Charles Reznikoff (1894～1976) worked relentlessly, never leaving New York but for a brief stay in Hollywood, of all places. He was admired by Pound and Kenneth Burke, and often published his own works; in the Depression era, he managed a treadle printing press in his basement. He wrote three sorts of poems, exceptionally short imagistic lyrics, longer pieces crafted and cobbled from other sources, often from the Judaic tradition, and book-length poems wrought from the testimony both of Holocaust trials and from the courtrooms of the century America. Two of these full-length volumes were indeed titled Testimony, as was an earlier prose work; it was a word that kept him close company. When asked late in life to define his poetry, it was not the word he chose. "Objectivist," he wrote, naming his longstanding group, and mimicking poetic style with a single prose sentence: "images clear but the meaning not stated but suggested by the objective details and the music of the verse; words pithy and plain; without the artifice of regular meters, themes, chiefly Jewish, American urban". If the sentence sounds hard-won, this is perhaps because it was. Four decades earlier, he wrote in a letter to friends, "There is a learned article about my verse in Poetry this month, from which I learn that I am an objectivist". The learned fellow was Louis Zukofsky, brilliant eminence of the Objectivists. "with whom I disagree as to both form and content of verse, but to whom I am obliged for placing some of my things here and there". So read Reznikoffs conclusion in 1931. with its fillip of polite resentment. Movements and schools are arbitrary and immaterial things by which poetic history is told. This must have rankled Reznikoff, who spent his writing life tracing the material and the necessary. Born a child of immigrants in Brooklyn in 1294, he was in journalism school at 16, took a law degree at 21. Though he was little interested in legal practice, the ideas would be near the heart of his writing. Ideal poetic language, he wrote, "is restricted almost to the testimony of a witness in a court of law". If this suggests a congenital optimism about the law, it made for astonishingly care-filled poetry. Reznikoff is unsurpassed in conveying the sense that the world is worth getting right. Not the glorious or the damaged world, but the world that is everything that is the case. Reznikoffs faith in the facts of the case takes on an intensity no less social than spiritual, no greater when surveying the Old Testament than New York This collection gathers all his poems (but for those already book-length) by the technique of compressing onto single pages as many as five or six at a time. This can lessen the force; each is a sort of American haiku, though no more impressionistic than a hand-operated printing press. One such numbered 69 in the volume Jerusalem the Golden, runs in its length: "Among the heaps of brick and plaster lies f a girder, still itself among the rubbish". This exemplary couplet is sometimes taken to represent Reznikoff"s poetry itself, immutable and certain amid the transitory.

Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is 【B1】______ only among those with whom he is acquainted. When a stranger is at present, he often seems nervous, 【B2】______ embarrassed. You have to take a commuter train any morning or evening to【B3】______the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner; hardly anybody talks, since to do so would be considered quite offensive. 【B4】______, there is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, 【B5】______ broken, makes the offender immediately the object of【B6】______. It has been known as a fact that the a British has a 【B7】______ for the discussion of their weather and that, if given a chance, he will talk about it 【B8】______. Some people argue that it is because the British weather seldom【B9】______forecast and hence becomes a source of interest and【B10】______to everyone. This may be so.【B11】______a British cannot have much【B12】______in the weathermen, who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong【B13】______a cloud over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts! The man in the street seems to be as accurate—or as inaccurate—as the weathermen in his【B14】______. Foreigners may be surprised at the number of references【B15】______weather that the British make to each other in the course of a single day. Very often conversational greetings are【B16】______by comments on the weather. "Nice day, isn't it? " "Beautiful!" may well be heard instead of "Good morning, how are you? 【B17】______the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage.【B18】______he wants to start a conversation with a British but is【B19】______to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subject which will【B20】______an answer from even the most reserved of the British.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

It"s not just lonely at the top; it can be "disengaging" too. Many of the most unhappy, unproductive and potentially【C1】______employees can be found in the executive suite. These top dogs may put in the【C2】______, but not the heart. They are common to most companies and number【C3】______the thousands. That may come as a surprise to the rank and file.【C4】______, one of the first rules of success is to do what you enjoy. It"s taken for【C5】______that top executives have found the magic,【C6】______surely they would have flamed out 【C7】______short of the summit. But if executives are so【C8】______to their jobs, why would a 2002 Starwood Hotels & Resorts survey find that among 401 executives who play golf, 10% have called【C9】______sick to play a round? While it may make sense that lower-ranking workers are less likely to be engaged, many high-ranking executives are in the same【C10】______. For example, 49% of top executives are engaged, vs. 43% of managers and 32% of non-managers. Striking is【C11】______ 9% of top executives, nearly one in 10, are【C12】______disengaged. These executives are beyond the point of even going through the【C13】______. It can【C14】______the entire company, because companies with disengaged executives are likely to have disengaged employees【C15】______. Most people probably assume that big paychecks are enough【C16】______. But raises and pay scales don"t matter much【C17】______way, according to several studies. It shows no【C18】______between CEO pay and engagement, or even CEO pay and company【C19】______. Big paychecks may even make executives feel【C20】______in their jobs, because they can" t try something else without sacrificing a small fortune.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. While this process enables us to raise our standard of living at an ever-accelerating rate, it also leads to a corresponding growth of interdependence between the different regions of the world. (41)______. What, then, is to be done? Although it is difficult to know where to begin to deal with such a large subject, the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped or emerging region has to face. (42)______. A number of quite common occurrences are therefore sufficient to cause immediate and serious interference with this export production: unfavorable weather conditions, plant or animal epidemics, the exhaustion of soil fertility or mineral deposits, the development of substitute products in the industrialized regions, etc. The sensitivity of the economy is greatly intensified in cases where exports are confined only to one or two products—"monocultures" as they are sometimes called. (43)______. This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the "necessities of life". This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports. Since, under modern conditions, a rapid rise in population is a phenomenon closely associated with underdevelopment. This cause alone can subject the economy to severe and continuous stress. (44)______. In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provide; secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries—when established—are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counter-action against their own exports. From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above. (45)______. To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many inter-related problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so. (555 words)Notes:be orientated.., toward 被引导到...... monoculture单一作物耕作。A. For example, the economies of such countries are orientated primarily toward the production of raw materials, i.e. agricultural and mineral products; these are then exported to the industrialized countries.B. Given these conditions, it is easy to see that any permanent economic or political instability in one area is bound to have an increasingly serious effect upon the rest of the world. Since the main source of such instability is underdevelopment, it is clear that this now constitutes a problem of international dimensions.C. As far as "necessities of life" are concerned, they represent a concept which: is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising.D. Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature.E. Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export.F. To consider only one point: it is obviously useless, to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action.G. This sudden increase in the population of the underdeveloped countries has come at a difficult time. Even if their population had not grown so fast they would have been facing a desperate struggle to bring the standard of living of their people up.

The old adage of the title has a parallel in the scientific world "all research leads to biomedical advances". The fact that research in one discipline contributes to another is well understood by the scientific community. It is not, however, so clear to the public or to public policy-makers.【F1】 Because public support for funding of biomedical research is strong, the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science by articulating how research in other disciplines benefits biological medicine. The time is ripe to improve public appreciation of science. A recent National Science Foundation survey suggested that Americans continue to support research expenditures. In addition, public opinion polls indicate that scientists and science leaders enjoy enviably high public esteems.【F2】 Instead of lamenting; the lack of public understanding of science, we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research by showing how investigations are in many areas close-knit and contribute to biomedical advances. A crucial task is to convey to the public, in easily understood terms, the specific benefits and the overall good that result from research in all areas of science. 【F3】 Take, for example, agricultural research. On the surface, it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances, except those directly related to human nutrition. This view is incorrect, however. In the case of nutrition, the connections between agricultural and biomedical research are best exemplified by the vitamin discoveries.【F4】 At the turn of the century, when the concept of vitamins had not yet surfaced and nutrition as a scientific discipline did not exist, it was in a department of agricultural chemistry that the first true demonstration of vitamins was made. Single-grain feeding experiments documented the roles of vitamins A and B. The essential role of some minerals(iron and copper)was shown later, and these discoveries provided the basis of modern human nutrition research. 【F5】 Despite such direct links, however, it is the latest discoveries that have been made in agricultural research that reveal its true importance to biomedicine. Life-saving antibiotics such as streptomycin were discovered in soil microorganisms. The first embryo transplant was made in a dairy cow, and related research led to advances in the understanding of human reproduction.

As a symbol of American conquest, it"s easy to forget how McDonald"s was first received over seas. Back in 1974, Britons queued for hours at the opening of a Mickey D"s in London. (46) When the Golden Arches sprang up in Moscow not long after the fall of the Berlin wall, they were celebrated as a sign of liberation. In 1994, the drive-through line on opening day in Kuwait City was seven miles long. What to make, then, of McDonald"s recent warning to Wall Street, when it announced that it will post its first quarterly loss in 37 years as a public company? (47) For much of the past decades, McDonald"s has been the most typical high-growth multinational, jumping from success to success and building a uniquely American empire. The number of its restaurants worldwide rose by a third in the past eight years alone—to 30,000, including some 17,000 outside the United States. Along the way, it has become a model for entrepreneurial success, a case study in how to "go international" and succeed. Has the juggernaut maxed out? McDonald"s execs say, not. "I don"t think that"s a lair view at all," says Mike Love, a vice president for corporate affairs, noting, for example, the company"s plans to add 300 new restaurants next year to the 6,000 already in place in Europe. Still, there"s no question that the troubled financials represent a striking turnaround for a proud company that"s long been synonymous with Pax Americana. (48) The secret of McDonald"s magic has always been an "aspirational" thing, says a retired marketing director in Hong Kong. "If you could eat hamburgers and drink Coke, you could taste part of the American dream." (49) It"s tempting to suspect that the company"s problems might reflect a broader geopolitical backlash against the United States and its global culture. And there have been protests—from Mexico to France—even bomb attacks in India and Lebanon. But according to the experts, that"s not what"s hobbling McDonald"s today. To a surprising degree, the corporation has been tripped up by its own mistakes. "This is not about protesters", says Alan Rugman, a professor of international business. "The company is in trouble because its business model is out of date." McDonald"s has been obsessed with rapid growth since its founding in 1955. (50) Earning steady rent and fat royalties from its chains, while enforcing rigid standards for quality and cleanliness, the McDonald"s model produced stunning annual average revenue growth of 24 percent from 1965 to 1991. As competition grew stiffer at home, the company increasingly turned overseas in the 1990s, opening 2,000 restaurants globally in 1996, the peak year of expansion.

Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn"t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth" s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel" s report: "Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions." Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it"s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now. Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it"s obvious that a majority of the president"s advisers still don"t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research—a classic case of " paralysis by analysis ". To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won"t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.

In the prevailing paradigm we have been conditioned to believe that power is a scarce commodity)it comes as a by-product of having achieved some sort of status. Whenever we see ourselves(individually, corporately, or nationally)as less powerful than some other party, it"s only logical to conclude that we lack whatever it takes to confer sufficient status. It could be wealth, education, good looks, toughness, strength, connections, intelligence, and so on, depending on our particular social milieu. It is natural to keep trying to get more of that attribute that will elevate you to more power. One consequence of concluding that relative powerlessness is due to a personal deficiency of some kind is the tendency to become preoccupied with pointing the finger of blame, "It"s my parents" fault," "My employer is to blame," "The government did it to me," "I didn"t have the appropriate education," "I"ve got the wrong genes. " The list is only limited by our imagination. Another consequence of blaming others or circumstances outside our control for lack of power is that it promotes feelings of self-pity, jealousy, anxiety, discouragement, resentment, and resignation. It"s not that there are no legitimate limitations to our power; limitations based on gender, physical disability, prejudice, etc. are all too common. It"s that the process of assessing blame keeps us from moving on with our lives. The victim mentality saps resolve and strength. Eventually it becomes a self fulfilling prophesy as people caught up in this mindset do indeed become increasingly powerless. Helping to keep people stuck in this morass are the perceived benefits of being seen as a victim. Not only does the victim get sympathy and attention, be or she is also able to exploit the sympathetic feelings of others for purposes of manipulation and control. Sometimes we point the finger of blame at ourselves. "If only we had done something differently," we reason, "we wouldn"t be in this position. " We tell ourselves that "we should have known better" or "only a "loser" would have let this happen. " In this way we gradually condition ourselves to believe that we are unworthy of success. This way of thinking is quite prevalent, even among those who are regarded as successful or powerful. For many, this thought process leads them to try even harder —work harder, compete harder, be more aggressive all with the aim of compensating for their deficiencies. Some end up overcompensating for their low self-esteems as a result they come across as aggressive, bard driving, over-bearing, arrogant, or superior.

Though not biologically related, friends are as "related" as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is【B1】______a study, published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has【B2】______. The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted【B3】______1,932 unique subjects which【B4】______pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both【B5】______. While 1% may seem【B6】______, it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, "Most people do not even【B7】______their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who【B8】______our kin." The study【B9】______found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity exists in smell genes is difficult to explain, for now.【B10】______, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more【B11】______it. There could be many mechanisms working together that【B12】______us in choosing genetically similar friends【B13】______"functional kinship" of being friends with【B14】______! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving【B15】______than other genes. Studying this could help【B16】______why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major【B17】______factor. The findings do not simply corroborate people' s【B18】______to befriend those of similar【B19】______backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to【B20】______that all subjects, friends and strangers, were taken from the same population.

Everyone knows that too much time in the sun can expose you to excessive ultraviolet radiation, which can lead to skin cancers.【C1】______that"s not going to stop people from cooking themselves【C2】______the perfect tan. The problem has become an【C3】______: more than 3.5 million skin cancers in over 2 million people diagnosed annually in the U.S. 【C4】______our sun-worshipping ways, scientists and the skin-care industry are working hard to【C5】______out the safest way to tan. A handful of wearable products have【C6】______made it to market that alert wearers of UV radiation【C7】______—they tell you you"re about to【C8】______before you can see it. The simplest might be Smartsun wristband, which alerts wearers of UV overexposure with just a【C9】______of color. It starts【C10】______as yellowish-brown when first exposed to UV rays; when it【C11】______pink, that"s the warning to seek【C12】______and slather on sunscreen. If you prefer something a little more【C13】______, try the UVeBand, which vibrates when you"ve had your share of UV rays. Then there"s the JUNE, developed and recently【C14】______by Netatmo. The JUNE has UV sensors built into a fake jewel that connect wirelessly to a smartphone, where an app monitors UV【C15】______in real time, alerting when it"s time to get out of the sun. It also【C16】______your radiation exposure over time,【C17】______you can see how bad your summer has been for your skin, long term. All of these products are designed to help wearers【C18】______their sun time. But none have been reviewed or【C19】______by any health regulatory body, which raises some【C20】______.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity. (46) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth. "Anthropology" derives from the Greek words "anthropos": "human" and "logos": "the study of". By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind. Anthropology is one of the social sciences. (47) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology. All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. (48) The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor"s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. (49) Tylor defined culture as "...that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and under standing human life. Implicit within Tylor"s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior. (50) Thus, the anthropological concept of "culture", like the concept of "set" in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

It's long been known, but little discussed in polite high-tech circles, that information-age technology is not the clean industry it claims to be. Manufacturing a single PC can generate 139 pounds of waste and involves a host of chemicals linked to high rates of cancer and birth defects among workers and communities. 1. Disposal crisis of e-waste Electronic waste(e-waste)—such as obsolete and discarded computers, monitors, printers, cell phones, and televisions—is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the developed world, thanks to the industry's philosophy of "design for immediate obsolescence" and a weak electronics-recycling infrastructure. 2. Public health problems If the full force of the high-tech revolution hits the landfill, its health risks will leave no community untouched. 3. The european solution The European Union is way ahead of the U.S. in recognizing the hazards and moving towards a solution. 4. How will the U.S. proceed? Because the U.S. high-tech industry and its friends in Washington represent the biggest obstacles to the globalization of take-back laws, a broad coalition of environmental, health, labor, and recycling groups and local governments has formed the Computer Take Back Campaign to support EU-style legislation in the U.S. 5. Going global The European approach is more than a minor "software patch" on a fundamentally flawed program. By establishing corporate responsibility for products at the end of their lives, this strategy could have wide-ranging effects on the information technology industry. The EU approach spreads environmental benefits globally rather than shifting pollution to developing nations. [A]If we can adopt the EU's code in the U.S., we can do a bit of reverse engineering on globalization. By downloading Europe' s program to the U.S., we can finally begin to clean up the "clean industry" around the globe. [B]An estimated 300 to 500 million computers will descend on landfills by 2007 in the U.S. alone. Three-quarters of all computers ever sold in this country await disposal in garages and storage facilities because their owners don't know what to do with them. [C]The first European Union directive on e-waste, adopted last year, requires producers to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products. By 2005, companies will either have to take back products directly from consumers or fund independent collectors to do so. Waste that was generated prior to the enactment date will be the responsibility of all existing companies, in proportion to their market share. Future waste is to be the individual responsibility of each company, thereby creating an incentive to redesign products for easier and safer recycling and disposal. No e-waste will be allowed in municipal waste streams. [D]E-waste accounts for 5 percent of all solid waste in America but approximately 40 percent of the lead, 70 percent of the heavy metals, and a significant portion of the organic chemical pollutants in America ' s dumps. This e-waste can leach into the ground, as it did in the Silicon Valley. It was the widespread contamination of the valley's aquifers in the early 1980s that initially punctured the high-tech industry's clean image. Currently:there are more EPA superfund clean up sites in this valley than anywhere else in the U.S. The threat to soil, drinking water and public health will grow as e-waste surges into the waste stream worldwide. [E]Hundreds of organizations and local governments in the U.S. have already endorsed the campaign's platform. The campaign advocates that the U.S. adopt standards for electronics manufacturers at least as stringent as those adopted by the EU: hazardous materials would be phased out, and all electronics would be designed for reuse and recycling. The campaign has sparked a legislative grounds well. In the past year alone , 20 states have introduced legislation to address e-waste. [F]Local governments and taxpayers now pick up the tab for the disposal of e-waste. The state of California, for example, faces an estimated $1 billion in e-waste disposal costs over the next few years.

Write a letter to Professor Smith, a world famous professor majoring in Chinese philosophy and religious studies, and invite him to participate in a conference to be held in your university. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Speech, whether oral or written, is a used commodity. If we are to be heard, we must (1)_____ our words from those (2)_____ to us within families, peer groups, societal institutions, and political net works. Our utterances position us both in an immediate social dialogue (3)_____ our addressee and, simultaneously, in a larger ideological one (4)_____ by history and society. We speak as an individual and also, as a student or teacher, a husband or wife, a person of a particular discipline, social class, religion, race, or other socially constructed (5)_____. Thus, to varying degrees, all speaking is a (6)_____ of others" words and all writing is rewriting. As language (7)_____, we experience individual agency by in fusing our own intentions (8)_____ other people"s words, and this can be very hard. (9)_____, schools, like into churches and courtrooms, are places (10)_____ people speak words that are more important than they are. The words of a particular discipline, like those of "God the father" or of "the law," are being articulated by spokespeople for the given authority. The (11)_____ of the addressed, the listener, is to acknowledge the words and their (12)_____. In Bakhtin"s (13)_____, "the authoritative word is located in a distanced zone, organically connected with a (14)_____ that is felt to be hierarchally higher." (15)_____, part of growing up in an ideological sense is becoming more "selective" about the words we appropriate and, (16)_____ pass on to others. In Bakhtin"s (17)_____, responsible people do not treat (18)_____ as givens, they treat them as utterances, spoken by particular people located in specific ways in the social landscape. Becoming alive to the socio-ideological complexity of language use is (19)_____ to becoming a more responsive language user and, potentially, a more playful one too, able to use a (20)_____ of social voices, of perspectives, in articulating one"s own ideas.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

Henri Matisse originally trained as a lawyer, turning to art whilst recovering from appendicitis. (46) Initially seduced by the Impressionists and, in particular, by Cezanne, Matisse brought together a circle of like-minded artists who became known as the Fauves (the Beasts) after their sensational exhibition of 1905. These early paintings revealed an intuitive and explosive color sense which was to become the defining feature of Matisse"s long career. (47) Believing art to be"" something like a good armchair in which one rests from physical fatigue", he was dedicated to producing work that expressed a harmony close to a musical composition. (48) There are two versions of La Danse, originally produced with another enormous panel entitled Musique for a Russian collector. Dance was a popular topic at the time as Diaghilev and the Russian Ballet had just visited Paris. (49) Despite, or because of, the simplification of color, form, and line, the figures appear to be full of life. Matisse made sculptures, designed sets and costumes and illustrated books. (50) He was also an important graphic artist who, in his bed-ridden final years, evolved his own method of arranging cut-out paper shapes. He is indisputably the greatest decorative artist of the twentieth century.

It may not be obvious, but hearing two languages regularly during pregnancy puts infants on the road to bilingualism by birth. According to new findings in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, infants born to bilingual mothers exhibit different language preferences than infants born to mothers speaking only one language. Psychological scientists Krista Byers-Heinlein and Janet F. Werker from the University of British Columbia along with Tracey Burns of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in France wanted to investigate language preference and discrimination in newborns. Two groups of newborns were tested in these experiments: English monolinguals(whose mothers spoke only English during pregnancy)and Tagalog-English bilinguals(whose mothers spoke both Tagalog, a language spoken in the Philippines, and English regularly during pregnancy). The researchers employed a method known as "high-amplitude sucking-preference procedure" to study the infants" language preferences. This method capitalizes on the newborns" sucking reflex—increased sucking indicates interest in a stimulus. In the first experiment, infants heard 10 minutes of speech, with every minute alternating between English and Tagalog. Results showed that English monolingual infants were more interested in English than Tagalog—they exhibited increased sucking behavior when they heard English than when they heard Tagalog being spoken. However, bilingual infants had an equal preference for both English and Tagalog. These results suggest that prenatal bilingual exposure may affect infants" language preferences, preparing bilingual infants to listen to and learn about both of their native languages. To learn two languages, bilingual newborns must also be able to keep their languages apart. To test if bilingual infants are able to discriminate between their two languages, infants listened to sentences being spoken in one of the languages until they lost interest. Then, they either heard sentences in the other language or heard sentences in the same language, but spoken by a different person. Infants exhibited increased sucking when they heard the other language being spoken. Their sucking did not increase if they heard additional sentences in the same language. These results suggest that bilingual infants, along with monolingual infants, are able to discriminate between the two languages, providing a mechanism from the first moments of life that helps ensure bilingual infants do not confuse their two languages. The researchers observe that, "Monolingual newborns" preference for their single native language directs listening attention to that language" and that, "Bilingual newborns" interest in both languages helps ensure attention to, and hence further learning about, each of their languages." Discrimination of the two languages helps prevent confusion. The results of these studies demonstrate that the roots of bilingualism run deeper than previously imagined, extending even to the prenatal period.

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic included settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and who would make some money and then go home. Between 1908 and 1915, about 7 million people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for example, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, "uccelli di passaggio", birds of passage. Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide newcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or brand them as aliens to be kicked out. That framework has contributed mightily to our broken immigration system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strict definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges. Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas. They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them. They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another. With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably. Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle. Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes, including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.