单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Enough is never enough, not when the government believes that it can invade your privacy without repercussions. The Justice Department wants a federal judge to force Google to turn over millions of private Internet searches. Google is rightly fighting the demand, but the government says America Online, Yahoo and MSN, Microsoft's Online Service. have already complied with similar requests. This is not about national security. The Justice Department is making this baldfaced grab to try to support an online pornography law that has been blocked once by the Supreme Court. And it's not the first time we've seen this sort of behavior. The government has zealously protected the Patriot Act's power to examine library records. It sought the private medical histories of a selected group of women, saying it needed the information to defend the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in the federal courts. The furor is still raging over President Bush's decision m permit spying on Americans without warrants. And the government now wants what could be billions of search terms entered into Google's web pages and possibly a million website addresses to go along with them. Protecting minors from the nastier material on the Internet is a valid goal: the courts have asked the government to test whether technologies for filtering out the bad stuff are effective. And the government hasn't asked for users' personal data this time around. What's frightening is that the Justice Department is trying once again to dig up information first and answer questions later, if at all. Had Google not resisted the government's attempt to seize records, would the public have ever found about the request? The battle raises the question of how much. of our personal information companies should be allowed to hold onto in the first place. Without much thought, Internet users have handed over vast quantities of private information to corporations. Many people don't realize that some harmlessly named "cookies" in personal computers allow companies to track visits to various websites. Internet users permit their e-mail to be read by people and machines in ways they would never tolerate for their old-fashioned mail. And much of that information is now collected and stored by companies like Google. When pressed on privacy issues, Google whose informal motto is "Don't be evil" —says it can be trusted with this information. But profiling consumers' behavior is potentially profitable for companies. And once catalogued, information can be abused by the government as well. Either way, the individual citizen loses.

单选题Some people look down on applied research because they think that

单选题What is the key to oil price in the author's opinion?

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read tile following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Most plants can make their own food from sunlight, {{U}}(1) {{/U}} some have discovered that stealing is an easier way to live. Thousands of plant species get by {{U}}(2) {{/U}} photosynthesizing, and over 400 of these species seem to live by pilfering sugars from an underground {{U}}(3) {{/U}} of fungi(真菌). But in {{U}}(4) {{/U}} a handful of these plants has this modus operandi been traced to a relatively obscure fungus. To find out how {{U}}(5) {{/U}} are {{U}}(6) {{/U}}, mycologist Martin Bidartondo of the University of California at Berkeley and his team looked in their roots. What they found were {{U}}(7) {{/U}} of a common type of fungus, so {{U}}(8) {{/U}} that it is found in nearly 70 percent of all plants. The presence of this common fungus in these plants not only {{U}}(9) {{/U}} at how they survive, says Bidartondo, but also suggests that many ordinary plants might prosper from a little looting, too. Plants have {{U}}(10) {{/U}} relations to get what they need to survive. Normal, {{U}}(11) {{/U}} plants can make their own carbohydrates through photosynthesis, but they still need minerals. Most plants have {{U}}(12) {{/U}} a symbiotic relationship with a {{U}}(13) {{/U}} network of what are called my corrhizal fungi, which lies beneath the forest {{U}}(14) {{/U}}. The fungi help green plants absorb minerals through their roots, and {{U}}(15) {{/U}}, the plants normally {{U}}(16) {{/U}} the fungi with sugars, or carbon with a number of plants sharing the same fungal web, it was perhaps {{U}}(17) {{/U}} that a few cheaters—dubbed epiparasites—would evolve to beat the system. {{U}}(18) {{/U}}, these plants reversed the flow of carbon, {{U}}(19) {{/U}} it into their roots from the fungi {{U}}(20) {{/U}} releasing it as "payment."

单选题Just 10 years into a new century, more than two-thirds of the country sees the past decade as a period of decline for the U. S. , according to a new TIME poll that probed Americans on the decade since the tragic events of Sept. 11, 2001. The poll confirms that the country is going through one of its longest sustained periods of unhappiness and pessimism ever. Today's teenagers hardly remember a time before 9/11, the war on terrorism, the war in Iraq and constant economic upheaval. Baby boomers, the generation known for continuous reinvention, are filled with worry and doubt about their future and the future of their children. It is hard to overstate what a fundamental change this represents. A country long celebrated for its optimism amid adversity is having trouble finding the pluck and the spirit that have seen it through everything from world wars to nuclear threats to space races. The U.S. usually bounces back after a few years of difficulty, such as the Vietnam War, Watergate or recessions. After two or three years of anxiety and worry, the electorate normally returns to its innate optimism. Yet the forces now aligned against the American people seem much more formidable to those we surveyed. According to the poll, only 6% of more than 2, 000 Americans believe the country has completely recovered from the events of 9/11. Some of this pessimism can be tied to fears of more terrorist attacks. Despite the death of Bin Laden, most Americans think another terrorist attack in the U. S. is likely. Americans generally supported the post-9/ll measures to secure the homeland, like those in the Patriot Act, and have confidence in the military to deal with terrorists—and yet they see an attack coming anyway. America's feelings of invincibility have been replaced by a new sense of inevitable vulnerability. Post-9/11 American also take a "leave-me-alone" attitude toward the rest of world. Most respondents have no desire to be more involved in global affairs. Almost two-thirds (62%) believe the U. S. today is too involved overseas. But whatever the U. S. 's worries about external forces, the biggest threats today are widely regarded as self-made. It's the enemy within that Americans register the most concern about: runaway deficits, political conflicts, skyrocketing health care costs and other structural problems. If there is widespread agreement that the U. S. is in bad shape, there is also a perception that not everyone has experienced the difficult decade in exactly the same way. Those surveyed say middle-and working-class Americans, followed by seniors and younger people, have borne the brunt of the decline. Yet those surveyed said some demographic groups were better off than they were a decade ago; they say the quality of life has improved most for gays and lesbians, the affluent, Hispanics and immigrants. And while overall the U.S. is seen as becoming more socially and politically tolerant in the past decade, the majority agreed that 9/11 set off a wave of suspicion against Muslim Americans. President Jimmy Carter rather famously gave a speech in mid-1979 suggesting that a crisis of confidence had befallen America. It took several years and a new President to return the country to its optimistic ways. President Bill Clinton faced a similar moment in 1995 and turned the mood of the country around a year later. This poll suggests we are at another malaise moment, one even longer and deeper than the mid-1970s', presenting even greater challenges—and opportunities—for leadership.

单选题 The small size of the components of computer chips has proved unstoppable. In each new {{U}}(1) {{/U}}, those components are smaller and more tightly packed than they were in their predecessor. {{U}}(2) {{/U}} has been so rapid that chip designers are {{U}}(3) {{/U}} apparently fundamental barriers to further reductions in size and increases in density. In a small size version of the {{U}}(4) {{/U}} to wireless communication in the macroscopic world, a group of researchers led by Alain Nogaret, think they can make chips {{U}}(5) {{/U}} components talk to each other wirelessly. The researchers {{U}}(6) {{/U}} to use the standard print techniques employed in chipmaking to coat a semiconductor with tiny magnets. These magnets will {{U}}(7) {{/U}} local magnetic fields that point in opposite directions at different points {{U}}(8) {{/U}} the chip's surface. Electrons have a {{U}}(9) {{/U}} called spin--that is affected by magnetic fields, and the team hopes to use a/an {{U}}(10) {{/U}} called inverse electron-spin vibration to make electrons {{U}}(11) {{/U}} the chip emit microwaves. Dr. Nogaret imagine great advances that would stem {{U}}(12) {{/U}} the success of his work, and these are not {{U}}(13) {{/U}} to the possibility of packing components yet more tightly. In today's chips, the failure of a single connection can put the whole circuit out of {{U}}(14) {{/U}}. This should not happen with a wireless system {{U}}(15) {{/U}} it could be programmed to re-route signals. The project will not be {{U}}(16) {{/U}} sailing. Generating microwaves powerful enough to {{U}}(17) {{/U}} data reliably will {{U}}(18) {{/U}} involve stacking several layers of magnets and semiconductors together and encouraging the electrons in them to move in a harmonious union. But if it {{U}}(19) {{/U}}, a whole new wireless world will be {{U}}(20) {{/U}}.

单选题{{B}}Part A{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points){{B}}Text 1{{/B}} Despite increased airport security since September 11th, 2001, the technology to scan both passengers and baggage for weapons and bombs remains largely unchanged. Travellers walk through metal detectors and carry-on bags pass through x-ray machines that superimpose colour-coded highlights, but do little else. Checked-in luggage is screened by "computed tomography", which peers inside a suitcase rather like a CAT scan of a brain. These systems can alert an operator to something suspicious, but they cannot tell what it is. More sophisticated screening technologies are emerging, albeit slowly. There are three main approaches: enhanced x-rays to spot hidden objects, sensor technology to sniff dangerous chemicals, and radio frequencies that can identify liquids and solids. A number of manufacturers are using "reflective" or "backscatter" x-rays that can be calibrated to see objects through clothing. They can spot things that a metal detector may not, such as a ceramic knife or plastic explosives. But some people think they can reveal too much. In America, civil-liberties groups have stalled the introduction of such equipment, arguing that it is too intrusive. To protect travellers' modesty, filters have been created to blur genital areas. Machines that can detect minute traces of explosive are also being tested. Passengers walk through a machine that blows a burst of air, intended to dislodge molecules of substances on a person's body and clothes. The air is sucked into a filter, which instantaneously analyses it to see whether it includes any suspect substances. The process can work for baggage as well. It is a vast improvement on today's method, whereby carry-on items are occasionally swabbed and screened for traces of explosives. Because this is a manual operation, only a small share of bags are examined this way. The most radical of the new approaches uses "quadrupole resonance technology". This involves bombarding an object with radio waves. By reading the returning signals, the machines can identify the molecular structure of the materials it contains. Since every compound--solid, liquid or gas--creates a unique frequency, it can be read like a fingerprint. The system can be used to look for drugs as well as explosives. For these technologies to make the jump from development labs and small trials to full deployment at airports they must be available at a price that airports are prepared to pay. They must also be easy to use, take up little space and provide quick results, says Chris Yates, a security expert with Jane's Airport Review. Norman Shanks, an airport security expert, says adding the new technologies costs around $ 100 000 per machine; he expects the systems to be rolled out commercially over the next 12 months. They might close off one route to destroying an airliner, but a cruel certainty is that terrorists will try to find others.

单选题The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing results. Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising. General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrolet Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latin for "new (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like "nova", meaning "it doesn't go". Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales "picked up" dramatically. Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. One American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre". When translated into German, Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alive with Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi. Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations—other aspects of culture must be researched and understood if marketers are to avoid blunders. When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market. For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new perfume into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The main reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries. Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders. The process used one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings. In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be short and simple. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Political controversy about the public-land policy of the United States began with the America Revolution.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}, even before independence from Britain was{{U}} (2) {{/U}}, it became clear that{{U}} (3) {{/U}}the dilemmas surrounding the public domain might prove necessary to{{U}} (4) {{/U}}the Union itself. At the peace negotiation with Britain, Americans obtained a western{{U}} (5) {{/U}}at the Mississippi River. Thus the new nation secured for its birthright a vast internal empire rich in agricultural and mineral resources. But{{U}} (6) {{/U}}their colonial charters, seven states claimed{{U}} (7) {{/U}}of the western wilderness. Virginia's claim was the largest,{{U}} (8) {{/U}}north and west to encompass the later states. The language of the charters was{{U}} (9) {{/U}}and their validity questionable, but during the war Virginia reinforced its title by sponsoring Colonel Georgia Rogers Clark's 1778{{U}} (10) {{/U}}to Vicennes and Kaskaskia, which{{U}} (11) {{/U}}America's trans Appalachian pretensions at the peace table. The six states holding no claim to the transmontane region{{U}} (12) {{/U}}whether a confederacy in which territory was so unevenly apportioned would truly prove what it claimed to be, a union of equals. Already New Jersey, Delaware, Rhode Isaland, and Maryland were{{U}} (13) {{/U}}the smallest and least populous of the states.{{U}} (14) {{/U}}they levied heavy taxes to repay state war debts, their larger neighbors might retire debts out of land-sale proceeds.{{U}} (15) {{/U}}by fresh lands and low taxes, people would desert the small states{{U}} (16) {{/U}}the large, leaving the former to fall{{U}} (17) {{/U}}bankruptcy and eventually into political subjugation. All the states shared in the war effort, how then could half of them "be left no sink under an{{U}} (18) {{/U}}debt, whilst others are enabled, in a short period, to{{U}} (19) {{/U}}all their expenditures from the hard earnings of the whole confederacy?" As the Revolution was a common endeavor,{{U}} (20) {{/U}}ought its fruits, including the western lands be a common property.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet 1. In an ideal world, the nation's elite schools would enroll the most qualified students. But that's not how it{{U}} (1) {{/U}}.Applicants whose parents are alums get special treatment, as{{U}} (2) {{/U}}athletes and rich kids. Underrepresented minorities are also given{{U}} (3) {{/U}}. Thirty years of affirmative action have changed the character of{{U}} (4) {{/U}}white universities; now about 13 percent of all undergraduates are black or Latino.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}a recent study by the Century Foundation found that at the nation's 146 most{{U}} (6) {{/U}}schools, 74 percent of students came from upper middle-class and wealthy families, while only about 5 percent came from families with an annual income of{{U}} (7) {{/U}}$ 35,000 or less. Many schools say diversity--racial, economic and geographic--is{{U}} (8) {{/U}}to maintaining intellectually{{U}} (9) {{/U}}campuses. But Richard Kahlenberg of the Century Foundation says that even though colleges{{U}} (10) {{/U}}they want poor kids, "they don't try very hard to find them."{{U}} (11) {{/U}}rural students, many colleges don't try at all. "Unfortunately, we go where we can{{U}} (12) {{/U}}a sizable number of potential applicants," says Tulane admissions chief Richard Whiteside, who{{U}} (13) {{/U}}aggressively and in person--from metropolitan areas. Kids in rural areas get a glossy{{U}} (14) {{/U}}in the mail. Even when poor rural students have the{{U}} (15) {{/U}}for top colleges, their high schools often don't know how to get them there. Admissions officers{{U}} (16) {{/U}}guidance counselors to direct them to promising prospects. In{{U}} (17) {{/U}}high schools, guidance counselors often have personal{{U}} (18) {{/U}}with both kids and admissions officers. In rural areas, a teacher, a counselor or{{U}} (19) {{/U}}an alumnus "can help put a rural student on our radar screen," says Wesleyan admissions dean Nancy Meislahn. But poor rural schools rarely have college{{U}} (20) {{/U}}with those connections; without them, admission "can be a crapshoot," says Carnegie Mellon's Steidel.

单选题The "holiday season" (Line 2, Paragraph 13) probably refers to

单选题The Belgian blue is an ugly but tasty cow that has 40% more muscle than it should have. It is the product of random mutation followed by selective breeding—as, indeed, are all domesticated creatures. But where an old art has led, a new one may follow. By understanding which genetic changes have been consolidated in the Belgian blue, it may be possible to design and build similar versions of other species using genetic engineering as a short-cut. And that is precisely what Terry Bradley, a fish biologist at the University of Rhode Island, is trying to do. Instead of cattle, he is doing it in trout. His is one of two projects that may soon put the first biotech animals on the dinner table. The other project is led by Aqua Bounty. It is one thing to make such fish, of course. It is quite another to get them to market. First, it is necessary to receive the approval of the regulators. In America, the relevant regulator is the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA), which Aqua Bounty says it has been petitioning for more than a decade and which published guidelines for approving genetically engineered animals in 2009. Aqua Bounty has now filed its remaining studies for approval, and hopes to hear the result this year. Dr Bradley has not yet applied for approval. The FDA is concerned mainly with the healthfulness of what people put in their mouths, and it seems unlikely that the new procedures will yield something that is unsafe to eat. But what happens if the creatures escape and start breeding in the wild? For that to be a problem, the modified fish would have to be better at surviving and reproducing than those honed by millions of years of natural selection. On the face of it, this seems unlikely, because the characteristics that have been engineered into them are ones designed to make them into better food, rather than lean, mean breeding machines. But there is a chink in this argument. As Mark Abrahams, a biologist at Memorial University in Newfoundland, points out, it is not just the fish that have been modified by man, but also the environment in which they could escape. Many of the creatures that eat salmon and trout, such as bears and some birds, have had their ranks thinned by human activity. Dr Abrahams thinks it possible that fast-growing salmon could displace the natural sort in places where predators are rare. Aqua Bounty is addressing such concerns by subjecting developing eggs to high pressures. The result, if all goes well, will be that animals follow plants down the biotech route. Whether people will actually want to buy or eat the new fish is a different matter— though they buy the meat of Belgian blue cattle at a premium. Perhaps clever marketing could make "double-muscled" fish into a premium product, too. If people will pay extra for meat from a monstrosity like the Belgian blue, anything is possible.

单选题One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production— capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring (1) profits, as well as economic and political power. Some recent theorists, (2) , have argued that our society has moved to a new stage of (3) that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such a society is that the ownership of (4) amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important (5) of profits and influence; knowledge as well as (6) capital brings profits and influence. There arc many (7) with the thesis above, not the least of (8) is that wealthy capitalists can buy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not (9) the importance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the (10) of some new industries indicates. (11) , genetic engineering and the new computer technology have (12) many new firms and made some scientists quite rich. In (13) with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it must also be (14) that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i. e., major corporations) soon (15) to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge. Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly (16) . Many new high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-middle-class level, but even more new jobs are being created in the low-skill, low-paying service (17) . Something like a caste line is emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the (18) of knowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, no matter how hard they try. Illiteracy in the English language has been a severe (19) for many years in the United States, but we are also moving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and (20) them to a life of low-skill and low-paid labor.

单选题The term "otherwise" (Line 1, Paragraph 1) most probably means