单选题The fossil fish from the Green River (Paragraph 3 ) were probably preserved because they were

单选题The census distinguished itself from previous studies on population movement in that ______.

单选题It is difficult to imagine what life would be like without memory. The meanings of thousands of everyday perceptions, the bases (1) the decisions we make, and the roots of our habits and skills are to be (2) in our past experiences, which are brought into the present (3) memory. Memory can be defined as the capacity to keep (4) available for later use. It includes not only " (5) " things like arithmetic or historical facts, but also any (6) in the way an animal typically behaves. Memory is (7) when a rat gives up eating grain because he has sniffed something (8) in the grain pile. Memory is also involved when a six-year-old child (9) to swing a baseball bat. Memory (10) not only in humans and animals but also in some physical objects and machines. Computers, for example, contain (11) for storing data for later use. It is interesting to compare the memory-storage (12) of a computer (13) that of a human being. The instant-access memory of a large computer may hold up to 100, 000 "words"—ready for (14) use. An average American teenager probably (15) the meanings of about 100, 000 words of English. (16) , this is but a fraction of the total (17) of information which the teenager has stored. Consider, for example, the (18) of facts and places that the teenager can recognize on sight. The use of (19) is the basis of the advanced problem-solving intelligence of human beings. A large part of a person's memory is in terms of words and (20) of words.

单选题In their everyday life, most Americans seem to agree with Henry Ford who once said, "History is more or less absurdity. We want to live in the present and the only history that is worth a tinker's damn is the history we make today. " Certainly a great—but now also deadlocked—debate on immigration figures prominently in the history being made today in the United States and around the world. In both history and sociology, scholarly work on immigration was sparked by the great debates of the 1920s, as Americans argued over which immigrants to include and which to exclude from the American nation. The result of that particular great debate involved the restriction of immigration from Asia and southern and eastern Europe. Reacting to the debates of their time, sociologists and historians nevertheless developed different central themes. While Chicago School sociologists focused on immigrant adaptation to the American mainstream, historians were more likely to describe immigrants engaged in building the American nation or its regional sub-cultures. Historians studied the immigrants of the past, usually in the context of nation-building and settlement of the western United States, while sociologists focused on the immigrant urban workers of their own times—that is, the early 20th century. Meanwhile, sociologists' description of assimilation as an almost natural sequence of interactions resulting in the modernization, and Americanization of foreigners reassured Americans that their country would survive the recent arrival of immigrants whom longtime Americans perceived as radically different. Historians insisted that the immigrants of the past had actually been the "makers of America"; they had forged the mainstream to which new immigrants adapted. For sociologists, however, it was immigrants who changed and assimilated over the course of three generations. For historians, it was the American nation that changed and evolved. In current debates, overall, what seems to be missing is not knowledge of significant elements of the American past or respect for the lessons to be drawn from that past, but rather debaters' ability to see how time shapes understanding of the present. In the first moments of American nation-building, the so-called Founding Fathers celebrated migration as an expression of human liberty. Here is a reminder that today's debates take place among those who agree rather fundamentally that national self-interest requires the restriction of immigration. Debaters disagree with each other mainly over how best to accomplish restriction, not whether restriction is the right course. The United States, along with many other nations, is neither at the start, nor necessarily anywhere near the end, of a long era of restriction.

单选题 It has been necessary to refer repeatedly to the .effects of the two world wars in promoting all kind of innovation. It should be{{U}} (1) {{/U}}also that technological innovations have{{U}} (2) {{/U}}the character of war itself by the{{U}} (3) {{/U}}of new mechanical and chemical device. One weapon developed during World War Ⅱ{{U}} (4) {{/U}}a special mention. The{{U}} (5) {{/U}}of rocket propulsions was well known earlier, and its possibilities as a{{U}} (6) {{/U}}of achieving speeds sufficient to escape from the Earth's gravitational pull had been{{U}} (7) {{/U}}by the Russian and the American scientists. The latter built experimental liquid-fuelled rockets in 1926.{{U}} (8) {{/U}}, a group of German and Romanian pioneers was working{{U}} (9) {{/U}}the same lines and in the 1930s, it was this team that developed a rocket{{U}} (10) {{/U}}of delivering a warhead hundreds of miles away. Reaching a height of over 100 miles, the V-2 rocket{{U}} (11) {{/U}}the beginning of the Space Age, and members of its design team were{{U}} (12) {{/U}}in both the Soviet and United States space programs after the war. Technology had a tremendous social{{U}} (13) {{/U}}in the period 1900 - 1945. The automobile and electric power,{{U}} (14) {{/U}}, radically changed both the scale and the quality of 20th-century life,{{U}} (15) {{/U}}a process of rapid urbanization and a virtual revolution{{U}} (16) {{/U}}living through mass production of household goods and{{U}} (17) {{/U}} The rapid development of the airplane, the cinema, and radio made the world seem suddenly smaller and more{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. The development of many products of the chemical industry further transformed the life of most people. In the years{{U}} (19) {{/U}}1945 the constructive and creative opportunities of modern technology could be{{U}} (20) {{/U}}, although the process has not been without its problems.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Ever since they were first staged in 19th century Europe, world's fairs have enabled people from around the globe to visit wondrous pavilions where they can discover distant lands and new technologies. The 2006 world's fair is no exception, but it also has a decidedly new-era twist: the whole event happens in cyberspace. A nonprofit project dreamed up by Americans Carl Malamud, a computer consultant, and Vinton Cerf, and Internet pioneer and telecommunications company Vice president, the Internet 2006 World Exposition is a digital work in progress, a multi-chambered forum that cybernauts can help build and renovate throughout the year--and perhaps long after the fair's official close in December. While high-tech pavilions set up by sponsoring corporations are featured prominently, as in real fairs, this virtual exposition is closer in spirit and reality to {{U}}a vast bustling bazaar,{{/U}} a marketplace for the talents and offerings of thousands of individuals and small groups. Anyone with a computer and a modem can not only "attend" but also participate as an exhibitor by creating an individual multimedia Website. Getting the fair up and running was by no means easy. Malamud, 36, spent the past year shuttling among 30 countries, lobbying companies that initially dismissed the project as unwieldy and unworkable. While some nations immediately supported the idea, others completely missed the point of Malamud's vision: to make the fair a public-works project that focuses on what the Internet can offer expert or novice. Once grass-roots groups started backing the project, though, businesses were not far behind. By donating equipment and services, these companies will gain access to millions of potential consumers eager to see the firms' latest technologies. Since the exposition's Jan. 1 launch, as many as 40,000 visitors each day from more than 40 countries have tried the major Websites. Most virtual visitors log on from the U. S and Japan, but the United Arab Emirates, Sweden, Singapore and Estonia have been represented. Comments logged in the fair's guest book are overwhelmingly positive. "Wow, the world is shrinking," wrote a visitor from the Netherlands. Since their initial hesitancy, the major sponsors-primarily telecommunications and software companies--have become firm believers. Beyond the diversity of content and international scope, the fair is a technological marvel. The fastest international link ever installed, this pipeline could be the first step toward laying a permanent network that will eventually hardwire every nation in the world into the Internet. The organizers hope that the infrastructure--and awareness-nurtured by this exposition will launch a boom in Net use.

单选题The main interest of travel agencies dealing with travel medicine is to

单选题The amount of greenhouse gases we've already pumped into the atmosphere has irreversibly bound us to a certain amount of warming over the next several decades. That means climate change isn't a problem for tomorrow—the effects are happening now. Already raining patterns seem to be changing, making some drier areas even drier, and rainy regions even wetter. As warmer temperatures creep northward, so do insects and other pests that are adapted to the heat. The population of the tiny mountain pine beetle, which infests pine trees in the Rocky Mountain region, used to be controlled by freezing winters. But as temperatures have warmed over the past decade, the mountain pine beetle's territory has spread, destroying millions of acres of Canadian pines. The pine beetle infestation represents the unique challenges that warming will pose for land conservation managers on the front lines of the battle against it. Generations of American conservationists have fought to preserve wildlife and to keep nature pure in the face of a growing population and pollution. But global warming threatens to change all that, by altering the very foundation on which the conservation movement was built. What good is a wildlife reserve if the protected animals can't live there, because climate change pushes them out? What difference does it make to defend trees from logging, if global warming will allow a new pest to ruin the whole forests? The answer is to adapt the way we practice wildlife and land conservation to climate change There's a term for this—adaptive management. We need to begin making moves today to adapt to changes that warming will bring decades hence. " Climate change will affect anything, you name it, " said Lara Hansen of EcoAdapt. " We need to change the way we allocate resources and protect livelihoods. " That means that the way we've been carrying out conservation—picking the right land spaces and playing goalie—won't work anymore, as climate change keeps moving the target. Conservationists will have to work even harder, trying to minimize non-climate-related threats to land and species even as the human population grows by billions. Regardless of what we do, the changes will be coming last and the future will bring increased drought, heat waves, rainstorms, extinctions and more. We need to begin cutting our carbon immediately, but we need to adapt now as well. The world is changing because of us; to save what's left, we'll have to change too.

单选题The extent of a nation's power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines, freedom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignty. Until the mid-twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters. A nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters (generally extending three miles from the shoreline), within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities. But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial waters. Regardless of whether or not nations enforced regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing. Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation had the responsibility to control such activities in international waters. And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the "open seas," there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations. The lack of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this century. By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human activities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreover, the freedom to fish, or over-fish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime country wished to see limited. And finally, the technology that later allowed exploitation of other ocean resources, such as oil, did not yet exist. To date, controlling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones, extending territorial authority as far as 200 miles out from a country's coast, has provided the opportunity for nations individually to manage larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning to understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. Thus it will become more likely that international standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implemented.

单选题A former head of UN is quoted in

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. What would happen if consumers decided to simplify their lives and spend less on material goods and services? This{{U}} (1) {{/U}}is taking on a certain urgency as rates of economic growth continue to decelerate throughout the industrialized world, and{{U}} (2) {{/U}}millions of consumers appear to be{{U}} (3) {{/U}}for more frugal lifestyle. The Stanford Research Institute, which has done some of the most extensive work on the frugality phenomenon,{{U}} (4) {{/U}}that nearly five million American adults number "{{U}} (5) {{/U}}to and act on some but not all" of its basic tenets. The frugality phenomenon first achieved prominence as a middle-class{{U}} (6) {{/U}}of high-consumption lifestyle in the industrial world during the 50's and 60's. In the Silent Revolution, Ronald Ingehart of the University of Michingan' s Institute of Social Research examined this{{U}} (7) {{/U}}in the United States and 10 Western European nations. He concluded that a change has taken place "from an{{U}} (8) {{/U}}emphasis on material well-being and physical security{{U}} (9) {{/U}}greater emphasis on the quality of life", that is, "a{{U}} (10) {{/U}}from materialism to post-materialism". Inglehart calls the 60s the "fat year". Among their more visible trappings were the ragged blue jeans favored by the affluent young. Most of them{{U}} (11) {{/U}}from materialism; however, this was{{U}} (12) {{/U}}. Comfortably fixed Americans were going{{U}} (13) {{/U}},{{U}} (14) {{/U}}making things last longer, sharing things with others, learning to do things for themselves and so on. But{{U}} (15) {{/U}}economically significant, it was hardly{{U}} (16) {{/U}}in a US Gross National Product climbing vigorously toward the ＄ 2 thousand billion mark. {{U}} (17) {{/U}}, as the frugality phenomenon matured--growing out of the soaring 80s and into the somber 90s--it seemed to undergo a{{U}} (18) {{/U}}transformation. American consumers continued to lose{{U}} (19) {{/U}}in materialism and were being joined by new converts who were {{U}}(20) {{/U}}frugality because of the darkening economic skies they saw ahead.

单选题 How could anybody dislike the notion of fairness? Everything is better when it is fair: a share, a fight, a maiden, or a game. Even defeat sounds more attractive when it is fair and square. For the British fair play is especially important: without it, life isn't cricket. Their country becomes quite pleasant when the weather is fair, though unfortunately it rarely is. And these days fairtrade goods crowd their supermarket shelves. Fairness is not only good, but also moderate, which is another characteristic that the British approve of. It does not claim too much for itself. Those who, on inquiry, admit that their health and fortunes are fair-to-middling navigate carefully between the twin dangers of boastfulness and ill-temperedness, while gesturing in a chin-up sort of way towards the possibility of future improvement. Fairness appeals to the British political class, for it has a common sense down-to-earthiness which avoids the grandiosity of American and continental European political discourse while aspiring to do its best for all men-and of course for maidens too, fair and otherwise, for one of its virtues is that it does not discriminate on grounds of either gender or skin colour. Not surprising, then, that Britain's government should grab hold of the word and cling to it in the buffeting the coalition has had since the budget on June 22nd proposed higher taxes and even sharper spending cuts. "Tough but fair" is what George Osborne, the Conservative chancellor of the exchequer, called the cuts he announced. "It is going to be tough, but it is also very fair," said Vince Cable, the Liberal Democrat business secretary. At last, something they could agree on. "Fairness" suits Britain's coalition government so well not just because its meanings are all positive, but also because they are wide-ranging. To one lot of people, fairness means establishing the same rules for everybody, playing by them, and letting the best man win and the winner take all. To another, it means making sure that everybody gets equal shares. Those two meanings are not just different: they are opposite. They represent a choice that has to be made between freedom and equality. Yet so slippery-and thus convenient to politicians-is the English language that a single word encompasses both, and in doing so loses any claim to meaning.

单选题There is a difference between science and technology. Science is a method of answering (1) questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems. Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships between (2) phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that (3) to organize these facts and relationships; technology has to do with tools, techniques, and (3) for applying the findings of science. Another (5) between science and technology has to do with the progress in each. Progress in science (6) the human factor. Scientists, who seek to understand the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of (7) and certainty, cannot (8) their own or other people's likes or dislikes or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. What scientists discover may shock or (9) people-as did Darwin's theory of evolution. But even an unpleasant truth is (10) than likely to be useful; besides, we have the choice of refusing to believe it! But (11) so with technology; we do not have the choice of refusing to hear the sound produced by a supersonic aircraft flying overhead; we cannot refuse to breathe polluted air. (12) science, progress in technology must be measured (13) the human factor. The purpose of technology is to serve people—people (14) , not merely some people; and future generations, not merely those who presently wish to (15) advantage for themselves. We are all familiar with the (16) use of technology. Many people blame technology itself (17) widespread pollution, resource depletion (枯竭) and even social decay in general—so much (18) the promise of technology is " (19) " That promise is a cleaner and healthier world. If wise applications of science and technology do not (20) a better world, what else will?

单选题Which of the following is most likely to be one of the "utilitarian political objectives" mentioned by the author?

单选题There are many features that (1) a movie as American, but perhaps the most (2) is the theme of the loner-hero (孤胆英雄). In the western movie, which comes out of many (3) of the American West, a typical figure is the lonesome cowboy. He wanders into a town and (4) out its troubles. Then the strong and independent hero rides off into the sunset (5) . Americans like this (6) in their films because they are (7) independent, and individualism (8) a great deal with them. An individual, who is able to (9) the evils of the world, or of a small town, is someone to admire. Even the gangster movie, a very popular (10) of the typical American film, usually has a hero. (11) he is a lawman out to catch the criminals or a gangster who suddenly sees the light and tries to go (12) During the violence-ridden period of Prohibition in the 1920s, the gangster movie (13) in popularity. These films kept the same. (14) as the western--the bad cannot triumph. One good person can save the innocent. Recent science fiction films deal (15) the same theme. Against the forces of the alien powers, people will fight to protect their ideals. Here, too, the action (16) around a single individual, (17) now he or she must save the world. The hero battles the unknown, trusting in inner capabilities and in the power of good (18) evil. Fearless, the hero of a typical American movie does not (19) to jump into the action. This dominant theme of the American movie is familiar (20) people around the world.

单选题As used in the fifth sentence of the fourth paragraph, the word "essentially" means ______.