King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted "kings don"t abdicate, they die in their sleep." But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles? The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarised, as it was following the end of the Franco regime, monarchs can rise above "mere" politics and "embody" a spirit of national unity. It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs, continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East excepted, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms(not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure. Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history—and sometimes the way they behave today—embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomes Piketty and other economists are warning of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states. The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Prince and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses(or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image. While Europe" s monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to strive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example. It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy" s reputation with her rather ordinary(if well-healed)granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service—as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy" s worst enemies.

You are going to read a list of headings and a text about science. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A—F for each numbered paragraph (41—45). The first paragraph of the text is not numbered. There is one extra heading which you don"t need to use.A. The Need for ScienceB. The Methods of ScienceC. The Challenge of Unsolved ProblemsD. The Specific Features of the Laws of ScienceE. The Steps in Establishing a Scientific TheoryF. The Rapid Increase of Scientific Knowledge It is the business of the scientist to accumulate knowledge about the universe and all that is in it, and to find—if he is able—common factors which underlie and account for the facts that he knows. He chooses, when he can, the method of the "controlled experiment". (41)______. In the course of his inquiries the scientist may find what he thinks is one common explanation for an increasing number of facts. The explanation, if it seems consistently to fit the various facts, is called a hypothesis. If a hypothesis continues to stand the test of numerous experiments and remains unshaken, it becomes a law. (42)______. The "laws" of science differ from the "laws" of a country in two ways. First, a scientific law is liable at any time to need modifying. This happens when a fact is discovered which seems to contradict what the "law" would lead one to expect. The "law" may, in fact. have to be abandoned altogether. Second. a scientific "law" says, "This is likely to be the explanation", or "This accounts for the facts as far as we know them". But the "law" of the country says, "You must..." or "You must not..." The scientific "law" has no moral force; it is not binding on human behavior nor approved or opposed by human conscience. (43)______. The evidence as to the vastness of the universe and the complexity of its arrangements continues to grow at an amazing rate. The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to diminish, but rather to increase with every new discovery. Fresh unexplored regions are forever opening out. The rapidity of the growth of scientific knowledge, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, is apt to give students and teachers the impression that no sooner is a problem stated than the answer is forthcoming. A more detailed study of the history of science corrects the impression that fundamental discoveries are made with dramatic suddenness. Even in our present age no less than fifty years separate the discovery of radioactivity from the explosion of the first atomic bomb. The teacher, giving his brief accounts of scientific discovery, is apt to forget the long periods of misunderstanding, of false hypotheses and general uncertainty, which almost invariably precede the clear statement of scientific truth. (44)______. The vast mass of information which scientists have gained has provided the answer to the fundamental questions which, through the centuries, have puzzled and sometimes tortured the human mind. There are many such questions. The study of parasites has provided evidence that organisms which could be self-supporting have become parasites, but hardly any light has been shed on the problem of why they should have done so. What enables an organism to respond to the poisonous secretions of harmful bacteria and organize its resources to defend its life? (45)______. To raise the standard of living in any country, two things are required, scientific knowledge, and a population sufficiently educated to understand how to apply it. Without the latter, the expected benefits will not come.Notes:ado 麻烦，忙乱。be binding on 对…有约束力。parasite 寄生虫。shed light on 使某事物更清楚些。secretion 分泌物。

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money. He may【B1】______the repayment of the money at any time, either 【B2】______ cash or by drawing a check in favor of another person. 【B3】______, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor—who is【B4】______depending on whether the customer's account is 【B5】______ credit or is overdrawn. But, in【B6】______to that basically simple concept, the bank and its customer【B7】______a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these obligations can give【B8】______to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of goods, cannot complain that the law is【B9】______against him. The bank must【B10】______its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else.【B11】______, for example, a customer opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in【B12】______of checks drawn by himself. He gives the bank【B13】______of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the bank has no right or【B14】______to pay out a customer's money【B15】______a check on which its customer's signature has been【B16】______. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very【B17】______one: the bank must recognize its customer' s signature. For this reason there is no【B18】______to the customer in the practice,【B19】______by banks, of printing the customer' s name on his checks. If this【B20】______forgery, it is the bank that will lose, not the customer.

If sustainable competitive advantage depends on workforce skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labour is simply another factor of production to be rented at the lowest possible cost much as one buys raw materials or equipment. The lack of importance attached to human resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central, usually the second most important, after the CEO, in the firm"s hierarchy. While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also much more narrowly focused on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies. As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can"t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.

Surveys show that cheating in school—plagiarism, forbidden collaboration on assignments, copying homework and cheating on exams- has soared since researchers first measured the phenomenon on a broad scale at 99 colleges in the mid-1960s. The percentage of students who copied from another student during tests grew from 26 percent in 1963 to 52 percent in 1993, and the use of crib notes during exams went from 6 percent to 27 percent, according to a study conducted by Dr. Donald McCabe of Rutgers. By the mid-1990s, only a small minority said they had never cheated, meaning that cheating had become part of the acceptable status quo. Dr. McCabe"s later national survey of 25,000 high school students from 2001 to 2008 yielded equally depressing results: more than 90 percent said they had cheated in one way or another. Dr. Jason Stephens of the University of Connecticut has now embarked on a three year pilot program to reduce cheating. His premise is that honesty and integrity are not only values but also habits — habits that can be encouraged in school settings, with positive benefits later in life. The program seeks to enlist students and teachers in six high schools in promoting a culture of honesty. Schools will be asked to consider honor codes, and, since peer pressure is vitally important, students will be invited to help shape policies and strategies to discourage cheating. Two schools are suburban and wealthy, two are middle class, two are urban and poor. One school from each pair will work to end the cheating epidemic, and the other will serve as the control group. The challenge is daunting. Students of both genders and every demographic group cheat even though they know it is wrong, a mind-set Dr. Stephens describes as "a corrosive force" — especially when it is acquired in the early years of moral development. The fact that so many students cheat doesn"t make them intrinsically bad, he says: "It"s not a case of the bad seed. It"s more like bad soil. " But there"s hope. The 1993 study suggested that cheating dropped in schools that encouraged a culture of integrity—either by formally instituting an honor code or by stressing at every turn the importance of honesty and integrity. A follow-up study showed that dishonest business behavior was lowest among employees who had attended schools with an honor code and whose workplaces encouraged ethical behavior. If the effort shows results, Dr. Stephens plans to enlist more schools in the hope that eventually a standardized program will be adopted throughout the state. If that happens, both students and society as a whole will profit.

As dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Marilee Jones was responsible for ensuring that applicants represented their academic backgrounds honestly. So it was more than a shock when the 55-year-old resigned Thursday, admitting that she had misled school officials over a 28-year period into believing that she held three degrees from New York institutions. In fact, she had never received even an undergraduate degree from any school. While Jones"s case is extreme, it points to a major concern for any corporation or institution that hires employees: embellishments and outright lies on resumes. But if an employer doesn"t catch the falsehoods, how does an employee live with such a big lie in Jones"s case, a falsehood that she maintained for 28 years? Psychologist Paul Ekman speculates that Jones"s case is likely related to self-esteem. MIT officials noted that a college degree probably wasn"t required for the entry-level position that Jones took on in 1979, and apparently no one checked her credentials with each successive promotion. Still, by all accounts, Jones was good at her job. "Even though the fake degrees didn"t initially give her tangible benefits, she personally needed them in order to get people to respect her", Ekman says. "And in time it appears she did get a lot of respect, but by then she couldn"t reveal she had lied without losing her position". Ekman says many people are tempted to exaggerate their credentials for the same reason a kid exaggerates his father"s strength, but that most people resist. "They either know from past experience that they could never get away with it—perhaps because they are bad liars, they don"t like taking risks—some people are risk takers so it attracts them to lying, or they are religiously observant", Ekman says. Early in her career, Jones didn"t resist the temptation, and it may have become too difficult to rectify the situation as she climbed the workplace ladder. "My bet is that it was never out of her mind completely that she had taken such a risk, but I doubt she spent many nights worrying someone would catch her", Ekman says. "She had done such a great job and was so admired, that she probably became confident after all these years that no one was going to check". But the potential damages caused by hiring a poorly qualified employee are serious for companies. Depending on the position applied for, different background-information firms offer different service packages. For example, a credit check may not be necessary for a person applying for an administrative job; but an executive or financial position may call for a check of references, a credit check, a criminal-records check and even a check of driving records. With such diligence, it"s much riskier for today"s job hunters to lie than it was 30 years ago when Jones filled out her first application at MIT.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

By the end of the Middle Ages the technological systems called cities had long since become a central feature of Western life. In 1600 London and Amsterdam each had【B1】______ of more than 100,000, and twice that number【B2】______ in Paris.【B3】______,the Dutch, English, Spanish, and French were beginning to establish, 【B4】______ empires. Colonialism and trade【B5】______ a powerful merchant class that helped to create an increasing【B6】______ for such luxuries as wine, coffee, tea, cocoa, and tobacco. These merchants【B7】______ a style of life aspired to by the wider populace.【B8】______ the beginning of the 18th century, capital resources and banking systems were well enough【B9】______ in Great Britain to initiate investment in mass-production techniques that would【B10】______ some of these middle-class aspirations. The Industrial Revolution commenced in England, 【B11】______ that nation had the technological 【B12】______, government encouragement, and a large and varied trade network. The first factories appeared in 1740,【B13】______ textile production. In 1740 the【B14】______ of English people wore woolen garments, but【B15】______ the next 100 years the rough, often unhealthy woolens were【B16】______ by cotton—especially【B17】______ the invention of the machine by Eli Whitney, an American, in 1793. One of the most important innovations in the weaving process was【B18】______ in France in 1801 by Joseph Jacquard. This use of punched cards inspired the British mathematician Charles Babbage to attempt to【B19】______ a calculating machine based on the same principle.【B20】______ this machine never became fully practical, it foretold the great computer revolution of the 20th century.

The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a(n)【B1】______for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it 【B2】______ a variety of functions in human life. The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the【B3】______of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. 【B4】______ by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly 【B5】______ themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the 【B6】______ of violence in the media and its 【B7】______ harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media【B8】______, such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media,【B9】______television,【B10】______public concern and research attention. Another large societal concern on our young generation 【B11】______ by the media, is body image. 【B12】______ forces can influence body image positively or negatively.【B13】______one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing【B14】______our concepts of beauty. In the mass media, the images of【B15】______beauty fill magazines and newspapers,【B16】______from our televisions and entertain us【B17】______the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media【B18】______on accepted cultural values of thinness and fitness for commercial gain Young adults are presented with a【B19】______defined standard of attractiveness, a (n) 【B20】______ that carries unrealistic physical expectations.

You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points)A. Message transmission in the body from the chemical perspectiveB. How food influences mood and mindC. Substances contained in some foods can improve brainpowerD. An example of the influence of food on mind and moodE. Food produces chemical messengers in the brainF. The effects and application of neurotransmitters Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicine", said, "Let your food be your medicine, and let your medicine be your food." For a Greek born in the fifth century B.C., Hippocrates was wise beyond his time. Today, we know that a low-fat diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables strengthens the immune system and reduces the risk of cancer, heart disease, and stroke. But, Hippocrates, lend an ear! There"s more to the story. New evidence suggests that food may influence how healthy people think and feel. Were he alive today, Hippocrates might look back to his last meal to explain his cheerful (or sour) mood. He might also change his eating habits to become happier or smarter. (41)______. Imagine yourself lying in bed, your mind in turmoil. You toss and turn, but sleep won"t come. Maybe a bedtime snack would help. What should you choose7 If you think first of toaster waffles or popcorn, some experts would say you"re on the right track. Foods high in complex carbohydrates—such as cereals, potatoes, pasta, crackers, or rice cakes—make many people relaxed and drowsy. Try one more. You have a math test coming up in the afternoon. You want to be sharp, but you usually feel sleepy after lunch. Is your best choice an energy fix of fries and a shake or a broiled chicken breast and low-fat yogurt? If you pick the high-fat fries and shake, you may feel sluggish and blow that test. The protein-rich chicken and yogurt are better choices. Protein foods energize, some experts say. (42)______. How does food "affect mood and mind? The answer may lie in the chemistry of the brain and nervous system. Molecules called neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They carry a nerve impulse across the gap between nerve cells. The release of neurotransmitter molecules from one neuron and their attachment to receptor sites on another keep a nerve impulse moving. Nerve impulses carry messages from the environment to the brain, for example, the pain you feel when you stub your toe. They also carry messages in the other direction, from the brain to the muscles. That"s why you back away from the obstacle that initiated the pain signal and exclaim, "Ouch!" (43)______. "Many neurotransmitters are built from the foods we eat," says neuroscientist Eric Chudler of the University of Washington. Too little or too much of a particular nutrient in the diet can affect their production, Chudler says. For example, tryptophan from foods such as yogurt, milk, bananas, and eggs is required for the production of the neurotransmitter serotonin. (44)______. Dozens of neurotransmitters are known; hundreds may exist. Their effects depend on their a-mounts and where they work in the brain. The neurotransmitter serotonin, for example, is thought to produce feelings of calmness, relaxation, and contentment. Drugs that prevent its reuptake (into the neuron that released it) are prescribed to treat depression. In at least some healthy, non-depressed people, carbohydrate foods seem to enhance serotonin production and produce similar effects. "It is the balance between different neurotransmitters that helps regulate mood," Chudler says. (45)______. Proper nutrition may also enhance brainpower. Choline is a substance similar to the B-vitamins. It"s found in egg yolks, whole wheat, peanuts, milk, green peas, liver, beans, seafood, and soybeans. The brain uses it to make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. To test the effects of choline on memory and learning, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave memory tests to college students before increasing the amount of choline in their subjects" diets. Later, they re-tested. On the average, memories were better, and the students learned a list of unrelated words more easily. "We"re just scratching the surface in this field," says Larry Christensen, a psychologist at the University of South Alabama, "but we know that there are definite behavioral effects of diet." There"s a lot to learn, and future research may reveal more about the chemistry of mood, brain, and nutrition. Until then, it makes sense to choose healthy foods that nourish both body and mind.

Large, multinational corporations may be the companies whose ups and downs seize headlines. But to a far greater extent than most Americans realize, the economy"s vitality depends on the fortunes of tiny shops and restaurants, neighborhood services and factories. Small businesses, defined as those with fewer than 100 workers, now employ nearly 60 percent of the work force and are expected to generate half of ail new jobs between now and the year 2000. Some 1.2 million small firms have opened their doors over the past six years of economic growth, and 1989 will see an additional 200,000 entrepreneurs striking off on their own. Too many of these pioneers, however, will blaze ahead unprepared. Idealists will overestimate the clamor for their products or fail to factor in the competition. Nearly everyone will underestimate, often fatally, the capital that success requires. Midcareer executives, forced by a takeover or a restructuring to quit the corporation and find another way to support themselves, may savor the idea of being their own boss but may forget that entrepreneurs must also, at least for a while, be bookkeeper and receptionist, too. According to Small Business Administration data, 24 of every 100 businesses starting out today are likely to have disappeared in two years, and 27 more will have shut their doors four years from now. By 1995, more than 60 of those 100 start-ups will have folded. A new study of 3,000 small businesses, sponsored by American Express and the National Federation of Independent Business, suggests slightly better odds: Three years after start-up, 77 percent of the companies surveyed were still alive. Most credited their success in large part to having picked a business they already were comfortable in. Eighty percent had worked with the same product or service in their last jobs. Thinking through an enterprise before the launch is obviously critical. But many entrepreneurs forget that a firm"s health in its infancy may be little indication of how well it will age. You mast tenderly monitor its pulse. In their zeal to expand, small-business owners often ignore early warning signs of a stagnant market or of decaying profitability. They hopefully pour more and more money into the enterprise, preferring not to acknowledge eroding profit margins that mean the market for their ingenious service or product has evaporated, or that they must cut the payroll or vacate their lavish offices. Only when the financial well runs dry do they see the seriousness of the illness, and by then the patient is usually too far gone to save. Frequent checks of your firm"s vital signs will also guide you to a sensible rate of growth. To snatch opportunity, you must spot the signals that it is time to conquer new markets, add products or perhaps franchise your hot idea.

You are going to read an article which is followed by a list of examples or headings. Choose the most suitable one from the list A-F for each numbered position(41-45). There may be certain extra which you do not need to use. (10 points)A. Periodicals in initial stageB. The function of periodicalsC. Newspapers and other periodicals onlineD. The introduction of reviewsE. Features of periodicalsF. The emergence of modern periodicals Periodicals refer to publications released on a regular basis that may include news, feature articles, poems, fictional stories, or other types of writing. Many periodicals also include photographs and drawings. Periodicals that are aimed at a general audience, such as weekly news roundups or monthly special-interest publications, are also called magazines. Those with a more narrow audience, such as publications of scholarly organizations, can be termed journals. While newspapers are periodicals, the term generally has come to refer to publications other than dailies. (41)______. Historically, must periodicals have differed from newspapers in their format, publication schedule, and content. Most newspapers deal with the news of the day and are issued on pulp paper with relatively large, unbound pages. By contrast, other types of periodicals focus on more specialized material, and when they deal with news they tend to do so in the form of summaries or commentaries. For centuries these periodicals generally have been printed on finer paper than newspapers, with smaller bound pages, and issued at intervals longer than a day (weekly, every two weeks, monthly, quarterly, or even annually). (42)______. In the 1990s, with the growth of the Internet, publishers began to release newspapers and other periodicals online. This development blurred the line between the two forms because the general format and design of online newspapers and periodicals are similar, and the publication schedules of both forms became more flexible. For example, many newspaper publishers update their online versions throughout the day, and some online periodicals do the same. Despite these technological changes, the two forms differing emphasis in choice of content remains a distinguishing factor. (43)______. The earliest periodicals include the German Erbauliche Monaths-Unterredungen (Edifying Monthly Discussions, 1663-1668), the French Journal des Scavans (1665; subsequently titled Journal des Savants), and the English Philosophical Transactions (1665) of the Royal Society of London. These were essentially collections of summaries (later essays) on developments in art, literature, philosophy, and science. (44)______. The first periodical of the modern general type, devoted to a miscellany of reading entertainment, was the English publication The Gentleman"s Magazine (1731—1907)-the first instance of the use of the word magazine to denote a forum for entertaining reading. It contained reports of political debates, essays, stories, and poems and was widely influential. It served as the model for the first true American periodicals, General Magazine and Historical Chronicle and American Magazine. Both of these periodicals first appeared in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in January 1741 as rival publications; neither lasted more than a few months, however. The former was founded by the American statesman and scientist Benjamin Franklin and the latter by the American printer Andrew Bradford. (45)______. Monthly or quarterly reviews, usually partisan in politics, and with articles contributed by eminent authors and politicians, were introduced in Britain early in the 19th century. Of these, two became outstanding. The Edinburgh Review (1802-1929), founded in support of the Whig Party, was one of the most influential critical journals of its day and numbered among its contributors-the English writers Sir Walter Scott, Thomas Carlyle, Matthew Arnold, and William Hazlitt. Blackwood"s Edinburgh Magazine (1817-1981), a Tory publication, was early in its career noted for its serialization of Scottish fiction and its satirical commentaries on Scottish affairs. One of the most important serious periodicals in the United States in the 19th century was the North American Review(1815-1940; revived in 1964). Editors during its illustrious career included such literary figures as James Russell Lowell, Charles Eliot Norton, and Henry Adams; contributors included Henry James, H.G. Wells, and Mark Twain. Among the European equivalents of such periodicals were the French Revue des Deux Mondes and the German Literarisches Wochenblatt.

On Living the SOHO Lifestyle A. Title: On Living the SOHO Lifestyle B. Word limit: 160-200 words (not including the given opening sentence) C. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: "With the advancement of society, SOHO, referring to working at home by utilizing modern facilities, has emerged and is thriving, accompanied by controversies." OUTLINE: 1. The emergence of SOHO and its controversies 2. People"s different views on it 3. My opinion

The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G. Some of the paragraphs have been placed for you. (10 points)A. As a science, management entails the use of organized knowledge. Many of the things managers do are a result of information obtained through formal research and study. One area in which a great deal has been done is quantitative decision making or, as it is known today, management science. We know that by using certain mathematical formulas we can control inventory and project demand more accurately than by merely using trial and error.B. Management is the process of getting things done through people. We know that part of this process is carried out with the development of an organization structure.C. Yet management is also an art. Through experience the manager develops judgment and intuition, subjective factors that are useful in evaluation situations. For example, the manager may have to choose between two strategies, A and B, All research and study may indicate that neither of the two is any better than the other.D. Effective management is a combination of art and science. Neither should be ignored; neither ought to be relied on exclusively. In getting things done through people, management must seek the right blend of art and science. At the upper levels of the hierarchy there will be more emphasis on the former; at the lower levels there will be more emphasis on the latter.E. How do managers succeed in getting things done through people? In order to answer this question it is necessary to break down the manager"s job into its basic duties or functions. Management entails planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. By performing web in each of these areas the manager can get things done through people.F. However, what if the manager chooses strategy A on the basis of intuition and proves to be right? In this case it is difficult to say precisely why the manager was able to choose so well, but there must be some special ability he or she has. This same type of ability is useful in managing people. Effective managers know when to flatter their subordinates and when to be stern. Such human behavior skills cannot be quantified; they can only be learned through experience and training.G. However, there is more to management than just organizing the people and the work. Objectives must be set, plans formulated, people directed, and operations controlled. In making the necessary decisions, management must rely on all the skills at its command. As a result, management is both a science and an art.Order: B is the first paragraph and E is the last.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Two months ago, you got a job as an editor. But now you find that the work doesn't suit to your personal interest. Write a tetter to personnel manager: 1) telling him your decision, 2) stating your reason(s), 3) making an apology and expressing thanks. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address. (10 points)

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

What does it mean to be intelligent? Most psychologists agree that abstract reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge are all【C1】______of intelligence. However, there is【C2】______agreement on other factors,【C3】______mental speed and creativity. Anyone who takes an intelligence test will be given an IQ score. This score allows【C4】______with people of the same age, on the【C5】______that 100 is the average IQ.【C6】______97% of people score【C7】______between 70 and 130. But what do IQ tests measure? To some【C8】______they measure our knowledge and vocabulary. But they also【C9】______on the size of working memory, speed of【C10】______, and an ability to choose appropriate strategies for solving particular problems. IQ tests were created almost 100 years ago and have generated【C11】______controversy since then. It has been found that IQ scores in America improved【C12】______20 to 30 points over the course of the 20th century. It does not make【C13】______to believe that this increase is due to big leaps in inherited intelligence from one generation to another. Instead, it seems likely that【C14】______generations have been better schooled in【C15】______it takes to do well on the tests. For many psychologists, it seems absurd to【C16】______the whole of human intelligence to the single score obtained on an IQ test【C17】______, they emphasize multiple intelligences. Someone who is skilled at learning languages may not be musically talented.【C18】______, our intelligence seems to vary according to how familiar we are【C19】______particular situations. One group of 10-year-old street vendors in Brazil, with very little schooling, were good at giving the right change, but did much worse when given【C20】______questions presented like school tasks.

Sadness isn"t manly—this Eric Weaver knew. When depression engulfed this New York police sergeant, it took a different guise: a near-constant state of anger. "One minute I"d be okay and the next minute I"d be screaming at my kids and punching the wall," he recalls. "My kids would ask, "What"s wrong with Daddy? Why"s he so mad all the time?"" For years, Weaver didn"t know what was wrong. Weaver"s confusion about what tortured him was not unusual. Roughly a third of the 18 million or more Americans who suffer depression each year are men. Yet all too often, experts say, men fail to recognize the symptoms and get the treatment they need. For years, experts suspected that gender makes a big difference in depression. Studies from New York to New Zealand have repeatedly found the same startling statistic: About twice as many women as men suffer from depression. That finding was considered one of the bedrock facts of modern mental health. Yet it has recently come under attack from critics who are concerned about underreporting of male depression. William Pollack, Director of the Center for Men at McLean Hospital, is leading the charge against the well-entrenched depression gender gap. He argues that men"s rate of depression may be nearly equal to women"s. Just look at suicide rates, he says: Male suicides outnumber females four to one. That ratio "is way too high to say that men"s depression numbers are so low," he notes. Pollack and others contend that male depression goes unrecognized because, unlike the female version, it often doesn"t fit the textbook signs—at least in the early stages. Clinical depression at later stages looks much the same in both sexes. But in the prelude to a breakdown, that deepening despair is often expressed in very different ways. Instead of being weepy, men are more apt to be irritable and angry—moods that aren"t included in the classic diagnostic tests. "Their sadness and helplessness are hidden behind a mask of anger," says Pollack. "Men tend to act out" to avoid dealing with uncomfortable feelings, adds Fredric Rabinowitz, a psychologist who works primarily with men. If they feel bad, they"re apt to get into fights on the job or at home, withdraw from family and friends, become obsessed with work or hobbies. Most significantly, men often turn to drinking or drugs. Men have two to four times the rate of substance abuse problems as women, and Pollack contends that if this was recognized as a sign of depression, the gender gap would substantially narrow.

思考的人 ——2011年英译汉及详解 With its theme that "Mind is the master weaver," creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinketh by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea of self-help writing. 【F1】 Allen"s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and【F2】 while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: "Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: "We do not attract what we want, but what we are." Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don"t "get" success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter. Part of the fame of Allen"s book is its contention that "Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him."【F3】 This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom. This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat,【F4】 circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us, and if we feel that we have been "wronged" then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person"s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual. The sobering aspect of Allen"s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.【F5】 The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.