单选题In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where most of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with. the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two factors: the collapse of the cotton industry, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrants' subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. But the question of who actually left the South has never been thoroughly investigated. Although numerous investigations document an exodus (大批出走) from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600, 000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force, reported themselves to be engaged in "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits", the federal census category roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be enticed to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and out-date. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries— tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. During that period, urban black workers faced competition from the continuing arrival of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their sub-sequent economic problems in the North to their rural background comes into question.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the{{U}} (1) {{/U}}of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel{{U}} (2) {{/U}}to go to bed and pleased when the journey{{U}} (3) {{/U}}On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed{{U}} (4) {{/U}}earlier than usual. When I{{U}} (5) {{/U}}my cabin, I was surprised{{U}} (6) {{/U}}that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected{{U}} (7) {{/U}}but there was a suitcase{{U}} (8) {{/U}}mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet{{U}} (9) {{/U}}，except that he was wearing{{U}} (10) {{/U}}good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not{{U}} (11) {{/U}}whoever he was and did not say{{U}} (12) {{/U}}.As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately. I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night. I felt cold but covered{{U}} (13) {{/U}}as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized that a{{U}} (14) {{/U}}was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten{{U}} (15) {{/U}}the door, so I got up{{U}} (16) {{/U}}the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and{{U}} (17) {{/U}}the moon shone through it on to the other bed.{{U}} (18) {{/U}}there. It took me a minute or two to{{U}} (19) {{/U}}the door myself. I realized that my companion{{U}} (20) {{/U}}through the window into the sea.

单选题Sustainable development is applied to just about everything from energy to clean water and economic growth, and as a result it has become difficult to question either the basic assumptions behind it or the way the concept is put to use. This is especially true in agriculture, where sustainable development is often taken as the sole measure of progress without a proper appreciation of historical and cultural perspectives. To start with, it is important to remember that the nature of agriculture has changed markedly throughout history, and will continue to do so. Medieval agriculture in northern Europe fed, clothed and sheltered a predominantly rural society with a much lower population density than it is today. It had minimal effect on biodiversity, and any pollution it caused was typically localized. In terms of energy use and the nutrients captured in the product it was relatively inefficient. Contrast this with farming since the start of the industrial revolution. Competition from overseas led farmers to specialize and increase yields. Throughout this period food became cheaper, safe and more reliable. However, these changes have also led to habitat loss and to diminishing biodiversity. What's more, demand for animal products in developing countries is growing so fast that meeting it will require an extra 300 million tons of grain a year by 2050. Yet the growth of cities and industry is reducing the amount of water available for agriculture in many regions. All this means that agriculture in the 21st century will have to be very different from how it was in the 20th. This will require radical thinking. For example, we need to move away from the idea that traditional practices are inevitably more sustainable than new ones. We also need to abandon the notion that agriculture can be "zero impact". The key will be to abandon the rather simple and static measures of sustainability, which centre on the need to maintain production without increasing damage. Instead we need a more dynamic interpretation, one that looks at the pros and cons of all the various way land is used. There are many different ways to measure agricultural performance besides food yield: energy use, environmental costs, water purity, carbon footprint and biodiversity. It is clear, for example, that the carbon of transporting tomatoes from Spain to the UK is less than that of producing them in the UK with additional heating and lighting. But we do not know whether lower carbon footprints will always be better for biodiversity. What is crucial is recognizing that sustainable agriculture is not just about sustainable food production.

单选题Never has a straitjacket seemed so ill-fitting or so insecure. The Euro area's "Stability and Growth Pact" was supposed to stop irresponsible member states running excessive budget deficits, defined as 3% of GDP or more. Chief among the restraints was the threat of large fines if member governments breached the limit for three years in a row. For some time now, no one has seriously believed those restraints would hold. In the early hours of Tuesday November 25th, the Euro's fiscal straitjacket finally came apart at the seams. The pact's fate was sealed over an extended dinner meeting of the euro area's 12 finance ministers. They chewed over the sorry fiscal record of the Euro's two largest members, France and Germany. Both governments ran deficits of more than 3% of GDP last year and will do so again this year. Both expect to breach the limit for the third time in 2004. Earlier this year the European Commission, which polices the pact, agreed to give both countries an extra year, until 2005, to bring their deficits back into line. But it also instructed them to revisit their budget plans for 2004 and make extra cuts. France was asked to cut its underlying, cyclically adjusted deficit by a full 1% of GDP, Germany by 0.8%. Both resisted. Under the pact's hales, the commission's prescriptions have no force until formally endorsed in a vote by the Euro area's finance ministers' known as the "Eurogroup." And the votes were simply not there. Instead, the Euro-group agreed on a set of proposals of its own, drawn up by the Italian finance minister, Giulio Tremonti. France will cut its structural deficit by 0.8% of GDP next year, Germany by 0.6%. In 2005, both will bring their deficits below 3%, economic growth permitting. Nothing will enforce or guarantee this agreement except France and Germany's word. The European Central Bank (ECB) was alarmed at this outcome, the commission was dismayed, and the smaller Euro-area countries who opposed the deal were apoplectic: treaty law was giving way to the "Franco-German steamroller," as Le Figaro, a French newspaper, put it. This seething anger will sour European politics and may spill over into negotiations on a proposed EU constitution. Having thrown their weight around this week, France and Germany may find other smaller members more reluctant than ever to give ground in the negotiations on the document. Spain opposes the draft constitution because it will give it substantially less voting weight than it currently enjoys. It sided against France and Germany on Tuesday, and will point to their fiscal transgressions to show that the EU's big countries do not deserve the extra power the proposed constitution will give them.

单选题Many countries will not allow cigarette advertising in their newspaper or on TV-especially (1) the advertisements are usually written with young people in mind. (2) advertising, the tobacco companies have begun to (3) sports events. They give money to football, motor racing, tennis and a number of (4) sports (5) condition that the name of the cigarette is (6) This is now (7) concern, because it does exactly (8) many ads try to do-suggest that smoking has some connection (9) being strong and athletic. In all this, the point of view of the non-smokers has to be (10) as well: "3 wish smoker would stop (11) the air. I wish I could eat in a restaurant (12) having to smell cigarettes smoke." It has been (13) that, in a room where a large number of people are smoking, a non-smoker will breathe in the (14) of two or three cigarettes during an evening. (15) , non-smokers are now majority in many western countries. More and more people are giving up the habit, discouraged by high prices, influenced by (16) advertising or just aware that smoking is no longer really a polite thing to do. Faced with lower sales, the western tobacco companies have begun to look outside their own countries. They have begun advertising (17) to persuade young people in developing countries that smoking American or British or French cigarette is a sophisticated western habit, which they should copy. As a result, more and more young people are spending (18) money they have on a product which the west recognizes (19) unhealthy and no longer wants. The high number of young smokers in India, in South America and in South East Asia will become some of tomorrow's (20) .

单选题A good-looking robot is seriously hard to find. Robots can be pretty, some even handsome, but as soon as they get too realistic they start to creep us out. A new system for helping robots to generate more realistic expressions might go some way to help. Many years ago, roboticists realised that as you morph an abstract robot into a human you generate a peak of unease—the "uncanny valley principle"—that makes people feel uncomfortable when a robot looks realistic but not realistic enough. Some say it"s because they remind us of a corpse. However, research has shown that if you manipulate the robotic images so that they are more attractive, you can bypass this feeling of unease. To create a robot we are more likely to accept, life-like expressions are vital. That"s why Nicole Lazzeri at the University of Pisa, Italy, and her colleagues have designed a "Hybrid Engine for Facial Expressions Synthesis" (HEFES)—a facial animation engine that gives realistic expressions to a humanoid robot called FACE. To mimic the myriad expressions that facial muscles are capable of achieving, the team placed 32 motors around FACE"s skull and upper torso that manipulate its polymer skin in the same way that real muscles do. To create expressions they used a combination of motor movements based on the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)—a system created over 30 years ago which codes facial expressions in terms of organic muscle movements. HEFES is used to control FACE"s expressions. It is essentially a mathematical programme that creates an "emotional space" which a person can use to choose an expression for FACE that exists anywhere between one or more basic emotions, including anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. The algorithm then works out which motors need to be moved to create that expression or transition between two or more. The team evaluated the accuracy of their expressions by asking five autistic and 15 non-autistic children to identify a set of expressions performed first by FACE and then by a psychologist. Both groups were able to identify happiness, anger and sadness but less able to identify fear, disgust and surprise. So is it more attractive? I"m not convinced. But FACE"s ability to smoothly transition between one emotion and another is pretty remarkable. And not too creepy.

单选题The film-awards season, which reaches its tearful climax with the Oscars next week, has long been only loosely related to the film business. Hollywood is dedicated to the art of funneling teenagers past popcorn stands, not art itself. But this year's awards are less relevant than ever. The true worth of a film is no longer decided by the crowd that assembles in the Kodak Theatre—or, indeed, by any American. It is decided by youngsters in countries such as Russia, China and Brazil. Hollywood has always been an international business, but it is becoming dramatically more so. In the past decade total box-office spending has risen by about one-third in North America while more than doubling elsewhere. Thanks to Harry Potter, Sherlock Holmes and "Inception", Warner Bros made $2.93 billion outside North America last year smashing the studio's previous record of $2.24 billion. Falling DVD sales in America, by far the world's biggest home-entertainment market, mean Hollywood is even more dependent on foreign punters. The rising foreign tide has lifted films that were virtually written off in America, such as "Prince of Persia" and "The Chronicles of Namia: the Voyage of the Dawn Treader". Despite starring the popular Jack Black, "Gulliver's Travels" had a disappointing run in North America, taking $42 million at the box office so far. But strong tumout in Russia and South Korea helped it reach almost $150 million in sales elsewhere. As a result, it should turn a profit, says John Davis, the film's producer. The growth of the international box office is partly a result of the dollar's weakness. It was also helped by "Avatar", an eco-fantasy that made a startling $ 2 billion outside North America. But three things are particularly important: a cinema boom in the emerging world, a concerted effort by the major studios to make films that might play well outside America and a global marketing push to make sure they do. Russia, with its shrinking teenage population, is an unlikely spot for a box-office boom. Yet cinema-building is proceeding apace, and supply has created demand. Last year 160 million cinema tickets were sold in Russia—the first time in recent years that sales have exceeded the country's population. Ticket prices have risen, in part because the new cinemas are superior, with digital projectors that can show 3D films. The big Hollywood studios are muscling domestic film-makers aside. In 2007 American films made almost twice as much at the Russian box office as domestic films—8.3 billion roubles ($325 million) compared with 4.5 billion. Last year the imported stuff made some 16.4 billion roubles: more than five times as much as the home-grown product, estimates Movie Research, a Moscow outfit. Earlier this month Vladimir Putin, Russia's Prime Minister, said the government would spend less money supporting Russian film-makers and more on expanding the number of screens.

单选题 They may not be the richest, but Africans remain the world's staunchest optimists. An annual survey by Gallup International, a research outfit, shows that, when asked whether this year will be better than last, Africa once again comes out on top. Out of 52,000 people interviewed all over the world, under half believe that things are looking up. But in Africa the proportion is close to 60%—almost twice as much as in Europe. Africans have some reasons to be cheerful. The continent's economy has been doing fairly well with South Africa, the economic powerhouse, growing steadily over the past few years. Some of Africa's long-running conflicts, such as the war between the north and south in Sudan and the civil war in Congo, have ended. Africa even has its first elected female head of state, in Liberia. Yet there is no shortage of downers too. Most of Africa remains dirt poor. Crises in places like Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe are far from solved. And the democratic credentials of Ethiopia and Uganda, once the darlings of western donors, have taken a bad knock. AIDS killed over 2 million Africans in 2005, and will kill more this year. So is it all just a case of irrational exuberance ? Meril James of Gallup argues that there is, in fact, usually very little relation between the survey's optimism rankings and reality. Africans, this year led by Nigerians, are consistently the most upbeat, whether their lot gets better or not. On the other hand, Greece— hardly the worst place on earth—tops the gloom-and-doom chart, followed closely by Portugal and France. Ms James speculates that religion may have a lot to do with it. Nine out of ten Africans are religious, the highest proportion in the world. But cynics argue that most Africans believe that 2006 will be golden because things have been so bad that it is hard to imagine how they could possibly get worse. This may help explain why places that have suffered recent misfortunes, such as Kosovo and Afghanistan, rank among the top five optimists. Moussaka for thought for those depressed Greeks.

单选题In the third paragraph, the author is trying ______.

单选题 Money corrupts, they say, and now there's a study that shows why people get so sneaky when it comes to making a profit. The research, which was published in the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, revealed that people doubled the number of lies they told in order to earn extra cash if they were first prompted to think about money. The study involved more than 300 business students who participated in several experiments, all of which showed that cuing people to consider money increased either unethical intentions or actions. "Our research suggests that we may be vulnerable to some influences that we're not aware of," says study co-author Kristen Smith-Crowe, "Our moral behavior may be affected by things in the environment that we have no idea are affecting us." "The main point is a 'wow' finding-that small and unnoticeable reminders of money can produce lying, cheating, and essentially stealing 10 minutes later. That is really fascinating," says Kathleen Vohs, professor of marketing at the University of Minnesota, who has conducted similar research but was not associated with this study. Why would thoughts of money increase misbehavior? "Money cues trigger this business decision frame like seeing the world only through a cost/benefit analysis and the significance is that we're not considering other things like moral issues," says Smith-Crowe. The research adds to prior work connecting wealth, greed and unethical behavior; one series of studies found that those who were rich were more likely to engage in sketchy actions, ranging from shoplifting, cutting people off in their cars to lying to job seekers to giving less to charity proportionally than those who were less well off. In one study, this connection was explained almost entirely by the more common belief among the wealthy that greed—or love of money-was good, and an admirable quality, rather than by class itself. When the research was published, author Paul Piff of the University of California in Berkeley remarked, "We're not arguing that rich people are bad at all, but that psychological features of wealth have these natural effects." That may explain why money is so often seen as corrupting and having a negative influence on people's behavior. That doesn't bode well for a population living in an increasingly uncertain and highly unequal economy, where more relationships have become transactional and the "just business" strategy, rather than a morally driven one, seems to make more sense. "A lot of the socialization involves ideas like maximizing profits and shareholder wealth," says Smith-Crowe, "We want to ask the question, and we're just starting on research in this: Can people's concepts of business be changed so we can extend them to include moral considerations?"

单选题SomeoftheconcernssurroundingTurkey'sapplicationtojointheEuropeanUnion,tobe(1)onbytheEU'sCouncilofMinistersonDecember17th,areeconomic—inparticular,thecountry'srelativepoverty.ItsGDPperheadislessthanathirdoftheaverageforthe15pre-2004membersoftheEU.(2)itisnotfaroffthatofLatvia—oneofthetennewmemberswhich(3)onMay1st2004,anditismuchthesameas(4)oftwocountries,BulgariaandRomania,whichthisweekconcluded(5)talkswiththeEUthatcouldmakethemfullmembersonJanuary1st2007.(6),thecountry'srecenteconomicprogresshasbeen,accordingtoDonaldJohnston,thesecretary-generaloftheOECD,stunning.GDPinthesecondquarteroftheyearwas13.4%higherthanayearearlier,a(7)ofgrowththatnoEUcountrycomescloseto(8).Turkey's(9)ratehasjustfallenintosinglefiguresforthefirsttimesince1972,andthisweekthecountry(10)agreementwiththeIMFonanewthree-year,＄10billioneconomicprogramthatwillhelpTurkey(11)inflationtowardEuropeanlevels,andenhancetheeconomy'sresilience.Resiliencehasnothistoricallybeenthecountry'seconomicstrongpoint.(12),throughoutthe1990sgrowthoscillatedlikeanelectrocardiogram(13)aviolentheartattack.This(14)hasbeenoneofthemainreasonswhythecountryhasfaileddismallytoattackmuch-neededforeigndirectinvestment.Itsstockofsuchinvestmentislowernowthanitwasinthe1980s,andannual(15)havescarcelyeverreached＄1billion.Onedeterrenttoforeigninvestorsisdueto(16)onJanuary1st2005.Onthatday,Turkeywilltakeawaytherightofvirtuallyeveryoneofitscitizenstocallthemselvesamillionaire.Sixzeroswillberemovedfromthefacevalueofthelira(里拉,土耳其货币单位);oneunitofthelocal(17)willhenceforthbeworthwhatlmillionarenow—ie,about0.53(0.53欧元).Goodswillhavetobe(18)inboththenewandoldliraforthewholeoftheyear,(19)foreignbankersand(20)canbegintolookforwardtoatimeinTurkeywhentheywillnolongerhavetojugglementallywithindeterminatestringsofzeros.

单选题The author used the example of a traveler (Para. 3) to show that

单选题Even before canaries (特高频噪声) were brought into coal mines to alert workers to the presence of poisonous gas, birds were giving us early warning calls signaling the Earth's deteriorating environmental health. Global bird populations have shrunk by up to 25% since preagricultural (农业社会前的) times. Over the past 300 years, farmland has expanded from six percent of the Earth's surface to nearly 33%. Today, three quarters of threatened bird species depend on forests as their principal habitat; each year, however, some 13,000,000 hectares of forests are destroyed, an area the size of Greece. Nearly half the woodlands lost are relatively undisturbed primary forests that are home to a number of sensitive birds and other creatures. Direct exploitation, including hunting for food and capture for the pet trade, is the second greatest danger after habitat loss, while next is the intentional or accidental introduction of non-native species. As people travel to all parts of the globe, so too do the pests and pets that prey on, out-compete, or alter the habitat of native wildlife. Pollution poses an additional risk, affecting 12% of the threatened bird species. In addition to direct poisoning from fertilizer and pesticide applications, runoff of chemicals contaminates the wetlands that migrating waterfowl rely on. Persistent organic pollutants accumulate in the food chain and can lead to deformities, reproductive failure, and disease in birds. Worldwide, one-third of plant and animal species could become extinct by 2050 as a result of climate change, a relatively new threat. Global temperature spikes have brought severe alterations to the migration, breeding, and habitat ranges of some birds. In addition to these looming dangers, seven percent of threatened bird species are at risk from incidental mortality. A rapid decline in seabird populations over the last 15 years corresponds with the growth in commercial longline fisheries. In Europe, Central Asia, and Africa, electrocution on power lines has caused the mass mortality of raptors. Moreover, countless birds die each year from collisions with windows, the number-one cause of U.S. avian mortality. If birds disappear, so do the economically valuable services they provide. Preventing the extinction of additional bird populations depends largely on protecting the world's remaining wild spaces and preserving the health of our natural and altered ecosystems. Reports that the ivory-billed woodpecker, long thought to be extinct, is still with us thrilled bird watchers and others, but this sort of second chance seldom occurs in nature. Even with continued habitat protection, once wildlife populations drop dramatically, a rebound is far from guaranteed. Without stabilizing climate and human numbers, putting fences around all the parks in the world will not lie enough to protect threatened species.

单选题Which of the following is the usual theme of blues?______

单选题The best title of this text should be