单选题{{B}}Text 2{{/B}} The term "nationalism" is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1)the members of a nation care about their national identity and(2) that the members of a nation seek to achieve (or sustain) self-determination. It is traditional, therefore, to distinguish nations from states—whereas a nation often consists of an ethnic or cultural community, a state is a political entity with a high degree of sovereignty. While many states are nations in some sense, there are many nations which are not fully sovereign states. As an example, the Native American Iroquois constitute a nation but not a state, since they do not possess the requisite political authority over their internal or external affairs. If the members of the Iroquois nation were to strive to form a sovereign state in the effort to preserve their identity as a people, they would be exhibiting a state—focused nationalism. Nationalism has long been ignored as a topic in political philosophy, written off as a relic from bygone times. It has only recently come into the focus of philosophical debate. The surge of nationalism usually presents a morally {{U}}ambivalent{{/U}} and for this reason often fascinating picture. "National awakenings" and struggles for political independence are often both heroic and inhumanly cruel; the formation of a recognizably national state often responds to deep popular sentiment, but can and does sometimes bring in its wake inhuman consequences, including violent expulsion and "cleansing" of non-nationals, all the way to organized mass murder. The moral debate on nationalism reflects a deep moral tension between solidarity with oppressed national groups on the one hand and repulsion in the face of crimes perpetrated in the name of nationalism on the other. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology or as a popular (non-state) movement and may be expressed along civic, ethnic, cultural, religious or ideological lines. These self-definitions of the nation are used to classify types of nationalism. However, such categories are not mutually exclusive and many nationalist movements combine some or all of these elements to varying degrees. Nationalist movements can also be classified by other criteria, such as scale and location. Nationalism does not necessarily imply a belief in the superiority of one race over others, but in practice, many nationalists support racial protectionism or racial supremacy. Such racism is typically based upon preference or superiority of the indigenous race of the nation.

单选题Which of the following about "Path to Growth" strategy is true?

单选题According to the passage, the problems of college education partly arise from the fact that______

单选题Approximately what percentage of the population in India most probably observes the custom of arranged marriage?______

单选题Our visit to the excavation of a Roman fort on a hill near Coventry was of more than archaeological interest. The year’s dig had been a fruitful one and had assembled evidence of a permanent military camp much larger than had at first been conjectured. We were greeted on the site by a group of excavators, some of them filling in a trench that had yielded an almost complete pot the day before, others enjoying the last-day luxury of a cigarette in the sun, but all happy to explain and talk about their work. If we had not already known it, nothing would have suggested that this was a party of prisoners from the nearby prison. This is not the first time that prison labor has been used in work of this kind, but here the experiment, now two years old, has proved outstandingly satisfactory. From the archaeologists’ point of view, prisoners provide a steady force of disciplined labor throughout the entire season, men to whom it is a serious day’s work, and not the rather carefree holiday job that it tends to be for the amateur archaeologist. Newcomers are comparatively few, and can soon be initiated by those already trained in the work. Prisoners may also be more accustomed to heavy work like shoveling and carting soil than the majority of students. When Coventry’s Keeper of Archaeology went to the prison to appeal for help, he was received cautiously by the men, but when the importance of the work was fully understood, far more volunteers were forthcoming than could actually be employed. When they got to work on the site, and their efforts produced pottery and building foundations in what until last year had been an ordinary field, their enthusiasm grew till they would sometimes work through their lunch hour and tea break, and even carry on in the rain rather than sit it out in the hut. This was undoubtedly because the work was not only strenuous but absorbing, and called for considerable intelligence. The men worked always under professional supervision, but as the season went on they needed less guidance and knew when an expert should be summoned. Disciplinary problems were negligible: the men were carefully selected for their good conduct and working on a party like this was too valuable a privilege to be thrown away. The Keeper of Archaeology said that this was by far the most satisfactory form of labor that he had ever had, and that it had produced results, in quantity and quality, that could not have been achieved by any other means.

单选题Ernest Hemingway was one of the most important American writers in the history of contemporary American literature. He was the (1) spokesperson for the Lost Generation and also the sixth American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature (1954). His writing style and personal life (2) a (3) influence on American writers of his time. Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a doctor's family in Oak Park, in the (4) of Chicago. The novel (5) established Hemingway's (6) was The Sun Also Rises (1926). The story described a group of (7) Americans and Britons living in France. That is to (8) , it described the life of the members of the (9) Lost Generation after World War I. Hemingway's second major novel was A Farewell to Arms (1929), a love story (10) in wartime Italy. That novel was (11) by Death in the Afternoon (1932) and Green Hills of Africa (1935). His two (12) of short stories Men without Women (1927) and Winner Take Nothing (1933) established his fame (13) the master of short stories. In the late 1930's, Hemingway began to express (14) about social problems. His novel To Have and Have Not (1937) (15) economic and political injustices. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) (16) the conflict of the Spanish Civil War. In 1952, Hemingway published em>The Old Man and the Sea, for (17) he won the 1953 Pulitzer Prize. In 1954, Hemingway was (18) the Nobel Prize of Literature. Later, being (19) and ill, he shot (20) on July 2, 1961.

单选题According to paragraph 3, what Dr. Davie said implies that

单选题Although recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing realization that the only effective way to achieve further reductions in vehicle emissions--short of a massive shift away from the private automobile—is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner-burning fuels such as compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol. All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn mom cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if any, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of larger molecules, which have multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reaction. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release un-combusted and photo-chemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks—a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency-and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits in supply. Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon based alternative fuels: they have a higher energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but k is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol's most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant. Like any alternative fuel, methan61 has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of "gasoline done" vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than "gasoline clone" vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.

单选题Generally speaking, a British is widely regarded as a quiet, shy and conservative person who is (1) only among those with whom he is acquainted. When a stranger is at present, he often seems nervous, (2) embarrassed. You have to take a commuter train any morning or evening to (3) the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner; hardly anybody talks, since to do so would be considered quite offensive. (4) , there is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, (5) broken, makes the offender immediately the object of (6) . It has been known as a fact that a British has a (7) for the discussion of their weather and that, if given a chance, he will talk about it (8) . Some people argue that it is because the British weather seldom (9) forecast and hence becomes a source of interest and (10) to everyone. This may be so. (11) a British cannot have much (12) in the weathermen, who, after promising fine, sunny weather for the following day, are often proved wrong (13) a cloud over the Atlantic brings rainy weather to all districts! The man in the street seems to be as accurate — or as inaccurate — as the weathermen in his (14) . Foreigners may be surprised at the number of references (15) weather that the British make to each other in the course of a single day. Very often conversational greetings are (16) by comments on the weather. "Nice day, isn't it?" "Beautiful!" may well be heard instead of "Good morning, how are you?" (17) the foreigner may consider this exaggerated and comic, it is worthwhile pointing out that it could be used to his advantage. (18) he wants to start a conversation with a British but is (19) to know where to begin, he could do well to mention the state of the weather. It is a safe subject which will (20) an answer from even the most reserved of the British.

单选题Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devised the system of Latinised scientific names for living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to (1) people into his system, he put them into a group called Homo and Linne's hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens. (2) the group originally had a second member, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and the pictures show it to be covered (3) hair. Modern (4) are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Man's lofty (5) , and the chimpanzee is now referred to (6) Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no (7) that chimps are humans' nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what makes humanity special are ever to be (8) , understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species, (9) it is here that the (10) must originate. One half of the puzzle has been (11) for several years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this week's Nature (12) the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting (13) answers to age-old questions (14) , the publication of the chimp genome may be something of an (15) . There are no immediately obvious genes--present in one, but not the other--that account for such characteristic human (16) as intelligence or even hairlessness. And (17) there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had already been discovered. But although the preliminary comparison of the two genomes (18) by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not (19) any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for (20) .

单选题What does the sentence "nothing is causeless, and even the fact that Englishmen have bad teeth can tell one something about the realities of English life. "( Paragraph 1 ) imply?

单选题According to the text, the White House

单选题What is Haden's attitude towards the technology program?

单选题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. Culture itself must be transmitted, and the most effective way is through the family. Parents teach their children the ideas and traditions they {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}from their own parents. For this reason the {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}became increasingly important; the practical applications of cultural tradition, such as hunting for food, {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}children and tending the sick, may have been the obvious methods to use when more than one family came together in a joint activity. Families provide friends, people who can be trusted, and trust can be {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}through intermarriage. Thus the whole societies come to be formed, in which the relationships between kin act {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}guidelines for daily behavior and establish important social values. Sometimes traditional ways even become {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}into laws. The original reasons may be lost, but a process is {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}.The society survives where others fail {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}its members' behavior is controlled for the benefit of all {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}laws, customs, and traditional beliefs. Furthermore, in cultural traditions {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}from generation to generation, humans have a kind of cultural capital on which to draw. By {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}account of past wisdom we can look into the future and plan for events that are not always {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}. The fact that we make {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}repeatedly to a standard pattern, and use them to make other tools, {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}us clearly from other animals. It indicates cultural factors at work {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}instinct. A sea otter may learn to break shellfish open with rocks, but it will not {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}to change an unsatisfactory stone. The difference {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}the power of the human brain not only to {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}the outside world, to see and react to it, but also to conceive of what it might be. That is-to {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}a world unseen and unknown, and to foresee possibilities within it. Imagination enables us to {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}our own world.

单选题The word "weaklings" (Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.

单选题 Within 80 years, some scientists estimate, the world must produce more than eight times the present world food supply. The productiveness of the sea raises our hopes for an adequate food supply in the future. Aided by men of science, we have set forth to find out that 70 percent of the earth remains unexplored--the ocean depths. Thus, we may better discover and utilize the sea's natural products for the world's hungry. It is fish protein concentrate that is sought from the seas. By utilizing the unharvested fish in United States waters alone, enough fish protein concentrate can be obtained to provide supplemental animal protein for more than one billion people for one year at the cost of less than half a cent per day per person. The malnutrition of children is terribly tragic. But the crime lies in society's unrestrained breeding, not in its negligence in producing fish powder. But wherever the population projects are carefully considered, the answer to the problem is something like this: There are few projects that could do more to raise the nutritional level of mankind than a full-scale scientific effort to develop the resources of the sea. Each year some thirty million tons of food products are taken from the sea, which account for 12 percent of the world's animal proteins. Nations with their swelling populations must push forward into the sea frontiers for food supplies. Private industry must step up its marine research and the federal government must make new attacks on the problems of marine research development. There is a tone of desperateness in all these designs on the sea. But what is most startling is the assumption that the seas are an untouched resource. The fact is that the seas have been, and are being, hurt directly and indirectly, by the same forces that have abused the land. In the broad pattern of ecological relationships the seas are not separable from what happens on the land. The poisons that pollute the soil and the air bring in massive doses into the "continental shelf" waters. The dirt and pollution that spills from our urban sewers and industrial out falls despoil our bays and coastal waters. All the border seas are already heavily polluted by the same exploitation drives that have undermined the quality of life on land.

单选题The topic of cloning has been a politically and ethically controversial one since its very beginning. While the moral and philosophical aspects of the issues are entirely up to the interpretation of the individual, the application of cloning technology can be studied objectively. Many in the scientific community advocate the use of cloning for the preservation and support of endangered species of animals, which aside from cloning, have no other practical hope for avoiding extinction. The goal of the use of cloning to avoid extinction is the reintroduction of new genes into the gene pool of species with few survivors, ensuring the maintenance and expansion of genetic diversity. Likely candidates for this technique are species known to have very few surviving members, such as the African Bongo Antelope, the Sumatran Tiger, and the Chinese Giant Panda. In the case of Giant Panda, some artificial techniques for creating offspring have already been performed, perhaps paving the way for cloning as the next step in the process. With the estimated population of only about 1000 Giant Pandas left in the world, the urgency of the situation has led to desperate measures. One panda was born through the technique of artificial insemination in the San Diego Zoo in the United States. "Hua Mei" was born in 1999 after her parents, Hsing-Hsing and Ling-Ling, had trouble conceiving naturally. The plan to increase the Giant Panda population through the use of cloning involves the use of a species related to the Giant Panda, the American Black Bear. Egg cells will be removed from female black bears and then fertilized with Panda cells such as those from Ling-Ling or Hsing-Hsing. The fertilized embryo will then re-implanted into the black bear, where it will grow and mature, until a new panda is delivered from the black bear host. Critics of cloning technology argue that the emphasis on cloning as a method by which to preserve species will draw funding away from other methods, such as habitat preservation and conservation. Proponents of cloning counter that many countries in which many endangered species exist are too poor to protect and maintain the species' habitats anyway, making cloning technology the only practical way to ensure that those species survive to future generations. The issue is still hotly debated, as both sides weigh the benefits that could be achieved against the risks and ethical concerns that constantly accompany any argument on the issue. (402 words)Notes: ethically 道德上。gene pool 基因库。insemination n.受精。fertilize 使受精。embryo 胚胎。proponent支持者，拥护者。weigh A against B权衡A和B的利弊。