Mark Twain once observed that giving up smoking is easy. He knew, because he"d done it hundreds of times himself. Giving up for ever is a trifle more difficult, apparently, and it is well known that it is much more difficult for some people than for others. Why is this so? Few doctors believe any longer that it is simply a question of will power. And for those people that continue to view addicts as merely "weak", recent genetic research may force a rethink. A study conducted by Jacqueline Vink, of the Free University of Amsterdam, used a database called the Netherlands Twin Register to analyze the smoking habits of twins. Her results suggest that an individual"s degree of nicotine dependence, and even the number of cigarettes he smokes per day, are strongly genetically influenced. The Netherlands Twin Register is a voluntary database that is prized by geneticists because they allow the comparison of identical twins (who share all their genes) with fraternal twins (who share half). In this case, however, Dr. Vink did not make use of that fact. For her, the database was merely a convenient repository of information. Instead of comparing identical and fraternal twins, she concentrated on the adult fraternal twins, most of whom had completed questionnaires about their habits, including smoking, and 536 of whom had given DNA samples to the register. The human genome is huge. It consists of billions of DNA "letters", some of which can be strung together to make sense (the genes), but many of which have either no function, or an unknown function. To follow what is going on, geneticists rely on markers they have identified within the genome. These are places where the genetic letters may vary between individuals. If a particular variant is routinely associated with a particular physical feature or a behavior pattern, it suggests that a particular version of a nearby gene is influencing that feature or behavior. Dr. Vink hopes that finding genes responsible for nicotine dependence will make it possible to identify the causes of such dependence. That will help to classify smokers better (some are social smokers while others are physically addicted) and thus enable "quitting" programmes to be customized. Results such as Dr. Vink"s must be interpreted with care. Association studies, as such projects are known, have a disturbing habit of disappearing, as it were, in a puff of smoke when someone tries to replicate them. But if Dr. Vink really has exposed a genetic link with addiction, then Mark Twain"s problem may eventually become a thing of the past.

In 1956, when the cold war was at its peak, America deployed a "secret sonic weapon", as a newspaper headline put it at the time. That weapon was Dizzy Gillespie, a famed jazz musician, who was given the task of changing the world"s view of American culture through rhythm and beat. Crowds poured into the street to dance. Cultural diplomacy died down after the cold war ended. But the attacks of September 11th 2001 convinced the State Department to send out America"s musicians once again to woo hearts and minds with melody. Rhythm Road, a program run by the State Department and a non-profit organization, Jazz at Lincoln Centre, has made informal diplomats out of both musicians and audiences. Since it began in 2005, musicians have travelled to 96 countries. One band went to Mauritania, a country in northwestern Africa, after last year"s coup; many depart for countries that have strained relationships with America. The musicians travel to places where some people have never seen an American. Jazz, so participants in the program, is well-suited to diplomacy. It is collaborative, allowing individuals both to harmonize and play solo—much like a democracy, says Ari Roland, who plays bass for a band that left New York to tour the Middle East on March 31st. Jazz is also a reminder of music"s power. It helped break down racial barriers, as enthusiasts of all colors gathered to listen to jazz when segregation was still the law of the land. The State Department spent 10 million US dollars on cultural diplomacy programs in the year to September 30th 2008. But most expect funding for the initiative to increase under Barack Obama, who pledged his support for cultural diplomacy during his campaign. Rhythm Road now sends out hip-hop and bluegrass bands as well. There are some dissenters. Nick Cull, the director of the Public Diplomacy Program at the University of Southern California, thinks that these diplomatic projects would be more productive if they were not administered by the same agency that oversees the country"s foreign-policy agenda. And there is also clamor for Mr. Obama to appoint a secretary of culture in his cabinet. What good, they ask, is sending American culture abroad, when the country is not giving it proper attention at home?

[A]Allinall,thenumberssuggestthatagingissimplydifferentintheactive.[B]Asitturnedout,thecyclistsdidnotshowtheirage.Onalmostallmeasures,theirphysicalfunctioningremainedfairlystableacrossthedecadesandwasmuchclosertothatofyoungadultsthanofpeopletheirage.Asagroup,eventheoldestcyclistshadyoungerpeople'slevelsofbalance,reflexes,metabolichealthandmemoryability.[C]Activeolderpeopleresemblemuchyoungerpeoplephysiologically,accordingtoanewstudyoftheeffectsofexerciseonaging.Thefindingssuggestthatmanyofourexpectationsabouttheinevitabilityofphysicaldeclinewithadvancingyearsmaybeincorrectandthathowweageis,toalargedegree,uptous.Agingremainsasurprisinglymysteriousprocess.Awealthofpastscientificresearchhasshownthatmanybodilyandcellularprocesseschangeinundesirablewaysaswegrowolder.Butsciencehasnotbeenabletoestablishdefinitivelywhethersuchchangesresultprimarilyfromthepassageoftimeorresultatleastinpartfromlifestyle.[D]Thisconundrumisparticularlytrueintermsofinactivity.Olderpeopletendtobequitesedentarynowadays,andbeingsedentaryaffectshealth,makingitdifficulttoseparatetheeffectsofnotmovingfromthoseofgettingolder.Inthenewstudy,whichwaspublishedthisweekinTheJournalofPhysiology,scientistsatKing'sCollegeLondonandtheUniversityofBirminghaminEnglanddecidedtouseadifferentapproach.Theyremovedinactivityasafactorintheirstudyofagingbylookingatthehealthofolderpeoplewhomovequiteabit.[E]Thescientiststhenraneachvolunteerthroughalargearrayofphysicalandcognitivetests.Thescientistsdeterminedeachcyclist'sendurancecapacity,muscularmassandstrength,pedalingpower,metabolichealth,balance,memoryfunction,bonedensityandreflexes.Theresearcherscomparedtheresultsofcyclistsinthestudyagainsteachotherandalsoagainststandardbenchmarksofsupposedlynormalaging.Ifaparticulartest'snumbersweresimilaramongthecyclistsofallages,theresearchersconsidered,thenthatmeasurewouldseemtobemoredependentonactivitythanonage.[F]Toaccomplishthatgoal,thescientistsrecruited85menand41womenagedbetween55and79whobicycleregularly.Thevolunteerswereallseriousrecreationalridersbutnotcompetitiveathletes.Themenhadtobeabletorideatleast62milesinsixandahalfhoursandthewomen37milesinfiveandahalfhours,benchmarkstypicalofahighdegreeoffitnessinolderpeople.[G]Someaspectsofagingdid,however,provetobeineluctable.Theoldestcyclistshadlessmuscularpowerandmassthanthoseintheir50sandearly60sandconsiderablyloweroverallaerobiccapacities.Agedoesseemtoreduceourenduranceandstrengthtosomeextent,Dr.Harridgesaid,evenifweexercise.Butevenso,bothofthosemeasureswerehigheramongtheoldestcycliststhanwouldbeconsideredaverageamongpeopleaged70orabove.Order:

Some people are friendly drunks, whereas others are hostile, potentially posing a danger to themselves and others. The difference may【C1】______in their ability to foresee the consequences of their actions, according to a recent study. Brad Bushman, a psychologist at Ohio State University, and his colleagues asked nearly 500 volunteers to play a simple game. The subjects, an even mix of women and men, believed they were【C2】______against an opponent to press a button as quickly as possible. In【C3】______, they were simply using a computer program that randomly decided【C4】______they had won or lost. When they lost, they【C5】______a shock. When the "opponent" lost, the participant gave the shock and chose how long and【C6】______ it should be. 【C7】______playing, the participants completed a survey designed to【C8】______their general concern for the【C9】______consequences of their actions. Half the participants then received enough alcohol mixed with orange juice to make them legally【C10】______, and the other half received a drink with a very【C11】______amount of alcohol in it. Subjects who expressed little interest in consequences were more likely to【C12】______longer, stronger shocks. In the【C13】______group, they were slightly more aggressive than people who【C14】______about consequences. When drunk, 【C15】______, their aggressiveness was off the charts. "They are【C16】______the most aggressive people in the study," Bushman says. The good news is that this【C17】______can be changed. Michael McKloskey, a psychologist at Temple University, explains that if【C18】______people can learn to see the【C19】______more realistically, they"re able to stay calmer and develop a sense of【C20】______over their consequences.

How to Plug the Brain Drain?

One problem with much personality research is that it examines and rates whatever traits the researchers are interested in at the time: conscientiousness, emotional stability and so on. But when we 【C1】______someone in real life, we don"t consider an array of personality measures; instead, we focus on a few【C2】______ traits that sum up the【C3】______of the person. One is particularly anxious, another is【C4】______ reliable, yet another is a "live wire". While we might hesitate to characterize individuals along every personality dimension, we can accurately identify them【C5】______ their key characteristics. In research at Stanford University, Daryl Ben and Andrea Allen tested this idea by first asking college students【C6】______they were consistently or only occasionally friendly and then 【C7】______their parents and friends how friendly the students were. Ben and Allen observed how the students acted under two specific conditions:【C8】______they spoke in small groups and how quickly they 【C9】______a conversation with strangers. The researchers found that students who considered themselves consistently friendly were indeed more likely to be【C10】______ in both circumstances than were those who【C11】______ themselves only intermittently friendly. 【C12】______that, the friendliness ratings by parents and peers of the students who were consistently friendly were very similar【C13】______the students" self-ratings and【C14】______accurately how they would act in two conditions. It seems that we can【C15】______ourselves accurately and that others can rate us very well on traits【C16】______serve as our trademarks. To predict how someone will behave in a given situation, we must【C17】______ the requirements of the situation with the trademark characteristics of the person【C18】______. People who are strongly of one type or【C19】______should react predictably in a given situation,【C20】______the behavior of other, more diffuse personalities is harder to anticipate.

When and how much? Those are the questions on the lips of investors, bondholders, and other Federal Reserve watchers. The Fed kept interest rates on hold at its Mar. 19th meeting. But the accompanying statement, in which the Fed abandoned its view that economic weakness was the greatest risk in the outlook, makes it clear that policymakers are thinking about the timing of rate hikes in order to bring monetary policy back to a neutral stance. Even so, there are other factors that argue for some rise in short-term rates—perhaps as early as June, as Wall Street expects. While the Fed"s words lessen the chances of a rate hike at the May meeting, they do not set the criteria for a possible hike at the June 25-26 meeting. The latest data seems to come down on the "evenly mixed" scenario. Businesses are backing off from last year"s feverish pace of stock-cutting, but domestic demand is holding up. Factories are busier in response to rising Orders. In particular, the makers of tech equipment are boosting output at a rapid clip. At the same time, the wider trade gap in January suggests that some of the inventory swing is benefiting foreign producers. Keep in mind that a bigger trade gap subtracts from economic growth, but a rise in U.S. imports is necessary to give rise to a global rebound. That will eventually boost exports as well and help to better align monetary policy around the world. The Fed"s decision to shift to a neutral stance was probably made easier by the latest good news on industrial production. Output at factories, utilities, and mines increased 0.4% in February on top of a 0.2% January gain, which was first reported as a 0.l% loss. Manufacturing output rose 0.3% in each month, the best showing since mid-2000. Surprisingly, the long-ailing tech sector is leading the charge. Tech production is growing at a double-digit annual rate in the first quarter, vs. almost no gain in the rest of manufacturing. But even that small rise in nontech manufacturing is a vast improvement from the steep declines of the previous six quarters. Just as tech is fueling the rebound in U.S. factory activity, tech imports are leading the import rise. Incoming shipments of tech goods jumped 14.6% in January, suggesting stronger capital spending. As demand picks up, the Fed will want to remove itself from the equation of economic pluses and minuses. Step One was the shift in its view of the outlook. Step Two will be a series of rate hikes that will bring policy more in line with sustainable economic growth.

The question of where insights come from has become a hot topic in neuroscience, despite the fact that they are not easy to induce experimentally in a laboratory. Dr. Bhattacharya and Dr. Sheth have taken a creative approach. They have selected some brain-teasing but practical problems in the hope that these would get closer to mimicking real insight. To qualify, a puzzle had to be simple, not too widely known and without a methodical solution. The researchers then asked 18 young adults to try to solve these problems while their brainwaves were monitored using an electroencephalograph (EEG). A typical brain-teaser went like this. There are three light switches on the ground-floor wall of a three-storey house. Two of the switches do nothing, but one of them controls a bulb on the second floor. When you begin, the bulb is off. You can only make one visit to the second floor. How do you work out which switch is the one that controls the light? This problem, or one equivalent to it, was presented on a computer screen to a volunteer when that volunteer pressed a button. The electrical activity of the volunteer"s brain (his brainwave pattern) was recorded by the EEG from the button"s press. Each volunteer was given 30 seconds to read the puzzle and another 60 to 90 seconds to solve it. Some people worked it out; others did not. The significant point, though, was that the EEG predicted who would fall where. Those volunteers who went on to have an insight (in this case that on their one and only visit to the second floor they could use not just the light but the heat produced by a bulb as evidence of an active switch) had had different brainwave activity from those who never got it. In the right frontal cortex, a part of the brain associated with shifting mental states, there was an increase in high-frequency gamma waves (those with 47~48 cycles a second). Moreover, the difference was noticeable up to eight seconds before the volunteer realised he had found the solution. Dr. Sheth thinks this may be capturing the "transformational thought" in action, before the brain"s "owner" is consciously aware of it. This finding poses fascinating questions about how the brain really works. Conscious thought, it seems, does not solve problems. Instead, unconscious processing happens in the background and only delivers the answer to consciousness once it has been arrived at. Food for further thought, indeed.

BPart CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese./B

Climate change is supposed to unfold slowly, over decades. But that is not true up in the great white north, as those attending the AAAS meeting's session on climate change in the Arctic were reminded. Temperatures there are 2°C higher than their long-term average, and the upper layers of parts of the Arctic Ocean are hotter than they have been for at least 2,000 years. Summer sea ice has been vanishing faster than even the gloomiest researchers thought likely, with some now predicting the first completely ice-free summer as soon as the 2020s. The Arctic is not, though, isolated from the rest of the world; rapid changes there could have knock-on effects elsewhere. Whether or not that is happening was a question addressed by Jennifer Francis, an atmospheric scientist at Rutgers University. It is a topical subject. Along with much of the rest of America, Chicago endured a fierce and prolonged cold snap in January, in which temperatures fell to -27°C, the lowest since 1884. Meanwhile, Brits at the conference were fleeing a country that had been soaked by the heaviest winter rains in two and a half centuries, and battered by a seemingly endless succession of Atlantic storms and gales. Campaigners in both countries have been quick to blame climate change for the rotten weather. But things are rarely so straightforward in climatology. The best Dr Francis could offer was a theory as to why a warmer Arctic might be expected to lead to wilder weather in mid-latitudes, and some tentative but suggestive evidence that this is already happening. Her idea rests on the jet stream, a powerful, persistent, high-altitude "river of air" which flows around the world from west to east, affecting the weather as it goes. The jet stream is driven in part by the temperature difference between cold Arctic air and the warmer air of middle latitudes. Because the Arctic is warming more rapidly than the rest of the planet, that difference is shrinking. This ought to produce a less potent jet stream. And a less potent jet stream is a more unpredictable one.

Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counterculture as responsible for the decline of formal English. Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter' s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of "whom", for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. But the cult of the authentic and the personal, "doing our own thing", has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including nonstandard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive—there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper. Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms—he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English "on paper plates instead of china". A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.

Heart failure patients who started an aerobic exercise program reported better quality of life after three months, though the activity only modestly reduced their risk of being hospitalized or dying over two and a half years, researchers have found. The results appear to resolve the question of whether it is safe for medically stable patients with heart failure to engage in physical activity, since participants in the exercise group were no more likely to suffer an adverse event than those who were not exercising. Patients with heart failure have traditionally been told to rest, but that recommendation is changing in light of evidence that suggests physical activity is beneficial and may even increase survival rates in some patients. Two studies, to be published Wednesday in The Journal of the American Medical Association, report data from a controlled clinical trial sponsored by the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. One analysis found that exercise improved overall well-being, while the other found that it slightly reduced the risk of hospital admissions and death. Some five million Americans have heart failure, in which the heart fails to pump enough blood for the body"s needs, and an estimated 500,000 cases are diagnosed each year. Though medication and other treatments exist, patients often suffer from poor quality of life. Simple activities like climbing stairs leave them tired and short of breath; they are frequently hospitalized and at high risk for premature death. The trial followed 2,331 stable heart failure patients from the United States, Canada and France, with a median age of 59. Fewer than one-third were women. The patients were randomly assigned to their usual medical care or to standard treatment combined with an aerobic exercise program, then followed for two and a half years on average. Exercise participants began by using a treadmill or a stationary bicycle 15 minutes to 35 minutes three times a week, working up to 40 minutes five times a week. Death and hospitalization rates were only slightly lower in the exercise group. About 65 percent, or 759 patients, in the exercise training group died or were hospitalized, compared with 68 percent, or 796 patients, in the usual care group. After accounting for several variables, the scientists determined that patients who exercised cut their risk of death and hospitalization by 11 percent. Dr. Kathryn E. Flynn, an assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the Duke School of Medicine, said over half of the patients who exercised had palpable improvements in quality of life measures, compared with only 29 percent in the group that received usual care.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about happiness. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each numbered paragraph. The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.A. Various definitions and interpretations of happiness.B. One episode of enjoying happiness.C. Some misconceptions about happiness.D. Where to seek happiness?E. Happiness is equivalent to the ability to rejoice.F. The complexity of how to define happiness. "Are you happy?" I asked my brother, Ian, one day. "Yes. Nod It depends what you mean", he said. "Then tell me", I said, "when was the last time you think you were happy?" "April 1967", he said. It served me right for putting a serious question to someone who has joked his way through life. But Ian"s answer reminded me that when we think about happiness, we usually think of something extraordinary, a pinnacle of sheer delight—and those pinnacles seem to get rarer the older we get. (41)______. For a child, happiness has a magical quality. I remember making hide-outs in newly cut hay, playing cops and robbers in the woods, getting a speaking part in the school play. Of course, kids also experience lows, but their delight at such peaks of pleasure as winning a race or getting a new bike is unreserved. In the teenage years the concept of happiness changes. Suddenly it"s conditional on such things as excitement, love, popularity and whether that zit will clear up before prom night I can still feel the agony of not being invited to a party that almost everyone else was going to. But I also recall the ecstasy of being plucked from obscurity at another event to dance with a John Travolta look-alike. In adulthood the things that bring profound joy—birth, love, marriage—also bring responsibility and the risk of loss. Love may not last, sex isn"t always good, loved ones die. For adults, happiness is complicated. (42)______. My dictionary defines happy as "lucky" or "fortunate", but I think a better definition of happiness is "the capacity for enjoyment". The more we can enjoy what we have, the happier we are. It"s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, even good health. I added up my little moments of pleasure yesterday. First there was sheer bliss when I shut the last lunchbox and had the house to myself. Then I spent an uninterrupted morning writing, which I love. When the kids came home, I enjoyed their noise after the quiet of the day. Later, peace descended again, and my husband and I enjoyed another pleasure-intimacy. Sometimes just the knowledge that he wants me can bring me joy. (43)______. You never know where happiness will turn up next. When I asked friends what makes them happy, some mentioned seemingly insignificant moments. "I hate shopping", one friend said. "But there"s this clerk who always chats and really cheers me up". Another friend loves the telephone. "Every time it rings, I know someone is thinking about me". (44)______. I get a thrill from driving. One day I stopped to let a school bus turn onto a side road. The driver grinned and gave me a thumbs-up sign. We were two allies in a world of mad motorists. It made me smile. We all experience moments like these. Too few of us register then as happiness. (45)______. Psychologists tell us that to be happy we need a blend of enjoyable leisure time and satisfying work. I doubt that my great-grandmother, who raised 14 children and took in washing, had much of either. She did have a net-work of close friends and family, and maybe this is what fulfilled her. If she was happy with what she had, perhaps it was because she didn"t expect life to be very different. We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we "gotta have". We"re so self-conscious about our "right" to it that it"s making us miserable. So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that the people who have those things aren"t necessarily happier. While happiness may be more complex for us, the solution is the same as ever. Happiness isn"t about what happens to us—it"s about how we perceive what happens to us. It"s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge. It"s not wishing for what we don"t have, but enjoying what we do possess.

Efforts could potentially avoid at least some of the psychopathy (mental illness) that underlies school shootings, since medicine now can help even the most severely ill. And they would also benefit the many young people struggling with far less extreme brain disorders. The U.S. Secret Service, which studies "targeted violence", provides insighton the urgency of the need in its 2002 "Safe School Initiative" report: School attacks, instead of being the random impulsive acts of noisy and cruel fellows, are well-planned events mostly carried out by a single student—who is not evil but mentally ill Except for being male, the 41 attackers studied fit no profile of family background, race, ethnicity, or even academic performance. Many were A and B students. Few had a history of violent or criminal behavior. But their thoughts were of violence, and their behavior was often intimidating. They frequently expressed violent themes in their writings, in one instance portraying killing and suicide as solutions to feelings of despair. The criminals often had telegraphed to other students and teachers their depression or desperation and either talked about or had attempted suicide. Feelings of persecution by others were common and led to growing resentment and anger. Psychiatrists and psychologists recognize that these are red flags demanding medical intervention. Yet one of the most striking findings in the report was that the vast majority of these students never had a mental-health evaluation. No wonder only 17 percent were diagnosed with a psychiatric illness—it wasn"t looked for. That alone points to a huge mental health gap: If the distress of these students didn"t trigger medical attention, it"s unlikely that less severe struggles that are seen in as many as 15 to 20 percent of other students will do so. Only recently have we learned that these are neurodevelopmental disorders whose early signs might well be picked up in routine pediatric screening. For example, a classic behavior in a child that can precede psychosis later in life is speaking to almost no one, even family, says Nasrallah. Genes are known to confer vulnerability, but equally important is the environment. Stress or great disappointment can aggravate symptoms; connecting with an adult in an ongoing relationship can do the opposite. Interventions like social-skills training combined with talk therapy and targeted medication can make a huge difference. Early treatment can lessen the frequency and intensity of psychotic episodes, leaving many patients with only the mildest of symptoms. And the younger the brain, the more malleable it is. The ultimate goal is to not only modify evolution of disease but keep it from arising in the first place. This is achievable, and the path to get there is becoming clear.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

正规教育的地位 ——2009年英译汉及详解 There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.【F1】 It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc.【F2】 Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world"s work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output. But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.【F3】 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident and the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account.【F4】 Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young. 【F5】 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education—that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps adults loyal to their group.

I"ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is. The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls "free writing". In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you"ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near. Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.

You are interested in a position of editor offered by a company. Write a letter of application to them to express your intention. Write your letter with no less than 100 xvords. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

OnProtectingOurForestsWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)interpretitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

When I was in high school, I had almost no individual identity left. I was a Hillcrest Husky and all other high schools were enemies. I was a wrestler and all the other sports were wimps. I was on the debate team and everyone else was dumb. At my high school, everyone had a group; no one was an individual. Wait, I take that back. There were a few individuals, but they were completely outcast from our social order. Never in my life can I remember stronger feelings of hate in high school. But we never called it hate. We called it loyalty. As adults, most of us are better at being an individual than we were in high school, but the influences of group identity continue to promote competition and prejudice in our world. If you are like me, you want to avoid teaching rivalry, conflict and prejudice to your children. One possible strategy for stopping the negative influences of group identity would be: recognize and replay. Look for the prejudice in your life and replace it with charity. Treat every person as an individual and ignore the social classifications created by a group-dependent world. A good friend and I once discussed our differing religions beliefs. He identified with a certain group and I with another. Because of our dependence on group identity, our conversations revolved around the beliefs of the groups. Our individual beliefs, which were quite similar, took a back seat while we discussed topics we knew little about. We defended our groups even when we did not understand or know the official group position on many issues. The resulting rivalry has damaged our friendship ever since. My behavior in this situation is exactly what scripture and wisdom teach us to avoid. How stupid I was to judge my friend by a group standard! How stupid I was to defend my own group even in areas I knew nothing about! I hope I can teach my children to behave differently. Here, I have used religious beliefs to point only one area in which the influence of group identity can create problems. There are many others to consider also. Some of these are marriage, race, culture, language, geographic origin, education, and behavior. We should treat all people as individuals regardless of these conditions. Finally, loyalty and group identity are not always bad. At times, they can help a lonely person to feel loved or a broken soul to feel success. Group identity can also help us to live a higher standard. But positive peer pressure should never replace individual, one-to-one acts of service and love.