One of the comical moments in the early history of printing occurred in 1631, when the English printer Robert Barker produced an edition of the scriptures which became known as the "Wicked Bible". This edition contained a misprint of the seventh commandment. One thousand copies were printed and ready for publication before someone noticed that the commandment had been changed to "Thou shall commit adultery". Nothing much came of it. The printer was fined, the copies destroyed and the moral fiber of the nation remained intact. But what happens when the verse at issue is not merely a printer"s error but an ancient interpolation into an even more ancient text? Such was the case with 1 John 5:7, the biblical proof-text for the doctrine of the Trinity. Erasmus, Sir Isaac Newton and John Locke, among others, challenged the text"s authenticity. When Erasmus left the verse out of the first edition of his monumental Greek New Testament (1516), he was roundly criticized for encouraging heresies, schisms and conflicts. Erasmus"s critics knew that approaching the Bible in a scholarly fashion was dangerous: even the most pious attempts at rational understanding of scripture could result in skepticism or atheism. How can one appraise the Bible critically and still maintain its authority? In his engaging and very thorough book, David Katz explores the ways this question was addressed in England from the Reformation onward. A professor at Tel Aviv University, Katz is the author of The Jews in the History of England, 1485-1850 and a host of books and articles on early- modem skepticism and religion. In God"s Last Words, Katz maintains that every era responds to the Bible differently based on shifting cultural assumptions, and he examines the "lens through which the Bible was read" in various historical moments. While Reformation leaders accepted the transparency of the Bible"s message, by the late 17th century, this view could no longer be maintained, Katz states. During the 18th century the Bible came to be regarded as just another literary text—one which increasingly had to conform to contemporary standards of realism. As Darwin"s theories became widely known, 19th-century readers applied an evolutionary model to the Bible and began m see it as the product of a primitive mentality very different from their own. These new ways of reading the Bible seemed to destroy its authority completely until the fundamentalist movement reasserted the old Protestant belief in the Bible"s sole authority.

Income Gap

A common assumption about the private sector in education is that it caters only to the elite. (1)_____, recent research points in the opposite direction. If we want to help some of most (2)_____ groups in society, then encouraging deeper private sector (3)_____ is likely to be the best way forward. Several developments are (4)_____ in India, all of which involve the private education sector meeting the needs of the poor in distinct ways. But India is not (5)_____ in this respect—similar phenomena are happening all over the developing world. As a point of (6)_____, how do government schools serve the poor? Usefully, the government sponsored Public Report on Basic Education in India from 1999 paints a very (7)_____ picture of the" (8)_____ "of the government schools for the poor. When researchers (9)_____ unannounced on their random (10)_____ of schools, only 5% had any "teaching activity" going on. Alarmingly, the team noted that the (11)_____ of teaching standards was not to do (12)_____ disempowered teachers, but instead could be (13)_____ "plain negligence". They noted "several cases of irresponsible teachers keeping a school close for months at a time". But is there any (14)_____ to these school? Surely no one else can do better than government (15)_____ the resources available. As it happens, the Report pointed to private schools that were serving the poor and (16)_____ rather reluctantly that such problems were not found in these schools. Most parents believed that private schools were successful because they were more accountable. "The teachers are accountable to the manager who can fire them, and, (17)_____ him or her, to the parents who can (18)_____ their children." Such accountability was not present in the government schools, and "this contrast is (19)_____ with crystal (20)_____ by the vast majority of parents".

Science, being a human activity, is not immune to fashion.【F1】 For example, one of the first mathematicians to study the subject of probability theory was an English clergyman called Thomas Bayes, who was born in 1702 and died in 1761. His ideas about the prediction of future events from one or two examples were popular for a while, and have never been fundamentally challenged.【F2】 But they were eventually overwhelmed by those of the "frequentist" school, which developed the methods based on sampling from a large population that now dominate the field and are used to predict things as diverse as the outcomes of elections and preferences for chocolate bars. Recently, however, Bayes"s ideas have made a comeback among computer scientists trying to design software with human like intelligence. Bayesian reasoning now lies at the heart of leading internet search engines and automated "help wizards". That has prompted some psychologists to ask if the human brain itself might be a Bayesian-reasoning machine.【F3】 They suggest that the Bayesian capacity to draw strong inferences from sparse data could be crucial to the way the mind perceives the world, plans actions, comprehends and learns language, reasons from correlation to causation, and even understands the goals and beliefs of other minds. 【F4】 These researchers have conducted laboratory experiments that convince them they are on the right track, but only recently have they begun to look at whether the brain copes with everyday judgments in the real world in a Bayesian manner. In research to be published later this year in Psychological Science , Thomas Griffiths of Brown University in Rhode Island and Joshua Tenenbaum of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology put the idea of a Bayesian brain to a quotidian test. They found that it passes with flying colours. The key to successful Bayesian reasoning is not in having an extensive, unbiased sample, which is the eternal worry of frequentists, but rather in having an appropriate "prior", as it is known to the cognoscenti.【F5】 This prior is an assumption about the way the world works—in essence, a hypothesis about reality—that can be expressed as a mathematical probability distribution of the frequency with which events of a particular magnitude happen.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

SeashoreorDumpingGround?Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)supportyourviewwithexamples.

The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview. There are two kinds. One is the familiar "tombstone" that lists where you went to school and where you"ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the "functional" resume—descriptive, fun to read, unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview. It"s handy to have a "tombstone" for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those unrequested"tombstone" lists, preferring to interview the quick rather than the dead. What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers. (1)Put yourself first: In order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm, you have to feel important about yourself. (2)Sell what you can do, not who you are: Practice translating your personality traits, character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas. There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work. Toot your own horn! Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it. (3)Be specific, be concrete, and be brief! Remember that "brevity is the best policy." (4)Turn bad news into good: Everybody has had disappointments in work. If you have to mention yours, look for the positive side. (5)Never apologize: If you"ve returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent, simply write a short paragraph(summary of background)in place of a chronology of experience. Don"t apologize for working at being a mother; it"s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don"t mention education. How to prepare yourself: The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself. Take four or five hours off, not necessarily consecutive, and simply write down every accomplishment in your life, on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don" t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns. As you study your list, you will come closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns, give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills, budget management skills, child development skills etc.)Try to list at least three accomplishments under the same skills heading. Now start writing your resume as if you mattered. It may take four drafts or more, and several weeks, before you"ve ready to show it to a stranger(friends are usually too kind)for a reaction. When you"ve satisfied, send it to a printer; a printed resume is far superior to photocopies. It shows an employer that you regard job hunting as serious work, worth doing right. Isn" t that the kind of person you" d want working for you? [A]A woman who lost her job as a teacher"s aide due to a cutback in government funding wrote: "Principal of elementary school cited me as the only teacher" s aide she would rehire if government funds became available." [B]One resume I received included the following: "invited by my superior to straighten out our organization" s accounts receivable. Set up orderly repayment schedule, reconciled accounts weekly, and improved cash flow 100 per cent. Rewarded with raise and promotion." Notice how this woman focuses on results, specifies how she accomplished them, and mentions her reward—all in 34 words. [C]For example, if you have a flair for saving, managing and investing money, you have money management skills. [D]An acquaintance complained of being biased when losing an opportunity due to the statement "Ready to learn though not so well educated". [E]One of my former colleagues, for example, wrote resumes in three different styles in order to find out which was more preferred. The result is, of course, the one that highlights skills and education background. [F]A woman once told me about a cash-flow crisis her employer had faced. She" d agreed to work without pay for three months until business improved. Her reward was her back pay plus a 20 percent bonus. I asked why that marvelous story wasn"t in her resume. She answered, "It wasn"t important." What she was really saying of course was "I"m not important."

Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.

Life is unfair, as even the Bible acknowledges. We can"t all hit a baseball like DiMaggio or sing like the Beatles. But how much do we understand about those who can? Not enough, says Malcolm Gladwell, in his new book, Outliers: The Story of Success.【F1】 We attribute the Beatles" fabulous success to their amazing musical talents,whereas Gladwell has a different explanation—asadetenninant of success, talent is overrated, compared with, among other things, luck. Outliers opens with a typically Gladwellian puzzle: why are so many professional hockey players born early in the year?【F2】 It turns out that Canadian Youth Leagues group players by age, based on a calendar year, so a player born in January will be the oldest on his team, enjoying a big difference in size and maturity. The early birds get more playing time and coaching, advantages that become self-reinforcing, spelling the difference between a National Hockey League career and a job as a high-school coach. Life is unfair. 【F3】 Similarly, Gladwell calculates that the best year for a software genius to be bom was 1955—just old enough for the start of the personal-computer revolution in the mid-1970s. That is the year when Bill Gates and Steve Jobs were born. Obviously, not everyone born that year became a billionaire; Gates and Jobs had distinctive talents, but they also had unique opportunities growing up. Almost invariably, Gladwell says, geniuses are made, not born, and it was their families, schools and societies that made them. 【F4】 As evidence Gladwell brings to bear his own history, as the son of a Jamaican woman of limited means who won a scholarship to study at the University of London. Her marriage to an Englishman there began the family"s ascent into the educated elite. He maintains that his mother was the beneficiary of her own mother"s initiative and a favorable environment. And so are we all. The reader should feel free to cite counterexamples—Shakespeare, the son of a provincial trader in hides and grain? Einstein, dreaming away in an obscure patent office?—you won"t discomfort Gladwell.【F5】 He always builds an argument out of absorbing anecdotes and eye-opening statistics, then happily moves on to his next point, leaving the reader with a faint hint of buyer"s remorse about the almost too-perfect package of ideas. No other writer today can pull this sort of thing off so well. If I hadn"t just read Gladwell"s book, I"d be jealous of his talent, instead of his luck.

It was just a footnote compared with the more infectious disaster that killed millions more people in 1918, but the 1957 influenza pandemic that sickened some 25 to 30 percent of the American population was a medical watershed for the clues that it offered about how a new strain of influenza could spread. Americans first got a whiff of the so-called Asian flu when Maurice Hilleman, a physician at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., read about an unusually large number of people—some 250,000—who had come down with flu-like symptoms in Hong Kong. Concerned, he immediately requested samples from American servicemen in Asia and within days had his answer. The genetic structure of this strain was like nothing immunologists had ever seen before. When the virus finally hit America: "It went like a house on fire," recalls D. A Henderson, then the chief of the United States Epidemic Intelligence Service. Worsened by school openings that fall, the flu spread so rapidly from a few counties in Louisiana that just eight weeks later it had heavily infected more than half the counties in nearly all 50 states. Although it wasn"t particularly potent, the 1957 strain killed about 80,000 Americans. The victims were predominantly the very old and the very young, although the infection occasionally killed otherwise healthy adults as well. Pharmaceutical companies worked furiously to produce a vaccine, ultimately distributing some 40 million doses. But "they were just a little bit too late," says Arnold Monto, an influenza specialist at the University of Michigan. "They only had significant doses available when the pandemic was peaking." Earlier, scarcities raised questions about who deserved the vaccine first. A set of official rules gave priority to military personnel and necessary civic workers, but that didn"t stop members of the San Francisco 49ers football team from getting vaccinated before police and firemen. Despite some manufacturing improvements, experts say the same shortages could occur with a pandemic today. And that concern has caused preparedness officials to plan for community interventions such as school closings and isolation of sick people. But Henderson says, "It won"t work. And you don"t need a better example than "57. When you go from just a few scattered outbreaks in the end of August to the whole country infected in eight weeks, at a time when people didn"t travel as much as they do today and cities were not as densely populated, what do you think we"re going to see today?" Better, he says, to have good vaccines and to ensure that the medical system can handle the extra load.

The Catholic Church is changing in America at its most visible point: the parish church where believers pray, sing and clasp hands across pews to share the peace of God. Today there are fewer parishes and fewer priests than in 1990 and fewer of the nation"s 65 million Catholics in those pews. And there"s no sign of return. Some blame the explosive 2002 clergy sexual abuse scandal and its financial price tag. But a study of 176 Roman Catholic dioceses shows no statistically significant link between the decline in priests and parishes and the $772 million the church has spent to date on dealing with the scandal. Rather, the changes are driven by a constellation of factors: -Catholics are moving from cities in the Northeast and Midwest to the suburbs, South and Southwest. -For decades, so few men have become priests that one in five dioceses now can"t put a priest in every parish. -Mass attendance has fallen as each generation has become less religiously observant. -Bishops—trained to bless, not to budget—lack the managerial skills to govern multimillion dollar institutions. All these trends had begun years before the scandal piled on financial pressures to cover settlements, legal costs, care and counseling for victims and abusers. The Archdiocese of Boston, epicenter of the crisis, sold chancery property to cover is 85 million in settlements last year, and this year will close 67 churches and recast 16 others as new parishes or worship sites without a full-time priest. Archbishop Sean O"Malley has said the crisis and the reconfiguration plan are "in no way" related. He cites demographic shifts, the priest shortage and aging, crumbling buildings too costly to keep up. Fargo, N.D, which spent $821,000 on the abuse crisis, will close 23 parishes, but it"s because the diocese is short of more than 50 priests for its 158 parishes, some with fewer than a dozen families attending Mass. They know how this feels in Milwaukee. That archdiocese shuttered about one in five parishes from 1995 to 2003. The city consolidations "gave some people who had been driving back into the city from new homes in the suburbs a chance to say they had no loyalty to a new parish and begin going to one near their home," says Noreen Welte, director of parish planning for the Milwaukee Archdiocese. "It gave some people who already were mad at the church for one reason or another excuse to stop going altogether."

For the first time, more women than men in the United States received doctoral degrees last year, the climax of decades of change in the status of women at colleges nationwide. The number of women at every level of academia has been【C1】______for decades. Women now hold a nearly 3-to-2【C2】______in undergraduate and graduate education. Doctoral study was the last【C3】______—the only remaining area of higher education that still had a(n) 【C4】______male majority. According to an annual【C5】______report from the Council of Graduate Schools, based in Washington, of the doctoral degrees【C6】______in the last academic year, 28,962 went to women and 28,469 to men. Doctoral degrees, which require a(n) 【C7】______of seven years' study, are【C8】______the last to show the【C9】______of long-term changes. "It is a【C10】______that has been snaking its way through the educational pipeline," said Nathan Bell, the report's author and the【C11】______of research and policy analysis for the council. "It was【C12】______to happen." Women have long outnumbered men in【C13】______master's degrees, especially in education. According to the new report, which is based on an【C14】______survey of graduate【C15】______, women earned nearly six in ten graduate degrees in the last academic year. But women who【C16】______to become college professors, a common path for those with doctorates, were【C17】______by the particular demands of faculty life. Studies have found that the tenure clock often conflicts with the【C18】______clock: The busiest years of the【C19】______career are the years that well-educated women【C20】______to have children. Many women feel they have to choose between having a career in academics and having a family.

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

Each time you step into those faded old Jeans, you put on a piece of history. The world"s favorite trousers are now over a hundred years old, and here"s how they started out. The first Jeans were made in 1850, in the California gold rush. A man named Levi Strauss realized that the gold-diggers" normal trousers weren"t strong enough for the work they had to do and were wearing Out quickly. Strauss had some strong canvas, which he was going to make into tents and wagon covers to sell to the workers. Instead, he made some trousers out of it and these became the first Jeans. They were brown and called the waist-high overall. The trousers sold well, and Strauss began looking around for ways of making them even tougher. He found a material that was better than canvas—a durable cotton that was manufactured only in the south of France. In a town called Nimes, the material was denim—the name coming from the French for from "Nimes". Strauss ordered boat loads of this material and, to keep the colour consistent, had it all dyed indigo blue. The trousers became known as blue denims or blue jeans (the Word jean is thought to come from Genoa. Italian sailors from the port of Genoa wore trousers similar to jeans, on the big trading ships). In the early days cowboys, farmers, miners and timber Jacks—all people associated with hard work—wore jeans. But there were a few design problems with the early styles—as cowboys discovered to their cost. When they crouched too close to the camp fire, the rivet (the metal button strengthening the jeans at the bottom of the fly) got too hot and became very uncomfortable. Levi didn"t take much notice of the cowboys complaints until the 1940s, when a company official crouched too close to a camp fire and experienced the problem first-hand. The crotch rivet was soon removed. In the fifties and sixties, jeans represented rebellion. Film stars like James Dean, Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe wore them, as did pop stars like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. Fashions changed in the seventies and jeans became flared—tight at the hip and wide at the bottom. They were very, very tight—if you could get the zip up while standing up, they weren"t tight enough. You had to lie down on the bed to do them up; for a really skin-tight fit, people would lie in a bath in their jeans and wait for them to shrink! As the trousers became more and more successful, other jeans manufacturers started up—such as Wrengler, Pepe and Lee. But jeans have had their opponents, in some countries—such as the old Soviet Union—jeans became a prized status symbol of the West. They suggested that a Soviet citizen had either traveled abroad or had contacts in the West. So the authorities discouraged the wearing of jeans. And in Japan, a consumers" association adamantly refused to sell one manufacturer"s fashionable ripped jeans because it felt these were interior and defective product!

Write a letter to Liu Xiang, expressing congratulations for his new world record. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

Recruiting New Members Write an ad of about 100 words based on the following situation: The Martial Art Association in your university wants to recruit new members. Please inform others of the advantages and requirements of being a member of the association. Do not sign your own name at the end of the ad. Use "The Martial Art Association" instead. Do not write the address.

Shopping has always been something of an impulse activity, in which objects that catch our fancy while strolling are immediately bought on a whim. Advertisers and sellers have taken advantage of this fact, carefully positioning inexpensive but attractive items on paths that we are most likely to cross, hoping that our human nature will lead to a greater profit for them. With the dawn of the Internet and its exploding use across the world, the same tactics apply. Advertisers now place "banners", links to commercial web sites decorated with attractive pictures designed to catch our eyes while browsing the webs, on key web sites with heavy traffic. They pay top dollar for the right, thus creating profits for the hosting web sites as well. These actions are performed in the hopes that during the course of our casual and leisurely web surfing, we"ll click on that banner that sparks our interest and thus, in theory, buy the products advertised. Initial results have been positive. Web sites report a huge inflow of cash, both from the advertisers who tempt customers in with the banners and the hosting web sites, which are paid for allowing the banners to be put in place. As trust and confidence in Internet buying increases and information security is heightened with new technology, the volume of buying is increasing, leading to even greater profits. The current situation, however, is not quite as optimistic. Just as magazine readers tend to unconsciously ignore advertisements in their favorite periodicals, web browsers are beginning to allow banners to slip their notice as well. Internet users respond to the flood of banners by viewing them as annoyances, a negative image that is hurting sales, since users are now less reluctant to click on those banners, preferring not to support the system that puts them in place. If Internet advertising is to continue to be a viable and profitable business practice, new methods will need to be considered to reinvigorate the industry. With the recent depression in the technology sector and slowing economy, even new practices may not do the trick. As consumers are saving more and frequenting traditional real estate businesses over their Internet counterparts, the fate of Internet business is called into question. The coming years will be the only reliable indication of whether shopping on the World Wide Web is the wave of the future or simply an impulse activity whose whim has passed.Notes:on a whim 心血来潮surf v. 冲浪in theory 在理论上，顺理成章hosting 访问率高的call... into question质疑，对...... 提出疑问

Can electricity cause cancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seems preposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists and journalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure to electromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies. The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes into contact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, from power lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Because evidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate or the worst kind of paranoia. Now the alarmists have gained some qualified support from the US Environmental Protection Agency. In the executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form late last week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence "suggests a casual link" between extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields—those having very long wave-lengths and leukemia, lymphoma and brain cancer. While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as "a possible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans." The report is no reason to panic or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal of debate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strong objections from the Pentagon and the White House. But now no one can deny that the issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed. At the heart of the debate is a simple and well-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through a wire, it generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surrounding objects. For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forces might be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELF magnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, or about one-hundredth the strength of the earth"s own magnetic field. The electric fields surrounding a powers line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, but the corresponding field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivolt per meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselves generate. How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger? The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up the human body. Such "Ionizing" radiations have been clearly linked to increased cancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions. But epidemiological studies, which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though there is a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can have biological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects could lead to cancerous growths has never been found. The Pentagon is far from persuaded. In a blistering 33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having "biased the entire document" toward proving a link. "Our reviewers are convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) present in the environment induce or promote cancer," the Air Force concludes, "It is astonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report." The Pentagon"s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modern military that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense built into every warship and plane.

A number of processes or phases have been identified as typical of creative thinking.【F1】 In what logically would be the first phase(i. e. , preparation), the thinker assembles and explores his resources and perhaps makes preliminary decisions about their value in solving the problem at hand. 【F2】 Incubation represents the next period, in which he mulls over possibilities and shifts about from one to another relatively free of any rigid rational or logical preconceptions and constraints. Incubation seems to be at least partly unconscious, proceeding without the individual"s full awareness. Illumination occurs when resources fall into place, and a definite decision is reached about the result or solution. Verification(refinement or polishing), the process of making relatively minor modifications in committing ideas to final form, follows. Often enough, objective standards for judging creative activity(e. g. , musical composition)are lacking; an important criterion is the emotional satisfaction of the creator. Although the four phases have been ordered in a logical sequence, they often vary widely and proceed in different orders from one person to the next. Many creative people attain their goals by special strategies that are not neatly describable. The phases of preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification are characteristic of creative thinkers generally but do not guarantee that a worthwhile product will ensue.【F3】 Results also depend on whether an individual has the necessary personality characteristics and abilities; in addition, the quality of creative thinking stems from the training of the creator. The artist who produces oil paintings needs to learn the brushing techniques basic to the task; the scientist who creates a new theory does so against a background of previous learning. Further, creativity intimately blends realistic(objective)and autistic(subjective)processes; the successful creator learns how to release and to express his feelings and insights. Creative thinking is a matter of using intrinsic resources to produce tangible results. This process is markedly influenced by early experience and training.【F4】 School situations, for example, that encourage individual expression and that tolerate idiosyncratic or unorthodox thinking seem to foster the development of creativity. While the processes of creative thinking in artistic and scientific pursuits have much in common, there are also distinctive differences.【F5】 The artist places more importance on feeling and individual expression, often going to extremes to divorce himself from environmental constraints. The scientist relies more on disciplined, logical thinking to lead him in new directions. Artistic endeavour is dominantly expressive(although clearly oriented toward a goal), while scientific inventiveness is dominantly disciplined(although flexibly receptive to feelings and to imaginative experiences).

It is not quite Benidorm yet, but Antarctica has become an increasingly popular destination for the more adventurous tourist. In this year"s southern-hemisphere summer season, running from November to March, as many as 39,000 visitors are expected to make the trip from Tierra del Fuego, the nearest jump-ing-off point to the world"s emptiest continent. That amounts to a fourfold increase in a decade. Officials in both Chile and Argentina are getting increasingly worried about the risk of a fatal accident—"a new Titanic" as due Chilean naval officer puts it. Nobody has died so far, but there have been some near-collisions. In 2007 more than 150 people were evacuated when their ship, the Explorer, sank after hitting an iceberg near the South Shetland Islands. They were "very lucky with the weather", says Chile"s deputy minister for the navy, Carolina Echeverria. That was one of only two accidents last season, with a similar number the previous year and one so far this season. Help is usually not far away. Although cruise ships plan their route so as to keep out of each other"s sight, there are generally 20 to 30 boats heading to or from the Antarctic Peninsula on any one day. Even so, surviving an accident is something of a lottery. It depends partly on the weather. Not all the ships have the covered lifeboats recommended for polar conditions. Small boats, like the Explorer, have a better chance of being able to transfer their passengers if they get into difficulties. But some cruise ships visiting Antarctica now carry almost 3,000 passengers—more than ten times the limit that offers a reasonable chance of timely rescue, according to Chile"s navy. The navy is annoyed about the cost of patrols, rescue operations and cleaning up fuel spills. It wants legally binding rules, backed by penalties, for Antarctic cruise ships. But that is hard to achieve. Under the 1959 Antarctic Treaty no country can exercise sovereignty over any part of the continent and its waters are international. Some rules on tourism have been written under the treaty: cruise ships carrying over 500 passengers cannot make landings, for example. But these are not legally enforceable. Neither will be rules being debated by the United Nations" International Maritime Organization on safety requirements. Some tour operators say they would welcome tighter regulation and higher safety standards. Others insist that safety is already adequate. The world recession may place a temporary brake on the trade. But Chilean officials reckon that the trend to big cruise ships, with their cheaper fares, will resume once recovery comes. If so, a tragedy may be only a matter of time.