far less skepticism because it conforms to well-known principles of physics. (43) Energy in waiting Fusion power has been touted as the ultimate energy source and a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels like coal and oil. Fossil fuels are expected to run short in about 50 years. (44) Process of fusion In the UCLA experiment, scientists placed a tiny crystal that can generate a strong electric field into a vacuum chamber filled with deuterium gas, a form of hydrogen capable of fusion. Then the researchers activated the crystal by heating it. (45) Commercial uses UCLA"s Putterman said future experiments will focus on refining the technique for potential commercial uses, including designing portable neutron generators that could be used for oil well drilling or scanning luggage and cargo at airports. In the Nature report, Putterman and his colleagues said the crystal-based method could be used in "microthrusters for miniature spacecraft." In such an application, the method would not rely on nuclear fusion for power generation, but rather on ion propulsion, Putterman said. "As wild as it is, that s a conservative application, "he said.A. In fusion, light atoms are joined in a high-temperature process that frees large amounts of energy. It is considered environmentally friendly because it produces virtually no air pollution and does not pose the safety and long-term radioactive waste concerns associated with modern nuclear power plants, where heavy uranium atoms are split to create energy in a process known as fission.B. The resulting electric field created a beam of charged deuterium atoms that struck a nearby target, which was embedded with yet more deuterium. When some of the deuterium atoms in the beam collided with their counterparts in the target, they fused. The reaction gave off an isotope of helium along with subatomic particles known as neutrons, a characteristic of fusion. The experiment did not, however, produce more energy than the amount put in—an achievement that would be a huge breakthrough.C. Another technique, known as sonoluminescence, generates heat through the collapse of tiny bubbles in a liquid. Some scientists claim that nuclear fusion occurs during the reaction, but those claims have sparked sharp debate.D. In a Nature commentary, Michael Saltmarsh of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory said the process was in some ways "remarkably low-tech," drawing upon principles that were first recorded by the Greek philosopher Theophrastus in 314 B.C. "This doesn"t have any controversy in it because they"re using a tried and true method," David Ruzic, professor of nuclear and plasma engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, told The Associated Press. "There"s no mystery in terms of the physics."E. In one of the most notable cases, Dr. B. Stanley Pons of the University of Utah and Martin Fleischmann of Southampton University in England shocked the world in 1989 when they announced that they had achieved so-called cold fusion at room temperature. Their work was discredited after repeated attempts to reproduce it failed.F. The technology also could conceivably give rise to implantable radiation sources, which could target cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy tissue. "You could bring a tiny crystal into the body, place it next to a tumor, turn on the radiation and blast the tumor," Putterman told MSNBC.com.

It has been a hundred years since the last big one in California, the 1906 San Francisco earth quake, which helped give (1)_____ to modem earthquake science. A century later, we have a highly successful (2)_____, called plate tectonics, that explains why 1906-type earthquakes happen—along with why continents drift, mountains rise, and volcanoes (3)_____ the Pacific Rim. Plate tectonics may be one of the (4)_____ triumphs of the human mind, geology"s (5)_____ to biology"s theory of evolution. And yet scientists still can"t say when an earthquake will happen. They can"t even come (6)_____. What scientists can do right now is make good maps of fault zones and (7)_____ out which ones are probably due (8)_____ a rupture. And they can make forecasts. A forecast might say that, over a certain number of years, there is a certain (9)_____ of a certain magnitude earthquake in a (10)_____ spot. And that you should fix your house to its foundation and glue the water heater to the wall. Turning forecasts into predictions—"a magnitude 7 earthquake is (11)_____ here three days from now"—may be impossible, but scientists are doing everything they can to solve the (12)_____ of earth quakes. They break rocks in laboratories, studying how stone (13)_____ under stress. They hike (14)_____ ghost forests where dead trees (15)_____ of long-ago tsunamis. They make maps of unsecured, balanced rocks to see where the ground has (16)_____ in the past and how hard. They dig ditches across faults, searching for the active trace. They have wired up fault zones with so many sensors it is (17)_____ the Earth is a patient (18)_____ intensive care. (19)_____, we tell ourselves—trying hard to be persuasive—there must be some way to (20)_____ order and criterion on all that untrustworthy ground.

On the heels of El Nino, its opposite, La Nina may soon arrive. In a Weekly Update, scientists at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center reported that as the 2006-2007 El Nino faded, surface and subsurface ocean temperatures have rapidly decreased. Recently, cooler-than-normal water temperatures have developed at the surface in the east-central equatorial Pacific, indicating a possible transition to La Nina conditions. Typically, during the U.S. spring and summer months, La Nina conditions do not significantly impact overall inland temperature and precipitation patterns, however, La Nina episodes often do have an effect on Atlantic and Pacific hurricane activity. "Although other scientific factors affect the hurricanes, there tends to be a greater-than-normal number of Atlantic hurricanes and fewer-than-normal number of eastern Pacific hurricanes during La Nina events," said retired Navy Vice Adm. ConradC.Lautenbacher, Ph.D,under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA.administrator. "During the winter, usual La Nina impacts include drier and warmer-than-average conditions over the southern United States." "NOAA"s ability to detect and monitor the formation, duration and strength of El Nino and La Nina events is enhanced by continuous improvements in satellite and buoy observations in the equatorial Pacific," Lautenbacher added. "These observing systems include the TAO/TRTTON moored and Argo drift buoys, as well as NOAA"s polar orbiting satellites." La Nina conditions occur when ocean surface temperatures in the central and east-central equatorial Pacific become cooler than normal. These changes affect tropical rainfall patterns and atmospheric winds over the Pacific Ocean, which influence the patterns of rainfall and temperatures in many areas worldwide. "La Nina events sometimes follow on the heels of El Nino conditions," said Vernon Kousky, research meteorologist at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center. "It is a naturally occurring phenomenon that can last up to three years. La Nina episodes tend to develop during March-June, reach peak intensity during December-February, and then weaken during the following March-May." "The last lengthy La Nina event was 1998-2001, which contributed to serious drought conditions in many sections of the western United States," said Douglas Lecomte, drought specialist at the NOAA Climate Prediction Center. NOAA will issue the U.S. Spring Outlook on March 15, and its Atlantic Hurricane Season Outlook in May. Both outlooks will reflect the most current La Nina forecast. "While the status of El Nino/La Nina is of vital importance to our seasonal forecasts, it is but one measure we use when making actual temperature and precipitation forecasts," said Kousky.

Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing.2)analyzetheaimofthepainterofthedrawing,and3)suggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatly.

In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed to breach a police cordon and start the work of building a temple to the god Ram at the disputed site of Ayodhya decided to respect a Supreme Court decision barring them from the area. So charged have Hindu-Muslim relations in India become in recent weeks, as the declared deadline of March 15th neared, that a clash at Ram"s supposed birthplace might well have provoked bloodshed on an appalling scale across the nation. It has, unfortunately, happened often enough before. But the threat has not vanished. The court"s decision is only an interim one, and the main Hindu groups have not given up on their quest to build their temple. Extreme religious violence, which seemed in recent years to have faded after the Ayodhya-related explosion of 1992—1993, is again a feature of the political landscape. Though faults lie on both sides (it was a Muslim attack On Hindus in a train in Gujarat that started the recent slaughter), the great bulk of victims were, as always, Muslims. Once again, educated Hindus are to be heard inveighing against the "appeasing" of Muslims through such concessions as separate constitutional status for Kashmir or the right to practice Islamic civil law. Once again, the police are being accused of doing little or nothing to help Muslim victims of rampaging Hindu mobs. Once again, India"s 130m Muslims feel unequal and unsafe in their own country. Far too many Hindus would refuse to accept that it is "their own country" at all. The wonder of it, perhaps, is that things are not worse. While the world applauds Pakistan for at last locking up the leaders of its extreme religious groups, in India the zealots still support, sustain and to a degree constitute the government. The BJP, which leads the ruling coalition, was founded as a political front for the Hindu movement. It is simply one, and by no means the dominant, member of what is called the Sangh Pariwar, the "family of organizations". Other members of the family are much less savoury. There is the VHP, the World Hindu Organization, which led the movement to build the Ram temple. There is the Bajrang Dal, the brutalist "youth wing" of the VHP. There is substantial evidence that members of the VHP and the Bajrang Dal helped to organize the slaughter of hundreds of Muslims in Gujarat after 58 Hindus were killed on a train as they returned from Ayodhya.

In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious association. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honour of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonoured persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boy"s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games. On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honoured by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honour that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling. After an uninterrupted history of almost 1200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athletes" expenses. The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun"s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.

For the time being you are working as an apprentice in a working unit. Next week, you can not go to work. Write a note to your department head, Mr. Wang, asking for leave, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your note with no less than 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note; use "Li Ming" instead.

A new drug has been developed, and you are asked to write instructions for the use of the drug, and your writing should include: 1. what the drug is used for; 2. what should be followed when the drug is used; 3. how to keep the drug. You should write about 100 words.

(46) At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest in Native American customs and an increasing desire to understand Native American culture prompted ethnologists to begin recording the life stories of Native American. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropological data that would supplement their own field observations, and they believed that the personal stories, even of a single individual, could increase their understanding of the cultures that they had been observing from without. (47) In addition, many ethnologists at the turn of the century believed that Native American manners and customs were rapidly disappearing, and that it was important to preserve for posterity as much information as could be adequately recorded bef0re the cultures disappeared forever. There were, however, arguments against this method as a way of acquiring accurate and complete information. (48) Franz Boas, for example, described autobiographies as being "of limited value and useful chiefly for the study of the perversion of truth by memory," while Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent enough time with the tribes they were observing, and inevitably derived results too tinged by the investigator"s own emotional tone to be reliable. Even more importantly, as these life stories moved from the traditional oral mode to recorded written form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided what elements were significant to the field research on a given tribe. Native Americans recognized. that the essence of their lives could not be communicated in English and that events that they thought significant were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers. (49) Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead relatives crucial to their family stories. (50) Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful tool for ethnological research: such personal reminiscences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are likely to throw more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture.