CanIBuyInsuranceforMyMarriage?Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.

Last month you bought a pair of leather shoes from a shop. But now you find that the shoes are in bad quality. Write a letter to the manager of the shop to explain 1) your complain, 2) the problem with the shoes, and 3) your request. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

If you have ever longed for a meat substitute that smelt and tasted like the real thing, but did not involve killing an animal, then your order could be ready soon. Researchers believe it will soon be possible to grow cultured meat in quantities large enough to offer the meat industry an alternative source of supply. Growing muscle cells (the main component of meat) in a nutrient broth is easy. The difficulty is persuading those cells to form something that resembles real meat. Paul Kosnik, the head of engineering at a firm called Tissue Genesis, is hoping to do it by stretching the cells with mechanical anchors. This encourages them to form small bundles surrounded by connective tissue, an arrangement similar to real muscle. Robert Dennis, a biomedical engineer at the University of North Carolina, believes the secret of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is to understand how it interacts with its surroundings. In nature, tissues exist as elements in a larger system and they depend on other tissues for their survival. Without appropriate stimuli from their neighbours they degenerate. Dr Dennis and his team have been working on these neighbourly interactions for the past three years and report some success in engineering two of the most important—those between muscles and tendons, and muscles and nerves. At the Touro College School of Health Sciences in New York, Morris Benjaminson and his team are working on removing living tissue from fish, and then growing it in culture. This approach has the advantage that the tissue has a functioning system of blood vessels to deliver nutrients, so it should be possible to grow tissue cultures more than a millimetre thick—the current limit. Henk Haagsman, a meat scientist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, is trying to make minced pork from cultured stem cells with the backing of Stegeman, a sausage company. It could be used in sausages, burgers and sauces. But why would anyone want to eat cultured meat, rather than something freshly slaughtered and just off the bone? One answer, to mix metaphors, is that it would allow vegetarians to have their meatloaf and eat it too. But the sausage-meat project suggests another reason: hygiene. As Ingrid Newkirk of PETA, an animal-rights group, puts it, "no one who considers what"s in a meat hot dog could genuinely express any reluctance at eating a clean cloned meat product." Cultured meat could be grown in sterile conditions, avoiding Salmonella, E. coli and other nasties. It could also be made healthier by adjusting its composition—introducing heart-friendly omega-3 fatty acids, for example. You could even take a cell from an endangered animal and, without threatening its extinction, make meat from it.

SaveWaterWriteanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthedrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

It is not that the scales in the one case, and the balance in the other, differ in the principles of their construction or manner of working; but that the latter(后者)is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in its measurement than the former(前者).

Older people must be given more chances to learn if they are to contribute to society rather than be a financial burden, according to a new study on population published recently. The current approach which【B1】______on younger people and on skills for employment not 【B2】______ to meet the challenges of demographic change, it says. Only 1% of the education budget is【B3】______spent on the oldest third of the population. The 【B4】______ include the fact that most people can expect to spend a third of their lives in【B5】______, that there are now more people over 59 than under 16 and that 11.3 million people are【B6】______state pension age. "【B7】______needs to continue throughout life. Our historic concentration of policy attention and resources【B8】______young people cannot meet the new【B9】______, " says the report' s author, Professor Stephen McNair. The major【B10】______of our education budget is spent on people below the age of 25. 【B11】______people are changing their jobs,【B12】______, partners and lifestyles more often than【B13】______, they need opportunities to learn at every age. 【B14】______ some people are starting new careers in their 50s and later. People need opportunities to make a "midlife review" to【B15】______to the later stages of employed life, and to plan for the transition【B16】______retirement which may now happen【B17】______at any point from 50 to over 90, says McNair. And there should be more money【B18】______to support people in establishing a【B19】______of identity and finding constructive 【B20】______ for the "third age", the 20 or more years they will spend in healthy retired life.

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom—or at least confirm that he' s the kid' s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for a paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore—and another $120 to get the results. More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2, 500. Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption. DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists—and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots. Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptical. "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors—numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father' s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents. Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don' t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person' s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.

BSection III Writing/B

Dietary studies have suggested that people who consume large amounts of vitamin A in foods, multi vitamins, or both are more likely to suffer hip fractures than are people who ingest modest amounts. New evidence bolsters these findings. Researchers have now correlated men"s blood concentrations of vitamin A with a later incidence of broken bones: a comparison that avoids the vagaries that plague diet-recall studies. Taken together, the new work and the diet studies raise knotty questions about the maximum amount of vitamin A that a person can safely ingest each day, says study coauthor Karl Michasson, an orthopedic surgeon at University Hospital in Uppsala, Sweden. He and his colleagues report the new findings in Jan. 23 New England Journal of Medicine. In the United States, the average daily intake of vitamin A through food, specially fish, eggs, and meat, is roughly 2,600 IU (international units) for men, and many multi-vitamins contain 5,000 IU. The US Institute of Medicine recommends that people get 2,300 to 3,000 IU of vitamin A each day and sets the safe upper limit around 10,000 IU. "I believe tiffs upper level should be lowered," Michasson says. When he and his colleagues gave the men dietary questionnaires, they learned that men ingesting as little as 5,000 IU of vitamin A per day were more prone to fractures than were men getting less. Manufacturers should lower the amount of vitamin A in multi-vitamin tablets and fortified foods, such as cereals, says Michasson. The new study began in the early 1970s when researchers stored blood samples from 2,047 men about 50 years old. Since then, 266 of the men have had at least one bone fracture. After dividing the men into five equal groups according to their blood vitamin A concentrations, the researchers found that men in the top group were nearly twice as likely as those in the middle group to have broken a bone. The correlation was particularly strong with fractures of the hip. "I think it"s pretty conclusive now that there"s a bad effect of vitamin A supplementation," says Margo A. Denke, an endocrinologist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas. Elderly people may be at special risk because they"re slow to clear the vitamin from their bodies. Studies of animals have established that excess vitamin A stimulates the formation of cells that dissolve bone. However, since some vitamin A is necessary to maintain good eyesight and general health, Denke and Michasson agree that fully fortified foods and supplements should remain available in countries where poor nutrition puts people at risk of a vitamin A deficiency.

[A]Analyzing your own taste [B]Being cautious when experimenting [C]Finding a model to follow [D]Getting the final look absolutely right [E]Learning to be realistic [F]Making regular conscious choices [G]How to judge people When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it' s something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 【C1】______ For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they've seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 【C2】______ When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you 're likely to meet, when you're going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there's no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else's idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 【C3】______ But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favorite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don' t wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 【C4】______ Some colors bring your natural coloring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colors by all means, but remember that dressing in bright color when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it's good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 【C5】______ So, you've chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your coloring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won' t achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won 't improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn 't fit perfectly, don't buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn 't selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You ' 11 look better and you ' 11 feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian' s book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 percent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn 't it time you made the most of yourself?

Europeans suggest that the reason why so many work-life initiatives come first from America is that American firms have more scope for improvement. Paid holidays there, for instance, are considerably shorter than in Europe. Flexible working and the occasional sabbatical may be the local alternative to Europe"s longer annual leave, a one-off levelling of the non-pay elements of remuneration in the face of international competition. The introduction of flexible working, of itself, gives no guarantee that employees" work life balance will improve. The same technology that enables them to work flexibly from home or on the road also prevents them from ever leaving their office. There are lots of people who choose to sleep close to their mobile phones and their BlackBerries. Is the fashion for work-life balance here to stay? Plenty of companies eschew such corporate programmes. Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia recently told employees to leave if they were not prepared to work weekends and long evenings over the coming months for no extra reward. Sylvia Ann Hewlett, president of the Centre for Work-Life Policy in New York, says that many workers still have what she calls "extreme jobs". Global responsibilities and "always on" communications leave little room for balance. Charles Handy, the author of several books on the changing nature of work, says that young workers today are increasingly "chunking" their lives, dividing them into discrete bits. These include work, parenting, travelling and doing something completely different. He believes this marks a change in attitude that is slowly filtering down from elite knowledge workers to manufacturing employees. Heavy lay-offs in the early 1990s, mostly the result of enthusiasm for the ephemeral fad of re-engineering, changed attitudes to work. For many, downsizing sounded the death-knell for having a job for life. Some go further, arguing that in the not-too-long term, the desire of global firms to entice the West"s educated elite may disappear in a flash of enthusiasm for the graduates of India"s and China"s tertiary-education systems. Even today, less than one in five of the world"s university graduates are white men. However, Liz Ramos, the partner at Bain & Company in charge of human capital, says that though employers are looking to India, it will be a while before India"s business schools produce graduates comparable to those from Europe and America. Despite all the political heat it arouses, moving offshore satisfies only a small part of the demand for skilled labour in developed economies. For some time to come, talented people in the West will demand more from employers, and clever employers will create new gewgaws to entice them to join. Those employers should note that for a growing number of these workers the most appealing gewgaw of all is the freedom to work as and when they please.

He is far from pleased.

Under pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the National Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse in elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects. Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with animals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, President of the Scientists" Center for Animal Welfare, said that students have been performing surgery at random, testing known poisonous substances, and running other pathology experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology. At one science fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard to demonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound sparrows, starved them and observed their behavior. "The amount of abuse has been quite horrifying," Orlans said. Administrators of major science fairs are short-tempered over the teachers" policy change and the impression it has created. "The teachers were sold a bill of goods by Barbara Orlans," said Thurman Grafton, who heads the rules committee for the International Science and Engineering Fair. "Backyard tabletop surgery is just nonsense. The new policies throw cold water on students" inquisitiveness," he said. Grafton said he wouldn"t deny that there hasn"t been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring local and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply with the international fair"s rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said. He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their support after animal welfare groups lobbied for change. The teachers adopted the new policies also to fend off proposed legislation—in states including Missouri and New York—that would restrict or prohibit experiments on animals. Officials of the two teachers" organizations say that they don"t know how many animals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, many biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals, said Wayne Moyer, executive director of the biology teachers" association. On the other, the use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budget cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better animal care to its members.Notes:pathology 病理学lizard 蜥蜴tabletop 桌面short-tempered 脾气lobby for 游说支持fend off 躲开

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

The Euro skeptics contend that the risks of monetary union far outweigh any advantages it may bring. Since exchange rates can (1)_____ be used to offset the strains of different economic conditions prevailing in various member countries, growth and employment problems are inevitable, they say. The resulting political pressures will (2)_____ to demands for large intra-union (3)_____ payments. And (4)_____ political resistance to such payments is inevitable, skeptics regard the EMU as a (5)_____ to further European integration. The (6)_____ of the EMU is groundless. The countries that will soon formally renounce the right to adjust their nominal exchange rates are not (7)_____ up anything they have not already voluntarily surrendered as part of preparations for monetary union. In the past years not one of the 11 founding members of EMU has (8)_____ in order to enhance its (9)_____. What better proof of the determination and (10)_____ of the European countries to form an economic and monetary union? The claims by Euro skeptics that the (11)_____ to EMU membership have sacrificed growth and employment in order to fulfill the convergence criteria don"t hold water.(12)_____, government spending of over 50 percent of GDP and taxes and social (13)_____ contributions of over 40 percent were clear (14)_____ that many countries had widely (15)_____ from being market economies. True, the plan for monetary union (16)_____ countries to get their public finances in (17)_____. But such reforms—to put fiscal and social policies on a healthy, economic footing would have been indispensable anyway. Only with a common currency will the EU"s single market develop its full dynamic potential. The euro will make pricing more transparent, (18)_____ in greater competition and, (19)_____, stronger growth. The days will be over (20)_____, for want of competition, Europe"s economies became rigid and inflexible.

Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and own. Intellectual proper【B1】______from creative thinking and may include products,【B2】______processes, and ideas. Intellectual property is protected 【B3】______ misappropriation. Misappropriation is taking the Intellectual property of others without 【B4】______ compensation and using it for monetary gain. Legal protection is provided for the【B5】______of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks. Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. Patent office 【B6】______ a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is【B7】______. The patent prevents others from making, using, or selling the invention without the owner' s 【B8】______ for a period of 20 years. Copyrights are similar to patents 【B9】______ that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an【B10】______artistic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the owner exclusive rights to copy,【B11】______, display, or perform the work. The copyright prevents others from using and selling the work, the【B12】______of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author【B13】______an additional 70 years. Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a product and【B14】______it from similar others. A service mark is similar to a trademark【B15】______is used to identify services. A trademark prevents others from using the【B16】______or a similar word, name, or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and【B17】______of the brand or to create confusion in the marketplace. 【B18】______ registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be【B19】______for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as【B20】______as the mark' s use continues.

The middle classes have always been the defense wall of society.【F1】 Aristotle believed they were democracy"s secret weapon—the protectors of social values, the moderators of political extremism, and believers in a society run by laws instead of by strongmen. They have also been the engines of economic growth, setting the stage centuries ago for the expansion of capitalism and global trade, and continuing through the ages to snap up every new gadget in sight. 【F2】 Now, with the Western middle classes sinking into debt and distress, many economists look to a new emerging-market middle class as the potential foundation for a new age of global safety and prosperity. As large developing nations became more prosperous, it was always assumed that they would become more like the suburbs of Washington or London-liberal, democratic, market-friendly bastions not only of Western-style consumerism but also of political liberty. With time and wealth, "they" would become just like "us." The truth is that "they" are not becoming just like "us."【F3】 The global middle class is rising faster than expected, in numbers and in wealth, but converging incomes are not yielding shared values. The e-merging bourgeoisie is a patchwork of contradictions: clamorous but rarely confrontational politically, supporters of globalization yet highly nationalistic, proud of their nations" upward mobility yet insecure and fearful they will fall back, fiercely individualistic but reliant on government subsidies, and often socially conservative. Many of the aspiring elite seem willing to let the powers that be—whether authoritarian governments or elected ones—call the shots as long as they deliver the spoils of growth. It"s also worth remembering that the new middle classes are psychologically driven by an odd mix of pride and insecurity.【F4】 Close to 30 percent of Brazil"s new middle class owes its livelihood to the informal market, where income is irregular, safety nets are nonexistent, and opportunity for en-trepreneurship is limited. Many have borrowed their way to higher living standards, one reason perhaps that 53 percent say they live in fear of unemployment, loss of income, or even bankruptcy. They have benefited from the explosion of private schools but have seen the overall quality of education plummet, eroding one of the classic middle-class paths to social mobility.【F5】 Indeed, some development economists argue that the poor will be a greater force for social change, but their ability to become a force for better government, greater freedoms, less corruption, and more economic liberty is much less certain. "They" have a very long way to go before becoming "us."

The American economy, whether in government or private industry, has found retirement a convenient practice for managing the labor force. On the positive side, widespread retirement has meant an expansion of leisure and opportunities for self-fulfillment in later life. On the negative side, the practice of retirement entails large costs, both in funding required from pension systems and in the loss of the accumulated skills and talents of older people. Critics of retirement as it exists today have pointed to the rigidity of retirement practices: for example, the fact that retirement is typically an all-or-nothing proposition. Would it not be better to have some form of flexible or phased retirement, in which employees gradually reduce their work hours or take longer vacations? Such an approach might enable older workers to adjust better to retirement, while permitting employers to make gradual changes instead of coping with the abrupt departure of an employee. Retirement could be radically redefined in the future. Earlier criticism of retirement at a fixed age led to legal abolition of the practice, for the most part, in 1996. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act forbids older workers from being limited or treated in any way that would harm their employment possibilities. Still, most observers admit that age discrimination in the workplace remains widespread. Sometimes such discrimination against older workers is based on mistaken ideas, such as the false belief that older workers are less productive. In fact, empirical studies have not shown older workers to be less dependable in their job performance, nor are their absenteeism rates higher. There is also much support for the idea of work life extension; that is, adaptations of retirement rules or employment practices to enable older people to become more productive. In favor of this idea is the fact that three-quarters of employed people over 65 are in white-collar occupations in service industries, which are less physically demanding than agriculture or manufacturing jobs. As a result, it is sometimes argued, older people can remain in productive jobs now longer than in the past. In addition, some analysts point to declining numbers of young people entering the workforce, thus anticipating a labor shortage later. That development, if it occurred, might stimulate a need for older workers and a reversal of the trend toward early retirement.

[A]Manystudiesconcludethatchildrenwithhighlyinvolvedfathers,inrelationtochildrenwithlessinvolvedfathers,tendtobemorecognitivelyandsociallycompetent,lessinclinedtowardgenderstereotyping,moreempathic,andpsychologicallybetteradjusted.Commonly,thesestudiesinvestigatebothpaternalwarmthandpaternalinvolvementandfind—usingsimplecorrelations—thatthetwovariablesarerelatedtoeachotherandtoyouthoutcomes.[B]Boysseemedtoconformtothesex-rolestandardsoftheirculturewhentheirrelationshipswiththeirfatherswerewarm,regardlessofhow"masculine"thefatherswere,eventhoughwarmthandintimacyhavetraditionallybeenseenasfemininecharacteristics.Asimilarconclusionwassuggestedbyresearchonotheraspectsofpsychosocialadjustmentandonachievement:Paternalwarmthorclosenessappearedbeneficial,whereaspaternalmasculinityappearedirrelevant.[C]Thecriticalquestionis:Howgoodistheevidencethatfathers"amountofinvolvement,withouttakingintoaccountitscontentandquality,isconsequentialforchildren,mothers,orfathersthemselves?Theassociationswithdesirableoutcomesfoundinmuchresearchareactuallywithpositiveformsofpaternalinvolvement,notinvolvementperse.Involvementneedstobecombinedwithqualitativedimensionsofpaternalbehaviorthroughtheconceptof"positivepaternalinvolvement"developedhere.[D]Commonly,researchersassessedthemasculinityoffathersandofsonsandthencorrelatedthetwosetsofscores.Manybehavioralscientistsweresurprisedtodiscoverthatnoconsistentresultsemergedfromthisresearchuntiltheyexaminedthequalityofthefather-sonrelationship.Thentheyfoundthatwhentherelationshipbetweenmasculinefathersandtheirsonswaswarmandloving,theboyswereindeedmoremasculine.Later,however,researchersfoundthatthemasculinityoffatherspersedidnotseemtomakemuchdifferenceafterall.Assummarizedby:[E]Theseconddomaininwhichasubstantialamountofresearchhasbeendoneontheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealswithfatherinvolvement,thatis,withtheamountoftimethatfathersspendwiththeirchildren(engagement),theextenttowhichfathersmakethemselvesavailabletotheirchildren(accessibility),andtheextenttowhichtheytakeresponsibilityfortheirchildren"scareandwelfare(responsibility).[F]Itisunclearfromthesestudieswhetherinvolvementandwarmthmakeindependentorjointcontributionstoyouthoutcomes.Moreover,"caringfor"childrenisnotnecessarilythesamethingas"caringabout"them.Indeed,Lambconcludedfromhisreviewofstudiesofpaternalinvolvementthatitwasnotthesimplefactofpaternalengagement(i.e.,directinteractionwiththechild),availability,orresponsibilityforchildcarethatwasassociatedwiththeseoutcomes.Rather,itappearsthatthequalityofthefather-childrelationshipmadethegreatestdifference.J.H.Pleckreiteratedthisconclusionwhenhewrote:[G]ResearchbyVenezianoandRohnersupportstheseconclusions.Inabiracialsampleof63AfricanAmericanandEuropeanAmericanchildren,theauthorsfoundfrommultipleregressionanalysesthatfatherinvolvementbyitselfwasassociatedwithchildren"spsychologicaladjustmentprimarilyinsofarasitwasperceivedbyyouthstobeanexpressionofpaternalwarmth(acceptance).[H]Manystudieslookingexclusivelyattheinfluenceofvariationsinfatherlovedealwithtwotopics:(a)genderroledevelopmentand(b)fatherinvolvementStudiesofgenderroledevelopmentemergedprominentlyinthe1940sandcontinuedthroughthe1970s.Thiswasatimewhenfatherswereconsideredtobeespeciallyimportantasgenderrolemodelsforsons.Order:

Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory, whether political or forensic. Born in rude and abject poverty, he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his mind were within his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favourable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematics, but he could read no language save his own, and can have had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy. The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Till he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one for him to mix with except the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself. Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and indeed, of prolonged and intense reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his own—clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided on his course. But though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vain regrets that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many things to his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation, he was always independent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.