A new website from the U.S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a "food desert". The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have no or little access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted a Brussels sprout (抱子甘蓝). The USDA links food deserts to a growing weight problem that has seen childhood obesity in America triple since 1980 and the annual cost of treating obesity swell to nearly $150 billion. Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website in May, 2010. In America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life. Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage and not the real problem. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert. No surprise, then, that neither USDA nor the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has been able to establish a causal link between food deserts and dietary health. In fact, both agree that merely improving access to healthy food does not change consumer behavior. Open a full-service supermarket in a food desert and shoppers tend to buy the same artery-clogging junk food as before— they just pay less for it. The unpalatable truth seems to be that some Americans simply do not care to eat a balanced diet, while others, increasingly, cannot afford to. Over the last four years, the price of the healthiest foods has increased at around twice the rate of energy-dense junk food. That is the nutshell (概括) of the whole problem.

The inclusion of all children and youth is part of a general integrative trend that has accelerated since World War II. It relates to some newer developments as well. Concern for the earth"s endangered environment has become central, emphasizing in both intellectual and social life the need for cooperation rather than competition, the importance of understanding interrelationships of the ecosystem, and the idea that ecology can be used as an organizing concept. In a different vein, the rapid development of microelectronics, particularly the use of computers for multiple functions in education, goes for beyond possibilities of earlier technological advances.【F1】 Although technology is thought of by some as antagonistic to humanistic concerns, others argue that it makes communication and comprehension available to a wider population and encourages "system thinking", both ultimately integrative effects. The polarization of opinion on technology"s effects and most other important issues is a problem in educational policy determination.【F2】 In addition to the difficulties of governing increasingly large and diverse education systems, as well as those of meeting the never-ending demands of expanding education, the chronic lack of consensus makes the system unable to respond satisfactorily to public criticism and unable to plan for substantive long-range development. 【F3】 The political and administrative responses so far have been to attend to short-run efficiency by improving management techniques and to adopt polar responses to accommodate polar criticisms. Thus, community and community schools have been emphasized along with central control and standardization, and institutional alternatives have been opened, while the structure of main institutions has become more articulated. For example, the focus of attention has been placed on the transition stages, which earlier were virtually ignored: from home to school from primary to secondary to upper secondary, from school to work. Tertiary institutions have been reconceived as part of a unified level; testing has become more sophisticated and credentials have become more differentiated either by certificate or by transcript. Alternative teaching strategies have been encouraged in theory, but basic, curriculum uniformity has effectively restricted the practice of new methods. General education is still mainly abstract, and subject matter, though internally more dynamic, still rests on language, mathematics, and science. There has been an increasing reliance on the construction of subject matter to guide the method of teaching.【F4】 Teachers are entrusted with a greater variety of tasks, but they are less trusted with knowledge, leading political authorities to call for upgrading of teacher training, teacher in service training, and regular assessment of teacher performance. 【F5】 Recent reform efforts have been focused on integrating general and vocational education and on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet changing individual and social needs. Thus, not only has the number of students and institutions increased, as a result of inclusion policies, but the scope of education has also expanded. This tremendous growth, however, has raised new questions about the proper functions of the school and the effectiveness for life, work, or intellectual advancement of present programs and means of instruction.

The environment protection club is going to organize some activities with the theme of "Creating Green Culture and Building Low-Carbon Campus". As the club leader, you will write a memo to the members to explain the importance and arrangements of those activities. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

Energy will be one of the defining issues of this century. One thing is clear: the era of【C1】______oil is over. What we all do next will determine how well we meet the energy needs of the entire world in this century and【C2】______ Demand is soaring like【C3】______before. As populations grow and economies【C4】______, millions in the developing world are enjoying the benefits of a lifestyle that【C5】______increasing amounts of energy. In fact, some say that in 20 years the world will【C6】______40% more oil than it does today. At the same time, many of the world"s oil and gas fields are【C7】______. And new energy discoveries are mainly occurring in places where resources are difficult to【C8】______, physically, economically and even politically. When growing demand meets【C9】______supplies, the result is more【C10】______for the same resources. We can wait until a crisis forces us to do something.【C11】______we can【C12】______to working together, and start by asking the【C13】______questions: How do we meet the energy needs of the developing world and those of industrialized nations? What role will renewables and【C14】______energies play? What is the best way to protect our environment? How do we accelerate our conservation efforts?【C15】______actions we take, we must look not just to next year,【C16】______to the next 50 years. At Chevron, we believe that innovation, collaboration and conservation are the【C17】______on which to build this new world. We cannot do this alone. Corporations, governments and every citizen of this planet must be part of the solution as【C18】______as they are part of the problem. We【C19】______scientists and educators, politicians and policy-makers, environmentalists, leaders of industry and each one of you to be part of【C20】______the next era of energy.

BSection III Writing/B

Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are (1)_____ and serf-conscious; that is, they are (2)_____ concerned with their own appearance and actions. (3)_____ thoughts are (4)_____ occurring in their minds: What kind of impression am I making? It is obvious that such (5)_____ feelings must affect people adversely. A person"s self-concept is (6)_____ in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people"s reactions. (7)_____, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. Shy people, having low (8)_____, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance (9)_____ they are doing "the fight thing". Shy people are very (10)_____ to criticism; they feel it (11)_____ their inferiority. A shy person may (12)_____ to a compliment with a statement like this one: "You"re just saying that to make me feel good." It is clear that, (13)_____ self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful. Can shyness be completely (14)_____, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient effort in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes (15)_____ with lack of serf-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weakness as well as their strengths. For example, most people would like to be "A" students in every subject. It is not fair for them to (16)_____ themselves inferior because they have difficulty (17)_____ some areas. People"s expectations of themselves must be (18)_____ Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to (19)_____ our full potential. Let"s not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and (20)_____ life.

In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves. That' s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it. More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create. For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was "like having a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the "peculiar institution," including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation. And the statesmen' s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states. Still, Jefferson freed Hemings's children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list (A、B、C、D、E、F、G……) to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are several extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. (10 points) Since childhood, most of us have been bombarded with roles—don"t be selfish, don"t complain, don"t be unreasonable, don"t interrupt, etc. (41)______. Do you wish you could learn to deal with minor irritations before anger festers into intense resentment and explosive aggression? Assertiveness training can reduce stress by teaching you to stand up for your legitimate rights without bullying or being bullied. Step one is realizing that changes are needed. Then you must take action to make those changes a reality. Assertiveness training might be offered through your employer, your university or a private consultant. It might even be offered through distance learning on the Internet. (42)______. Such a workshop might include two workshop leaders for up to 18 participants in an all-day, six-hour event or two morning sessions one week apart, with "homework" being assigned between the two sessions. What kind of homework? Practicing what you have learned and describing the experience in a personal diary. (43)______. Long breaks encourage free talk and generate enthusiasm among participants. It helps to know that others like yourself share your problems. At the beginning of the workshop, you may be asked to describe specific situations that you would like to handle better. During the workshop, you will hear lectures, see vignettes on DVD or video, and receive printed information on how to become more forthright. Role playing is an important element in assertiveness training. The workshop leader will present a scenario submitted by a workshop participant. (44)______. Research has shown that an American man is much likelier to feel at ease asking for a higher starting salary than an American woman. A woman with the same qualifications being considered for the same position is commonly inclined to fret: "If I ask for a higher salary, maybe they won"t hire me, "or" Maybe the company will think I don"t have enough experience for such a high salary". (45)______. The real-life situation can be thought of as a game; once that perception takes root, some of the stress and inhibition disappears. Meanwhile, the already more confident males in the workshop gain a better understanding of how the situation looks and feels for an inhibited job seeker. They acquire a bit of sympathy. And of course women aren"t the only people who ever ask for a higher starting salary or a raise; the communication techniques tried out in assertiveness workshops can be used by anyone.A. Since assertiveness training arose in the US, the principles trainers try to instill would need to be adjusted for a non-Western culture. Yet many would doubtless be as much in place in China as they are in North America or Europe.B. But what if those "rules" have made you into a passive, unassertive, accommodating, compliant person when you would really prefer to speak up more about your true feelings and desires?C. The role playing session helps female workshop participants find out how it feels to ask for a higher salary. They see what the possible responses are, and the workshop participants pool their brains and experience to come up with useful tactics.D. A typical example might be a situation from a job interview: the employer is offering a certain salary but the prospective employee thinks it"s too low. How to make it clear that you want a higher salary without sacrificing your chances of landing the job? The workshop leader will have small groups work out strategies, probably involving a female job seeker and a male employer.E. If you are highly motivated, you could read and learn about how to become more assertive independently. Probably the best way to build assertiveness is a good assertiveness training workshop.F. For example, North American trainees are urged to focus positively on goals, not g on the other person. You may not like the other person. You may, in fact, mistrust, despise or fear the other person, but he is the fellow you have to negotiate with.G. The workshop should take place in a hospitable atmosphere with plenty of room, a comfortable temperature and light refreshments during breaks.

[A]Think about how your attitude change will affect your life [B]Look for a role model [C]Be clear about your traits [D]Identify and understand what you want to change [E]Believe that you are able to change [F]Get rid of the pessimistic friends [G]Choose the right company "Our attitude toward life determines life's attitude towards us." We've all heard about the power of our attitude, and that it's our attitude that determines how much we succeed in life. If you look around you, you will see that people with a positive attitude enjoy life more and are generally happier and more successful than those who walk around grumpy and pessimistic. Our attitude is the driving force in our lives—it can either push you to do great things or pull you down to your demise. All the things that you have been through, all the people you have met and interacted with can have an impact on your attitude. If you think that all these factors have molded you into a person with a poor attitude towards life, there is no need to worry as there is always an opportunity for change. Let me share with you how I did it. 【R1】______ The first step towards change is clearly understanding what needs to be changed. Setting clear goals is the key to success in any endeavor. When it comes to changing your attitude, you need to do an honest and in-depth self-evaluation so you could point out exactly which of your traits need to be improved or totally changed. 【R2】______ We all need to know that what we're trying to accomplish can in fact be achieved: that we can be more optimistic, more social or more patient. Find someone who has the kind of attitude that you want to have, and let his or her life give you inspiration and encouragement to move beyond your temporary failures in your journey towards becoming a better person. 【R3】______ To be able to overcome all the difficulties that lie ahead of you in your journey towards self betterment, you need to figure out exactly what this supposed change could bring to your life. Will changing your attitude mean a happier family or social life? Will a change in your attitude mean a more successful career or business? Fix your mind on the things that would come as a result of your attitude change and you will have a greater chance of reaching your goal. 【R4】______ As they say, "Bad company corrupts good character." You don' t expect yourself to be able to change if you go on surrounding yourself with people who possess all the negative traits that you want to change. Consider befriending new people, especially those who are optimistic and have a healthy attitude towards life. You will see that your effort to change will be easier with these kinds of people as friends. 【R5】______ Often, the greatest obstacle between us and our goals is ourselves or our inability to trust in what we are able to do. If you don't believe in yourself or believe that you or your life can change, it just won't happen—you will either never start, or give up quickly so you won't have even given yourself the opportunity to succeed. It cannot be denied that a positive attitude is very important for living a successful and satisfying life, so it is only right to strive to have a positive attitude.

Your friend Lisa"s birthday is coating soon. It is right time for you to write a letter to show warmest wishes for her happiness. The following is for you to consider:1. give warmest wishes;2. some hope for her;3. expecting to meet her.You should write about 100 words, do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Jack" instead. You do not need to write the address.

You are going to read a text about Christmas, followed by a list of information. Choose the best information from the list for each numbered subheading. (41) What is Christmas? The word Christmas comes from the words Cristes maesse, or "Christ"s Mass". Christmas is the celebration of the birth of Jesus for members of the Christian religion. Most historians peg the first celebration of Christmas to Rome in 336 A.D. Christmas is both a holiday and a Holy Day. (42) Why does everyone give each other presents on Christmas day? The tradition of gifts seems to have started with the gifts that the wise men (the Magi) brought to Jesus. Why is there a small evergreen tree in your living room? This is a German tradition, started as early as 700 A.D. In the 1800"s the tradition of a Christmas Tree was widespread in Germany, then moved to England and then America through Pennsylvanian German immigrants. (43) Why have you decorated this evergreen with ornaments, lights, fake snow and mylar plastic tinsel? In Victorian times, people had already started decorating trees with candies and cakes hung with ribbon. In 1880 Woolworths first sold manufactured Christmas Tree ornaments, and they caught on very quickly. (44) Why is there a big log in the fireplace? According to the book a The Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins" by William and Mary Morris, "Yuletide for Christmastime is a term derived from the yule log, which in olden days was a huge log used as the foundation of the holiday fires. Bringing the yule log in was, as recently as the nineteenth century, as much a part of the pre-Christmas festivities as putting up an evergreen tree today. Yule can be traced back to the Middle English Yollen (cry aloud) and is thought to date from early Anglo-Saxon revels in celebration of the discovery (after the Winter Solstice, December 22) that nights were becoming shorter." (45) Why are there oversized socks hanging on your mantel? According to a very old tradition, the original Saint Nicholas (see below) left his very first gifts of gold coins in the stockings of three poor girls who needed the money for their wedding dowries. The girls had hung their stockings by the fire to dry. And why are stores and malls so geared up about this holiday? Why does every mall have a Santa village, and why do kids come sit on Santa"s knee? As mentioned above, stores and malls have been revived up about Christmas since the late 1800"s. In America today the weeks between thanksgiving and Christmas are, by far, the biggest retail sales weeks of the year.A. Up until lately it was traditiono1 to receive small items like fruit, nuts and candy in your stocking, but these have been replaced in the last half-century by more expensive gifts in many homes.B. As recounted in the Bible"s book of Matthew, "On coming to the house they saw the child with his mother Mary, and they bowed down and worshipped him. Then they opened their treasures and presented him with gifts of gold and of incense and of myrrh." As mentioned in the previous question, however, no one was really in the habit of exchanging elaborate gifts until late in the 1800"s. The Santa Claus story combined with an amazing retailing phenomena that has grown since the turn of the century has made gift giving a central focus of the Christmas tradition.C. The survival of most retail stores depends on the Christmas buying season. Therefore retailers do whatever they can to whip people into a Christmas buying spirit and to attract them to their stores. Festive decorations, big ads, Santa"s Villages and all the rest is a part of that process.D. Up until the 19th century, the custom of burning the Yule Log flourished in England, France, Germany and among the South Slavs. Out of oak, families carved a heavy-, wood block. They placed it into the floor of their hearth. It glowed throughout the year under the flames of household fires. Gradually it became ash.E. In America it is the biggest event of the year (especially for kids), and for members of the Christian religions it is an important day on the religious calendar. The federal government, all state governments, all schools/colleges/universities arid the vast majority of businesses in America give employees one or two days off at Christmas, making it an important holiday In the Roman Catholic calendar, Christmas is one of 6 holy feast days celebrated in America.F. Martin Luther, in the 16th century, is credited as being the first person to put candles on a tree, and the first electrically lighted Christmas tree appeared in 1882. Calvin Coolidge in 1923 ceremoniously lit the first outdoor tree at the White House, starting that long tradition. Fake snow and tinsel...Who knows? It"s probably related to the song "White Christmas"

Whether you're a New Jersey mall rat or a farmer in India, being poor can exhaust your smarts. The findings indicate that an【C1】______need— making rent, getting money for food—tugs at the attention so much that it can【C2】______the brainpower of anyone who experiences it, regardless of innate intelligence or【C3】______. As a result, many social【C4】______programs set up to help the poor could backfire(have an undesired effect)by adding more【C5】______to their lives. There's a widespread tendency to【C6】______that poor people don't have money because they are lazy,【C7】______or just not that sharp, said study coauthor Sendhil Mullainathan. "Our【C8】______was quite different: It's not that poor people are any different from rich people, but that being poor【C9】______itself has an effect." Mullainathan wanted to find out how those psychologically【C10】______situations affected their overall mental【C11】______. To do so, the researchers traveled to India and【C12】______464 sugar cane farmers before and after a harvest. Sugar cane farmers get paid only once a year. One month before harvest time, they are【C13】______for cash; one month after harvest, they're flush with【C14】______. The farmers took tests before and after harvest. When money was running low, they performed【C15】______on the IQ test and took slightly longer to answer questions on the test than they did when【C16】______wasn't a problem. The drop was【C17】______—about 9 IQ points. The research lends support to the idea that many behaviors【C18】______to being poor—using less preventive healthcare, having higher obesity rates, be ing less【C19】______parents and making poor financial decisions—may be caused by【C20】______rather than the other way around.

Application Write an application of about 100 words based on the following situation: You wish to join the dance club of your university, because you like dancing and you are good at some kinds of dance. Now write a letter of application to the club. Do not sign your own name at the end of the application. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

The good news made headlines nationwide: Deaths from several kinds of cancer have declined significantly in recent years. But the news has to be bittersweet for many cancer patients and their families. Every year, more than 500,000 people in the United States still die of cancer. In fact, more than half of all patients diagnosed with cancer will die of their disease within a few years. And while it"s true survival is longer today than in the past, the quality of life for these patients is often greatly diminished. Cancer—many of the treatments used to fight it—causes pain, nausea, fatigue, and anxiety that routinely go undertreated or untreated. In the nation"s single-minded focus on curing cancer, we have inadvertently devalued the critical need for palliative care, which focuses on alleviating physical and psychological symptoms over the course of the disease. Nothing would have a greater impact on the daily lives of cancer patients and their families than good symptom control and supportive therapy. Yet the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the federal government"s leader in cancer research and training, spent less than I percent of its 1999 budget on any aspect of research or training in palliative care. The nation needs to get serious about reducing needless suffering. NCI should commit to and fund research aimed at improving symptom control and palliative care. NCI also could designate "centers of excellence" among the cancer centers it recognizes. To get that designation, centers would deliver innovative, top-quality palliative care to all segments of the populations the centers serve; train professionals in medicine, nursing, psychology, social work, and other disciplines to provide palliative dare; and conduct research. Insurance coverage for palliative and hospice care also contributes to the problem by forcing people to choose between active treatment or hospice care. This "either/or" approach does not readily allow these two types of essential care to be integrated. The Medicare hospice benefit is designed specifically for people in the final stages of illness and allows enrollment only if patients are expected to survive six months or less. The benefit excludes patients from seeking both palliative care and potentially life-extending treatment. That makes hospice enrollment an obvious deterrent for many patients. And hospices, which may have the most skilled practitioners and the most experience in administering palliative care, cannot offer their services to people who could really benefit but still are pursuing active treatment. It is innately human to comfort and provide care to those suffering from cancer, particularly those close to death. Yet what seems self-evident at an individual, personal level has not guided policy at the level of institutions in this country. Death is inevitable, but severe suffering is not. To offer hope for a long life of the highest possible quality and to deliver the best quality cancer care from diagnosis to death, our public institutions need to move toward policies that value and promote palliative care.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

A father"s relationship to his child"s current and future academic success and the level of his or her development in academic potential and scholastic achievement are both factors with some rather interesting implications that educators are beginning to study and appraise. As a matter of fact, "life with father", has been discovered to be a very important factor in determining a child"s progress or lack of progress in school. A recent survey of over 16,000 children made by the National Child Development Study in London, England, revealed that children whose fathers came to school conferences and accompanied their children on outings did measurably better in school than did those children x, hose fathers were not involved in these activities. The study, which monitored children born during a week in March, 1958, from the time of their birth through the years of their early schooling, further revealed that the children of actively involved fathers scored as much as seven months higher in reading and maths than did those children whose only involved parent was the mother. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role played by fathers in the raising of a child. It indicated a much higher level of parental involvement by the father than had been anticipated. Over 66% of the fathers were said to have played a major role in parental responsibility. The study also suggested that the greatest level of parental parenting took place in the families of only children. As the number of children and financial obligations increased, the father"s apparent interest and involvement with the children decreased. However, no matter what the size of financial condition of the family, a father"s active participation in the child"s development made great difference in the children"s progress. The study further revealed that while the frequency of overnight absences reflected a corresponding deficiency of the child"s level in maths and reading, a father"s employment on late shifts appeared to have little effect on the child"s academic progress. The data from the study was obtained primarily through interviews with parents, teachers and physicians. The information evaluating the level of the father"s parenting performance was elicited primarily from the admittedly subjective observations of their wives.

On College Graduates" Starting Their Own Business A. Title: On College Graduates" Starting Their Own Business B. Word limit: 160~200 words (not including the given opening sentence) C. Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the given opening sentence: "Nowadays there is a growing tendency for college students to start their own business instead of hunting for a job after graduation." OUTLINE: 1. Some college students" starting their own business after graduation 2. The reasons for this phenomenon 3. My opinion

Technology is the application of scientific method and knowledge to industry to satisfy our material needs and wants. This results in new processes and in new products, such as washing machine, record players, motor ears, electronic computers, nuclear weapons and space rockets. A technologist has the scientific know-how, or technique, for making and doing things. The know-how may be original, as it is devised for a specific purpose, or it may be inherited as the accumulated skill and knowledge of generations of specialists. We live in a technological society. Almost every aspect of life in the modem world is influenced (for better or worse) by your technological surroundings. (46) Communications, transportation, manufacturing, mining and exploration, the service industries, medicine, agriculture-all are dominated bi methods and apparatus which are the results of technological advances. The basis of technology is science. (47) Without the fundamental discoveries and understanding provided by science, technology would be a hit-or-miss affair, lacking direction and making little progress. One can argue that our society is beginning to suffer from too much technology, but we will never return to the primitive life of our forefather-technology is with us and it will remain with us. Just as it is important to study history so that we can appreciate how the world came to its present state, it is important to learn some of the basic concepts of science so that we can appreciate the role that technology plays in modem society. (48) For without some knowledge of the scientific principles by which technology operates, one can neither handle with technology nor assist in directing it into the proper channels. In recent times, we have had the general attitude that whatever is technologically possible should be done. (49) It is now becoming increasingly apparent that our scientific and technological progress has outstripped our capacity to perform or absorb everything that is possible. More and more, we will have decisions to make; in what directions should the thrust of our new discoveries be made? The situation requires that we make intelligent decisions-decisions based on a knowledge and an understanding of what can be done, what will be the benefits, and will be the consequences. Scientists do not make these decisions; people make them. (50) It is therefore incumbent on every individual to acquire the basic knowledge that will permit him to participate intelligently in directing the course of our technological advancement.

In a sweeping change to how most of its 1,800 employees are paid, the Union Square Hospitality Group will eliminate tipping at Union Square Cafe and its 12 other restaurants by the end of next year, the company's chief executive, Danny Meyer, said on Wednesday. The move will affect New York City businesses. The first will be the Modern, inside the Museum of Modern Art, starting next month. The others will gradually follow. A small number of restaurants around the country have reduced or eliminated tipping in the last several years. Some put a surcharge on the bill, allowing the restaurants to set the pay for all their employees. Others, including Bruno Pizza, a new restaurant in the East Village, factor the cost of an hourly wage for servers into their menu prices. Union Square Hospitality Group will do the latter. The Modern will be the pilot restaurant, Mr. Meyer said, because its chef, Abram Bissell, has been agitating for higher pay to attract skilled cooks. The average hourly wage for kitchen employees at the restaurant is expected to rise to $15.25 from $11.75. Mr. Meyer said that restaurants such as his needed to stay competitive as the state moved to a $15 minimum wage for fast-food workers. If cooks' wages do not keep pace with the cost of living, he said, "it's not going to be sustainable to attract the culinary talent that the city needs to keep its edge." Mr. Meyer said he hoped to be able to raise pay for junior dining room managers and for cooks, dishwashers and other kitchen workers. The wage gap is one of several issues cited by restaurateurs who have deleted the tip line from checks. Some believe it is unfair for servers' pay to be affected by factors that have nothing to do with performance. A rash of class-action lawsuits over tipping irregularities, many of which have been settled for millions of dollars, is a mounting worry. Scott Rosenberg, an owner of Sushi Yasuda in Manhattan, said in an interview in 2013 that he had e-liminated tipping so his restaurant could more closely follow the customs of Japan, where tipping is rare. He said he also hoped his customers would enjoy leaving the table without having to solve a math problem. While Drew Nieporent, who owns nine restaurants in New York City and one in London, said he doubted the average diner would accept an increase in prices. "Tipping is a way of life in this country," he said. "It may not be the perfect system, but it' s our system. It' s an American system."