Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. (1)_____ the turn of the century when jazz was born, America had no prominent (2)_____ of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was (3)_____,or by whom. But it began to be (4)_____ in the early 1900s. Jazz is America"s contribution to (5)_____ music. In contrast to classical music, which (6)_____ formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and free-form. It bubbles with energy, (7)_____ the moods, interests, and emotions of the people. In the 1920, jazz (8)_____ like America. And (9)_____ it does today. The (10)_____ of this music are as interesting as the music (11)_____. American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz (12)_____. They were brought to the Southern states (13)_____ slaves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long (14)_____. When a Negro died his friends and relatives (15)_____ a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanies the (16)_____. On the way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion. (17)_____ on the way home the mood changed. Spirits lifted. Death had removed one of their (18)_____, but the living were glad to be alive. The band played (19)_____ music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes (20)_____ at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.

Despite your best intentions and efforts, it is【B1】______: At some point in your life, you will be wrong. 【B2】_______ can be hard to digest, so sometimes we double down rather than 【B3】_______ them. Our confirmation bias kicks in, causing us to 【B4】_______ out evidence to prove what we already believe. The car you 【B5】_______ off has a small dent in its bumper, 【B6】_______ obviously means that it is the other driver' s fault. Psychologists call this cognitive dissonance—the stress we experience when we hold two 【B7】_______ beliefs, opinions or attitudes. For example, you might believe you are a kind and【B8】______person, so when you rudely cut someone off, you experience 【B9】_______ . To【B10】______with it, you deny your mistake and insist the other driver【B11】______have seen you, or you had the right of way even if you didn' t. When we apologize for being wrong, we have to accept this dissonance, and that is【B12】______. On the other hand, research has shown that it can feel good to stick【B13】______our guns. One study found that people who refused to apologize felt more in control than those who did not refuse. Feeling【B14】______may be an attractive short-term benefit,【B15】______there are long-term consequences. Refusing to apologize could potentially【B16】______the trust on which a relationship is based. So how exactly do you change your behavior and learn to【B17】______your mistakes? The first step is to learn to recognize your usual justification and【B18】______. Mr. Okimoto said it also helped to remember that people were often more【B19】______than you might think. On the flip side, if it is undeniably clear that you are in the wrong, refusing to apologize【B20】______low self-confidence.

Earlier this summer Arnold Schwarzenegger, California"s governor, said that the state"s penal system was "falling apart in front of our very eyes". Indeed so. Some 172,000 inmates are crowded into institutions—from the state"s 33 prisons to its 12 "community correctional facilities"—that are meant to house fewer than 90,000. Drug abuse is rampant; so too are diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C. Race-based gangs pose the constant threat of violence, riot and even murder. And with more than 16,000 prisoners sleeping in prison gymnasiums and classrooms, rehabilitation programs are virtually non-existent—which helps to explain why two-thirds of California"s convicts, the highest rate in the country, are back in prison within three years of being released. Will the governor"s summons of a special session of the state legislature, beginning this week, bring a remedy? The reason for the session is to discuss Mr. Schwarzenegger"s request for almost $5.8 billion of public money to be pumped into the prison system. Bonds for $2 billion would finance ten 500-bed "re-entry facilities" for prisoners nearing the end of their sentences; another $2 billion would expand existing prisons; $1.2 billion would be earmarked for two new prisons; and $500m would go for new prison hospitals. Money alone will provide neither an immediate solution nor a lasting one. The first problem is that California simply puts too many offenders in prison. The imprisonment rate, which has risen almost eight-fold since 1970 and is way ahead of any European country, has consistently meant overcrowding despite the construction of 22 new prisons in the past 20 years. The 1994 "three-strikes" law, approved by voters in a referendum, means handing out 25-years-to-life sentences for often trivial third offences--and results in the growing presence in prison of elderly inmates who cost the taxpayer far more than the average of $34,000 a prisoner. Meanwhile, the practice of returning parole violators to prison, even for relatively trivial missteps such as missing a drugs test, also strains the system; some 11% of inmates are parole violators. Added to all these are more than 5,000 illegal immigrants being held on behalf of the federal government. The second problem is that any attempt to reform California"s penal policy becomes hostage to politics. Two years ago, the governor was expressing optimism. He added the word "rehabilitation" to California"s department of corrections, appointed Rod Hickman, a reform-minded former prison guard, to oversee the system and promised to lessen the power of the 31,000-strong prison guards" union, not least by breaking the "code of silence" that protects corrupt or violent guards. But that was then. The reality now is that Mr. Hickman resigned in March. Evidence indicates that the governor"s office may have given the code of silence in California"s prisons a new lease on life. Many experts say that with no moderation in sentencing policies on the horizon, the prison population is expected to grow by another 21,000 over the next five years—enough to outpace any prison-building program. Thus, the dream of prison reforms will never touch the ground.

The status of English as an international language appears unassailable. It is simultaneously preeminent in science, politics, business and entertainment. And unlike any of its lingua franca predecessors, it has all this on a truly worldwide scale. There is no challenger comparable to it: Chinese has more native speakers, but every schoolchild in China now studies English. And India, set to overtake China in population by 2050. is avidly trading on its English expertise. But English is not thereby immune to the principles of language survival. Above all, it is notable that beyond the 330 million or so native speakers, perhaps twice as many more use it as a second language. And this community of over 600 million second-language speakers, who make English preeminent as a world language, also make it vulnerable in the long term. In 5,000 years of recorded language history, a few dozen languages have achieved the status of lingua franca, a language of wider communication among people whose mother tongues may be quite different. But this status does not come about by some utilitarian reckoning, or democratic selection. There is always a reason, be it conquest, trade, religious mission or social aspiration, which has selected a language to have this wider role, and that reason is hard to forget—and ultimately often hard to forgive. This is seldom clear—at first to native speakers. They naturally see their mother tongue as a simple blessing for the wider world. But neither Latin nor French would have spread across Western Europe if their use had not once upon a time been imposed—by forces other than lucidity and charm. There was status or wealth to be gained from knowing these languages, and in their heyday, no one believed they might one day go out of use. After all, they seemed not only useful, but also such exceptional languages. But far from being disinterested aids to thought and communication, every lingua franca continues to bear the badge of its original spread; and this is often the cause of its ultimate undoing. This moral is as clear and well-established as the recorded history of the lingua franca phenomenon. English will not decline as a first language: Indeed for the foreseeable future it will be among the five major mother tongues of the world. Spread out worldwide, it may even change and ultimately split into a family of languages. But it would go against the pattern of world history if alien peoples patronized English for very much longer than necessary. In sum, the world in the next few generations is likely to see greater multilingualism and less English-backed bilingualism. We can learn the long view from language history, but it may be a hard lesson.

In September, more than a dozen whales beached themselves in the Canary Islands. Rescuers tried to water down the whales and keep them cool. But all of them【C1】______died. Nearby, NATO naval forces were【C2】______echo sounding devices meant to【C3】______an enemy"s submarines, and public【C4】______of the deaths ultimately came to【C5】______suspicions of a link between whale distress and loud ocean noises. The theory is that the mammals seek to【C6】______the roar of the deep, rush toward the surface and in some cases end up going【C7】______. For decades, environmentalists have worked to reduce the undersea noise—usually with【C8】______success, given the growing industrialization and militarization of the oceans. They have【C9】______ suits and waged letter-writing campaigns, 【C10】______a recent petition that asks the United States Navy to【C11】______its testing of underwater sound equipment. The discovery by biologists in Hawaii that whales can【C12】______the sensitivity of their hearing to protect their ears from loud noise adds another dimension to the【C13】______. Michael Jasny, a senior policy analyst, called the research fascinating and said he hoped it would prove【C14】______ in protecting whale hearing from these threats. But he【C15】______the finding as a work in【C16】______that posed many unanswered questions. "A lot more work needs【C17】______," he said. "Could it be replicated in the wild? It"s a huge question." 【C18】______whales could learn to decrease the sensitivity of their hearing, Mr. Jasny said, that would【C19】______only a relatively small part of the oceanic noise problem. "It"s important to understand that it"s【C20】______," he said of the proposed method. "It won"t be a silver bullet."

After Dolly the Sheep come the Mickey Mice. (46) Scientists are expected to reveal that they have succeeded in creating the first animal cloned from the cells of an adult since the birth of Dolly two years ago. A formal announcement is expected within weeks. (47) Researchers in Hawaii are understood to have manufactured a mouse that is an identical genetic copy of another living animal, raising the prospect of commercial cloning of animals—and eventually of humans. Since scientists at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh revealed the existence of Dolly to awed colleagues in February last year, nobody has been able to make another clone derived from cells taken from an adult animal. Dolly was grown from the udder cells of an ewe. Some biologists have since queried Dolly"s authenticity because of their inability to reproduce the results, The cloned mouse would end any doubts and confirm that man is genuinely on verge of a new era in reproductive biology. The first hint of the breakthrough by Dr. Ryuzo Yanagimachi, the professor who led the University of Hawaii group, emerged after a re cent lecture when he showed a slide of Dolly and told his audience, "I can say she is not alone." (48) The scientist, who won the International Prize for Biology in 1996 for his work on reproduction, declined last week to give details of the cloning research until its expected publication in the scientific journal Nature later this month. It is understood that Yanagimachi, who has worked with international collaborators, was able to clone the mouse using a technique slightly different to that employed by scientists at the Roslin Institute. But, like the Roslin team led by Dr. Eau Wilrnut, it is thought he has been able to extract the genetic material from the cell of an adult and transplant it into an egg. In Dolly"s case, the egg was then implanted into the womb of a surrogate mother that gave birth to a healthy lamb. This technique, previously thought by some tb be impossible, followed successful experiments in creating animals from cells taken from fetuses. These were much simpler to conduct because foetal cells have not yet taken on specialist roles in the organism and can be easily manipulated. Yanagimachi"s team is one of several around the world that have been trying to produce another Dolly-like clone, said April Darcy, of PPL Therapeutics, the company that holds the commercial rights to the Roslin cloning techniques; (49) Scientists hope that cloning, once perfected, will enable revolutions in transplant surgery, allowing skin and organs to be grown to order without fear of patient rejection. It will also be a powerful research tool in finding cures for genetic diseases. (50) But fears that cloning techniques could eventually be used in the creation of carbon-copy humans have already prompted western governments including Britain to ban such research.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1~5, choose the most suitable one from the list A~G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. For Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and many Wall Street number-crunchers, the dollar supplied one of the nastiest surprises of 2005. The world"s two richest men and most financial-market seers predicted that the greenback would fall last year, dragged down by America"s colossal current-account deficit. Many forecasters were predicting that the euro would buy $ 1. 40-odd by now and that a dollar would fetch less than ￥ 100. 【C1】______ Against the euro and yen, the greenback did even better. It ended the year at $ 1. 18 per euro, up by 14%. Despite a wobble in December, the dollar made a similar advance against the yen. Not surprisingly, the pundits are more cautious about 2006. Although most expect the greenback to end this year weaker than it began it, the typical forecast is that any decline will be fairly modest and take place mainly in the latter part of 2006. 【C2】______ The Federal Reserve raised short-term interest rates eight times in 2005, to 4. 25%. Japan, in contrast, kept the liquidity taps open and interest rates at zero, while the European Central Bank raised rates only once, in December, to 2. 25%. Relatively higher American interest rates brought foreign capital pouring into dollar assets and pushed the currency up. 【C3】______But as America"s tightening campaign levels off and European or(maybe)Japanese rates rise, the dollar will weaken. The Consensus, according to a recent compilation of forecasts by Reuters, suggests that the dollar could reach $ 1. 25 per euro and ￥108 by the end of the year. Judged by the first few days of 2006, those forecasts may prove too sanguine. The dollar suffered its biggest two-day drop against the euro in two years, and hit a two month low of $ 1. 21 against the European currency on January 4th. 【C4】______ An interest-rate gap that was merely stable ought to imply a weaker dollar. According to economic theory, it is the widening of interest-rate differentials that temporarily strengthens the exchange rale.【C5】______ Financial markets may also have become too obsessed with the influence of interest rates on currencies. Historically interest-rate differentials have been little more use than anything else at predicting short-term movements in exchange rates. [A]By this logic, as long as America raises rates faster than others, the dollar will stay strong. [B]They were all wrong. Although America"s current-account deficit headed towards $800 billion in 2005, the dollar rose. It was up by 3. 5% against a broad trade-weighted basket of currencies, the first rise in four years. [C]Over time, an international difference in interest rates is offset by a drop in the currency with the higher interest rate. [D]China is yet another cause of uncertainty. Its eagerly awaited but ultimately minuscule exchange-rate shift in July 2005 was a boon for the dollar because it did not set in train a wider realignment of Asian currencies. [E]That is because most analysts attribute the dollar"s recent strength to widening differences between American, European and Japanese interest rates. These gaps are expected to grow for a few more months before closing slightly later in the year. [F]An alternative view is that the exporters, like others, were attracted by rising American interest rates. A recent study by the Bank for International Settlements, for instance, suggested that the currency composition of OPEC members" deposits has become more sensitive to interest-rate differentials. [G]One reason is that investors are becoming jittery about how soon the interest-rate gap might stop growing. The dollar swooned after the release this week of the minutes of the Fed"s December meeting, which suggested that short-term interest rates might not need to go much higher.

Is a nation"s destiny set by its fertility rates? Japan has the world"s oldest【C1】______, but Japanese longevity can"t【C2】______ for its extremely-low fertility rate—just 1.4 children per woman. One in four don"t have children. Some European countries also have low fertility rates, but top up【C3】______ migrants. Japan does not. The conventional view is that this is bad news: shrinking numbers【C4】______ economic growth and the aging population is a major【C5】______ burden. But there is another【C6】______ The proportion of Japan"s population has almost twice as many over-65s as children. 【C7】______ Japan spends less on education. And because the Japanese are the world"s healthiest, care【C8】______ are also lower than in other nations. Japan"s economy has been growing slowly for two decades now. But【C9】______ the falling population, individual income has been【C10】______ strongly—outperforming most US citizens". With 127 million people, Japan is【C11】______ empty. But fewer people in future will mean it has more living space, more agricultural land per head, and a higher quality of life. Its【C12】______ on the planet for food and other【C13】______ will also lessen. Japan isn"t alone in population【C14】______: Russia, Romania and Hungary all【C15】______ the trend. For many more, it is being【C16】______ by immigration. But the global population is increasing slowly. The world recently reached "peak child" —the point【C17】______ the number of children aged 0 to 14 around the globe【C18】______ off. Global fertility rates have halved in 40 years—they are now below 2.5 children per woman—and global population may peak soon. Some believe that peak population is a【C19】______ first step to reducing our【C20】______ on the planet"s life-support systems. In that case, following Japan"s example may be just the ticket.

BSection III Writing/B

He is more brave than wise.

Mary Eberstadt writes in Home-Alone America that growing obesity, the high incidence of sexually transmitted disease among teenagers and an overdependence on drugs such as Ritalin for attention deficit disorder are often the fault of parents who "outsource" their responsibilities. "We tend to think that the problems with juveniles are located at the bottom end of the social spectrum, but latchkey children are more common among the affluent," said Eberstadt, a mother of four who is a conservative writer and research fellow at Stanford University"s Hoover Institution. According to the most recent figures from the US Census Bureau, 41% of children aged 12 to 14 regularly look after themselves at the end of the school day. The figures rise with prosperity. For children aged 5 to 14, "self-care increases from 11% of children in poverty to 22% of those with family incomes at least double the poverty line." Eberstadt"s book is dividing sociologists, critics and partisans in the "mommy wars" between stay-at-home and working parents. A child clings to the ankles of his smartly dressed mother to stop her leaving for work on the front of the book; he does the same to his father on the back. P. J. O"Rourke, the conservative commentator and satirist, supports Eberstadt"s thesis. "If you don"t think (her) arguments have merit, try treating your dog the way America treats its kids," he said. "Give the puppy her own set of house keys and put her in front of the television instead of taking her for a walk. Let her eat anything she wants and house train herself. Send her to another master for visitation at the weekends. And when she comes into heat, turn her loose in the pound." James Q. Wilson, author of The Marriage Problem: How Our Culture Has Weakened Families is one of the intellectual forces behind zero tolerance policing. He praised the book"s "great, unarguable theme that parental care is of decisive importance in shaping the character of our children". Feminist critics, in contrast, accuse Eberstadt of Taliban-style thinking. The Washington Post attacked her "seductive" but "nasty" opinions and lack of "interest in how real people live or think about their lives". Eberstadt insists that she is not ordering women back to the home. "The bottom line is a lot more nuanced," she said. "It doesn"t have to be "you" there after school, but there are not enough protective, supporting, loving adults around." Neighbourhoods, she added, "are so emptied of adult presence that even the richest kids just go home, throw the deadbolt and get no exercise more strenuous than walking from the video game to the refrigerator." The result of being home alone is not just snacking and obesity but casual sex, leading to an explosion in venereal diseases that can lead to infertility and cervical cancer, Eberstadt said.

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. In our time women have an average lifespan of almost 80 years; double of what it was in the last century. Motherhood can be postponed and in theory marriage can be postponed. Women in the USA are studying more than men and they may become main breadwinner in the near future.B. Many women go through life thinking, consciously or unconsciously, that a man will solve all their problems, "Once we are married, everything will be OK." This attitude only set us up for failure. Men are not princes ready to take any challenge to rescue the princesses; they are human beings with their own needs and fears.C. Carrie was wondering in her bedroom about the continent that her friend, New York socialite Charlotte York, made "Women want to be rescued." Carrie wonders. "Is that true? Is that the only thing women want? Rescued by whom? If the prince did not kiss Snow White, would she have been frozen forever or would she have woken up anyway and moved on?" Snow-White probably had no other chance, but we do.D. No wonder our society has changed. On the other hand, our values have not changed fast enough and many women, more.so Hispanic women, are just waiting to be rescued by the prince. These women have not realized they no longer need to be rescued; they need a man for other reasons, not to take care of them.E. Women in our society have.so many options that we do not need anybody else to rescue us; we are the only ones that can rescue ourselves. If you have areas of your life that you want to improve, go ahead; do it for you and for you only, or accept yourself as you are. Do not be.so naive that you think.someone else can take care of all your problems. Life does not work like that. Live life to the fullest, be happy with who you are and you will see that if you are happy with yourself, you will make others happy, including your man.F. Our society has changed in a remarkable way in the last 50 years or so. And there are many reasons for it. At the beginning of the 20th century women"s life span was about 40 years. There fore, life needed to start earlier if a woman were going to live for only 40 years; motherhood was a priority. Men used to work and women stayed at home and took care of them and their kids. Women could not survive without a man; women needed to be rescued.G. Women are caregivers. We are strong and smart and we have the ability to take care of ourselves; we do not need to be rescued by anyone. When we are giving our power to others in exchange for security, we axe also giving up our freedom. Are you waiting to be rescued? 13o you ever think like that?Order: C is the first paragraph and G is the last.

Imagine the U.S. economic gains of the 1990s, and what comes to mind? Perhaps it was how the stock market ruled: All those initial public offerings that raked in unprecedented billions for venture capitalists. And wasn"t it a great time to be a top manager, with productivity gains boosting the bottom line and igniting executive pay? While it was going on, venture capitalist L. John Doerr called the boom the "largest single legal creation of wealth in history." Well, yes and no. With the recession apparently over, it"s now possible to make a more realistic assessment of the entire business cycle of the 1990s: The sluggish recovery that started in March, 1991, the extraordinary boom, the tech bust, and the downturn of 2001. And guess what? A lot of things happened that defy the conventional beliefs about the decade. Over this 10-year period, productivity rose at a 2.2% annual rate, roughly half a percentage point faster than in the 1980s—a significant gain. But the real stunner is this: The biggest winners from the faster productivity growth of the 1990s were workers, not investors. In many ways, the most tangible sign of worker gains in the 1990s was the home-buying boom. This revelation helps us understand why consumer spending stayed so strong in the recession and why businesses may still struggle in the months ahead. By contrast, the return on the stock market in the 1990s business cycle was actually lower than it was in the business cycle of the 80s. Adjusted for inflation and including dividends, average annual returns on the S＆P-500 index from March, 1991, to the end of 2001 were 11.1%, compared with 12.8% in the previous business cycle. Overall, Business Week calculates that U.S. workers received 99% of the gains from faster productivity growth in the 1990s at nonfinancial corporations. Corporate profits did rise sharply, but much of that gain was fueled by lower interest rates rather than increased productivity. Why did workers fare so well in the 1990s? The education level of many Americans made an impressive leap in the "90s, putting them in a better position to qualify for the sorts of jobs that the New Economy created. Low unemployment rates drove up wages. And a torrent of foreign money coming into the U.S. created new jobs and financed productivity-enhancing equipment investment. As it turns out, the original perceptions of who benefited most from the productivity gains of the 1990s was flipped on its head. Looking ahead, the economic pie is growing bigger all the time, but it"s still up for grabs who will get the largest piece in the future. And in the end, that"s the real lesson of the 1990s.

The sight of eight long black legs moving over the floor makes some people scream and run—and women are four times more likely to take fright than men. Now a study suggests that females are genetically prone to develop fears for potentially dangerous animals. David Rakison, a developmental psychologist at Carnegie Mellon University inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, found that baby girls only 11 months old rapidly start to associate pictures of spiders with fear. Baby boys remain merrily indifferent to this connection. In an initial training phase Rakison showed 10 baby girls and boys a picture of a spider together with a fearful face. In the following test phase he let them watch the image of a spider paired with a happy face, and the image of a flower paired with a fearful face. Despite the spider"s happy companion, the girls looked significantly longer at it than at the flower. The researchers took this to mean that the girls expected spiders to be linked with fear. The boys looked for an equal time at both images. With a different group of babies, Rakison first showed a spider with a happy face, and a flower with a fearful face. Now the girls too looked at both images for the same length of time—implying that they did not have an inborn fear of spiders. The results suggest that girls are more inclined than boys to learn to fear dangerous animals. By contrast, says Rakison, modem phobias such as fear of flying or injections show no sex difference. He attributes the difference to behavioural differences between men and women among our hunter-gatherer ancestors.A dislike for spiders may help women avoid dangerous animals, but in men evolution seems to have favoured more risk-taking behaviour for successful hunting. It makes evolutionary sense to acquire spider fear at a certain age, rather than to be born with it, he adds. "There is little reason for an infant to fear an object unless it can respond to it, for example by crawling away," he says. But if being scared of spiders is genetically inclined, is there any point in seeing a psychiatrist? "Even if a person is heavily inclined to develop spider phobia, exposure therapy would still be effective," says Jaime Derringer, a clinical psychologist from Washington University in St Louis. "But it may be more difficult to eliminate the association between spiders and a fearful response," she says.

"You need an apartment alone even if it's over a garage," declared Helen Gurley Brown in her 1962 bestseller "Sex and the Single Girl". To Brown, solo living afforded the【C1】______to cultivate the self, furnish the mind and work late, and so on. Young women【C2】______enjoy their best years without a(n) 【C3】______, she advised, as this not only【C4】______the foundation for stronger marriages【C5】______gave them a lifestyle to fall back on【C6】______they found themselves alone again. 【C7】______at the time, Brown's counsel seems sensible now. Certainly both【C8】______have taken it to heart, marrying later, divorcing【C9】______and living alone in larger numbers than ever before.【C10】______little is known about the wider social【C11】______of this unprecedented boom, writes Eric Kli-nenberg, a sociologist at New York University. His new book "Going Solo" offers a【C12】______look at the lures and perils of living alone. Mr Klinenberg【C13】______those who see the rise of solo living as yet another【C14】______of the decline of civic society.【C15】______marriage is no longer the ticket to adulthood, a desire to live alone is perfectly【C16】______, he writes. Young adults view it as a rite of passage, a period of personal growth before possibly【C17】______. Its cultural acceptance has helped to【C18】______women from bad marriages and oppressive families,【C19】______them a space to return to civic life. And as elderly adults live longer than ever before, often without a partner, many hope to stay【C20】______for as long as possible.

The evolutionary process culminating in man was finally completed about 35,000 years ago with the appearance of Homo Sapiens, or "thinking man". (1)_____ in broadest perspective, this represents the second major turning (2)_____ in the course of (3)_____ on this planet. The first occurred when life (4)_____ out of inorganic matter. After that momentous (5)_____, all living forms evolved by adapting (6)_____ their environment, as was evident during the climate turmoil of the Pleistocene. But with the (7)_____ of man, the evolutionary process was (8)_____. No longer did genes adapt to environment. Instead, man adapted by changing the environment to (9)_____ his genes. Today, a third (10)_____ turning point appears (11)_____, as man"s growing knowledge of the structure and function of genes may soon enable him to (12)_____ his genes as well as his environment. Man, and only man, has been able to create a made-to-order environment, or culture, as it is called. The reason is (13)_____ only man can symbolize, or (14)_____ things and concepts divorced from here-and-now reality. Only he laughs, and only he knows that he will die. Only he has wondered (15)_____ the universe and its origins, about his place in it and in the hereafter. With these unique and revolutionizing abilities, man has been able to (16)_____ with his environment without alteration. His culture in the new no biological way of having fur in the Arctic, water storage in the desert, and fins in the water. More concretely, culture (17)_____ tools, clothing, ornaments, institutions, language, art forms, and religious beliefs and (18)_____. All these have served to adapt man to his physical environment and to his fellowman. Indeed, story of man is simply the story of a (19)_____ of cultures that he has created, form his Paleolithic (20)_____ to the present day.

When it comes to eating smart for your heart, stop thinking about short-term fixes and simplify life with a straightforward approach that will serve you well for years to come. Smart eating goes beyond analyzing every bite you lift【C1】______your mouth. "In the past we used to believe that【C2】______amounts of individual nutrients were the 【C3】______to good health," Linda Van Horn, chair of the American Heart Association" s Nutrition Committee. "But now we have a【C4】______understanding of healthy eating and the kinds of food necessary to【C5】______ not only heart disease but disease【C6】______general," she adds. Scientists now 【C7】______on the broader picture of the balance of food eaten【C8】______several days or a week【C9】______ than on the number of milligrams of this or that【C10】______at each meal. Fruits, vegetables and whole grains, for example, provide nutrients and plant-based compounds【C11】______for good health. "The more we learn, the more 【C12】______we are by the wealth of essential substances they【C13】______ ," Van Horn continues, "and how they【C14】______with each other to keep us healthy." You"ll automatically be 【C15】______the right heart-healthy track if vegetables, fruits and whole grains make【C16】______three quarters of the food on your dinner plate.【C17】______ in the remaining one quarter with lean meat or chicken, fish or eggs. The foods you choose to eat as well as those you choose to【C18】______clearly contribute to your well-being. Without a【C19】______ , each of the small decisions you make in this realm can make a big 【C20】______on your health in the years to come.

A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that there are an average of 30 in-flight medical emergencies on U.S. flights every day. Most of them are not grave; fainting, dizziness and hyperventilation are the most frequent complaints. But 13% of them—roughly four a day—are serious enough to require a pilot to change course. The most common of the seriousemergencies include heart trouble (46%), strokes and other neurological problems (18%), and difficult breathing (6%). Let"s face it: plane riders are stressful. For starters, cabin pressures at high altitudes are set at roughly what they would be if you lived at 5,000 to 8,000 feet above sea level. Most people can tolerate these pressures pretty easily, but passengers with heart disease may experience chest pains as a result of the reduced amount of oxygen flowing through their blood. Low pressure can also cause the air in body cavities to expand—as much as 30%. Again, most people won"t notice anything beyond mild stomach cramping. But if you"ve recently had an operation, your wound could open. And if a medical de-vice has been implanted in your body—a splint, a tracheotomy tube or a catheter—it could expand and cause injury. Another common in-flight problem is deep venous thrombosis—the so-called economy-class syndrome. When you sit too long in a cramped position, the blood in our legs tends to clot. Most people just get sore calves. But blood clots, left untreated, could travel to the lungs, causing breathing difficulties and even death. Such clots are readily prevented by keeping blood flowing; walk and stretch your legs when possible. Whatever you do, don"t panic. Things are looking up on the in-flight-emergency front. Doctors who come to passengers" aid used to worry about getting sued; their fears have lifted somewhat since the 1998 Aviation Medical Assistance Act gave them "good Samaritan" protection. And thanks to more recent legislation, flights with at least one attendant are starting to install emergency medical kits with automated defibrillators to treat heart attacks.Are you still wondering if you are healthy enough to fly? If you can walk 150 ft or climb a flight of stairs without getting winded, you"ll probably do just fine. Having a doctor close by doesn"t hurt, either.

[A]Theculpritisclimatechange,causedbysociety'sburningoffossilfuels.Whenitcomestoglobalwarming,farmerswhoaremoreattunedtoweatherpatternsthanmostpeople—maybetheproverbialcanariesinthecoalmine.Theweather,ofcourse,hasneverbeenexactlydependable—farmershavealwaysbeenatthemercyofthevagariesofsunandrain.Generalweatherpatternshaveatleastbeenbroadlypredictable,allowingfarmerstoknowwhentosowtheirseeds,whentotransplant,whentoharvest.Asweatherpatternsbecomelessreliable,growerswillbetestedtodevelopnewrhythmsandsystemsforgrowingcrops.[B]MostkeyboardjockeyswoulddiefortheviewfromOrinMartin'sofficewindow:appletreesinblossom,linesofcitrus,dozensofvarietiesofflowersandneatrowsofpeppersandpotatoes.MartinisafarmerinSantaCruz,Calif.,whereforthelast30yearshehasbeenaninstructorattheUniversityofCalifornia'sagro-ecologyprogram,oneofthenation'soldestorganicagriculturecurriculums.[C]Whatallagricultureexpertsagreeonisthatfarmersneedtostartpreparingtodayforclimatechange.Growersoughttobethinkingaboutwhatwarmertemperatures,fluctuationsinprecipitation,andanincreaseinextremeweathereventswillmeanfortheirfarms,andhowtheycanrespond."Thisischange:it'snotnecessarilydisaster,"saysGrubinger."Thedisasterwillcomeifpeoplearen'tprepared."[D]Inrecentyears,however,somethinghasbeenwronginhisidyllicsetting.Theweatherischanginginstrangeways.FromNewEnglandtotheMidwesttoCalifornia,farmersandscientistsarenoticingthatonce-dependableweatherpatternsareshifting.[E]Amongfarmersandresearchers,thereisdisagreementaboutwhichtypesofgrowersclimatechangewillimpactmost—largeagribusinessgrowingoperations,orsmaller,family-runfarms.Someagricultureindustryobserverssaythatthebiggerfarmerswillhaveanadvantageincopingwithweatherchanges,astheywillhavemoreresourcestoswitchtonewcrops.Otherssaythatsincefamilyfarmsusuallygrowawiderrangeofcrops,theirbiologicaldiversitywillmakeiteasiertocopewithwhateverchangesoccur.[F]Toomuchrainatthewrongtimecanmakeitdifficulttoplantorharvestcrops.Above-averagerainfallalsocontributestofungiandinsectsthatcandramaticallyreducecropyields.Toomuchwarmthisequallyproblematic.Someplantsrequireacertainnumberoffrostdayseachyearinordertothrivethefollowingspring.Astemperatureswarm,farmersmayfindthemselveshavingtoeithershifttodifferentcropsoractuallymovetheiroperationstonewlocales.Unreliableweatherwillmakeitharderforfarmerstobeasproductiveaswehavecometoexpect.Order:

In October 2002, Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank 【C1】______ a new electronic market for economic indices that 【C2】______ substantial economic risks, such as nonfarm payroll (a measure of job availability) and retail sales. This new market was made possible by a【C3】______rating technology, developed by Longitude, a New York company providing software for financial markets, 【C4】______the Parimutuel Digital Call Auction. This is "digital"【C5】______of a digital option: i.e., it pays out only if an underlying index lies in a narrow, discrete range. In effect, Longitude has created a horse race, where each "horse" wins if and 【C6】______the specified index falls in a specified range. By creating horses for every possible【C7】______of the index, and allowing people to bet 【C8】______any number of runners, the company has produced a liquid integrated electronic market for a wide array of options on economic indices. Ten years ago it was【C9】______ impossible to make use of electronic information about home values. Now, mortgage lenders have online automated valuation models that allow them to estimate values and to 【C10】______the risk in their portfolios. This has led to a proliferation of types of home loan, some of 【C11】______ have improved risk-management characteristics. We are also beginning to see new kinds of【C12】______for homes, which will make it possible to protect the value of 【C13】______, for most people, is the single most important 【C14】______of their wealth. The Yale University-Neighbourhood Reinvestment Corporation programme, 【C15】______ last year in the city of Syracuse, in New York state, may be a model for home-equity insurance policies that【C16】______ sophisticated economic indices of house prices to define the 【C17】______of the policy. Electronic futures markets that are based on econometric indices of house prices by city, already begun by City Index and IG Index in Britain and now【C18】______ developed in the United States, will enable home-equity insurers to hedge the risks that they acquire by writing these policies. These examples are not impressive successes yet. But they【C19】______as early precursors of a technology that should one day help us to deal with the massive risks of inequality that【C20】______will beset us in coming years.