单选题{{B}}Text 4{{/B}} Europe is desperate to succeed in business. Two years ago, the European Union's Lisbon summit set a goal of becoming the world's leading economy by 2010. But success, as any new- age executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure. That is why Europe's approach to bankruptcy urgently needs reform. In Europe, as in the United States, many heavily indebted companies are shutting up shop just as the economy begins to recover. Ironically, the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But America's failures have a big advantage over Europe's weaklings: their country's more relaxed approach to bankruptcy. In the United States the Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in trouble simply apply for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan of reorganization to a judge, and creditors decide whether to give it a go or to come up with one of their own. Creditors have a say in whether to keep the firm running, or to liquidate it. If they keep it running, they often end up with a big chunk of equity, if not outright control. But shutting a bust European company is harder in two other ways. First, with no equivalent of Chapter 11, bankruptcy forces companies to stop trading abruptly. That damages the value of the creditors' potential assets, and may also cause havoc for customers. Second, a company that trades across the European Union will find that it has to abide by different bankruptcy laws in the 15 member states, whose courts and administrators may make conflicting and sometimes incompatible stipulations. The absence of provision for negotiations between companies and creditors increases the temptation for government to step in. When governments do not come to the rescue, the lack of clear rules can lead to chaos. As a result of all this, Europe's teetering firms miss the chance to become more competitive by selling assets to others who might manage them more efficiently. Their sickly American rivals survive, transformed, to sweep the field. An opportunity now exists to think again about Europe's approach to bankruptcy. The European Union is expected to issue a new directive on the subject in May. Germany has begun to update its insolvency law. And last year Britain produced a white paper saying that a rigid approach to bankruptcy could stifle the growth needed to meet Lisbon's goals.

单选题According to the organization of the text, it most likely appeared in

单选题 Karl Von Linne (or Linnaeus, as he is widely known) was a Swedish biologist who devised the system of Latinised scientific names for living things that biologists use to this day. When he came to{{U}} (1) {{/U}}people into his system, he put them into a group called Homo- and Linne ' s hairless fellow humans are still known biologically as Homo sapiens.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}the group originally had a second member, Homo troglodytes. It lived in Africa, and the pictures show it to be covered{{U}} (3) {{/U}}hair. Modern{{U}} (4) {{/U}}are not as generous as Linne in welcoming other species into Man's lofty{{U}} (5) {{/U}},and the chimpanzee is now referred to {{U}}(6) {{/U}}Pan troglodytes. But Pan or Homo, there is no{{U}} (7) {{/U}}that chimps are humans' nearest living relatives, and that if the secrets of what makes humanity special are ever to be{{U}} (8) {{/U}}, understanding why chimps are not people, nor people chimps, is a crucial part of the process. That, in turn, means looking at the DNA of the two species,{{U}} (9) {{/U}}it is here that the{{U}} (10) {{/U}}must originate. One half of the puzzle has been{{U}} (11) {{/U}}for several years: the human genome was published in 2001. The second has now been added, with the announcement in this week's Nature{{U}} (12) {{/U}}the chimpanzee genome has been sequenced as well. For those expecting{{U}} (13) {{/U}}answers to age-old questions{{U}} (14) {{/U}}, the publication of the chimp genome may be something of an{{U}} (15) {{/U}}. There are no immediately obvious genes-present in one, but not the other-that account for such characteristic human{{U}} (16) {{/U}}as intelligence or even hairlessness. And{{U}} (17) {{/U}}there is a gene connected with language, known as FOXP2, it had already been discovered. But although the preliminary comparison of the two genomes{{U}} (18) {{/U}}by the members of the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analyssis Consortium, the multinational team that generated the sequence, did not{{U}} (19) {{/U}}any obvious nuggets of genetic gold, it does at least show where to look for{{U}} (20) {{/U}}.

单选题St. Paul didn't like it. Moses warned his people against it. Hesiod declared it "mischievous" and "hard to get rid of it," but Oscar Wilder said, "Gossip is charming." "History is merely gossip," he wrote in one of his famous plays. "But scandal is gossip made tedious by morality." In past time, under Jewish law, gossipmongers might be fined or flogged. The Puritans put them in stocks or ducking stools, but no punishment seemed to have-the desired effect of preventing gossip, which has continued uninterruptedly across the back fences of the centuries. Today, however, the much-maligned human foible is being looked at in a different light. Psychologists, sociologists, philosophers, even evolutionary biologists are concluding that gossip may not be so bad after all. Gossip is "an intrinsically valuable activity," philosophy professor Aaron Ben-Ze'ev states in a book he has edited, entitled Good Gossip. For one thing, gossip helps us acquire information that we need to know that doesn't come through ordinary channels, such as: "What was the real reason so-and-so was fired from. the office?" Gossip also is a form of social bonding, Dr. Ben-Ze'ev says. It is "a kind of sharing" that also "satisfies the tribal need--namely, the need to belong to and be accepted by a unique group." What's more, the professor notes, "Gossip is enjoyable." Another gossip groupie, Dr. Ronald De Sousa, a professor of philosophy at the University of Toronto, describes gossip basically as a form of indiscretion and a "saintly virtue", by which he means that the knowledge spread by gossip will usually end up being slightly beneficial. "It seems likely that a world in which all information were universally available would be preferable to a world where immense power resides in the control of secrets," he writes. Still, everybody knows that gossip can have its ill effects, especially on the poor wretch being gossiped about. And people should refrain from certain kinds of gossip that might be harmful, even though the ducking stool is long out of fashion. By the way, there is also an interesting strain of gossip called medical gossip, which in its best form, according to researchers Jerry M. Suls and Franklin Goodkin, can motivate people with symptoms of serious illness, but who are unaware of it, to seek medical help. So go ahead and gossip. But remember, if (as often is the case among gossipers) you should suddenly become one of the gossipers instead, it is best to employ the foolproof defense recommended by Plato, who may have learned the lesson from Socrates, who as you know was the victim of gossip spread that he was corrupting the youth of Athens: when men speak ill of thee, so live that nobody will believe them. Or, as Will Rogers said, "Live so that you wouldn't be ashamed to sell the family parrot to the town gossip./

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. All Sumerian cities recognized a number of gods in common, including the sky god, the lord of storms, and the morning and evening star.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}the Sumerian worshipped the goddess of fertility, love, and war, she was evidently lower{{U}} (2) {{/U}}status than the male gods, indicating that in a more urbanized society the{{U}} (3) {{/U}}that the peoples of previous times had paid to the earth mother goddess had{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. The gods seemed hopelessly violent and{{U}} (5) {{/U}}, and one's life a period of slavery at their easy will. The epic poem The Creation emphasizes that{{U}} (6) {{/U}}were created to enable the gods to{{U}} (7) {{/U}}up working. Each city moreover had its own god, who was considered to{{U}} (8) {{/U}}the temple literally and who was in theory the owner of all property within the city.{{U}} (9) {{/U}}the priests who interpreted the will of the god and controlled the{{U}} (10) {{/U}}of the economic produce of the city were favored{{U}} (11) {{/U}}their supernatural and material functions{{U}} (12) {{/U}}. When, after 3000 B. C. , growing warfare among the cities made military leadership{{U}} (13) {{/U}}, the head of the army who became king assumed a(n){{U}} (14) {{/U}}position between the god, whose agent he was, and the priestly class, whom he had both to use and to{{U}} (15) {{/U}}Thus king and priests represented the upper class in a hierarchical society.{{U}} (16) {{/U}}them were the scribes, the secular attendants of the temple, who{{U}} (17) {{/U}}every aspect of the city's economic life and who developed a rough judicial system.{{U}} (18) {{/U}}the temple officials, society was divided among an elite or{{U}} (19) {{/U}}group of large landowners and military leaders; a mixed group of merchants, artisans, and craftsmen, free peasants who{{U}} (20) {{/U}}the majority of the population; and slaves.

单选题{{B}}Text 1{{/B}} If you have ever longed for a meat substitute that smelt and tasted like the real thing, but did not involve killing an animal, then your order could be ready soon. Researchers believe it will soon be possible to grow cultured meat in quantities large enough to offer the meat industry an alternative source of supply. Growing muscle cells (the main component of meat) in a nutrient broth is easy. The difficulty is persuading those cells to form something that resembles real meat. Paul Kosnik, the head of engineering at a firm called Tissue Genesis, is hoping to do it by stretching the cells with mechanical anchors. This encourages them to form small bundles surrounded by connective tissue, an arrangement similar to real muscle. Robert Dennis, a biomedical engineer at the University of North Carolina, believes the secret of growing healthy muscle tissue in a laboratory is to understand how it interacts with its surroundings. In nature, tissues exist as elements in a larger system and they depend on other tissues for their survival. Without appropriate stimuli from their neighbours they degenerate. Dr Dennis and his team have been working on these neighbourly interactions for the past three years and report some success in engineering two of the most important--those between muscles and tendons, and muscles and nerves. At the Touro College School of Health Sciences in New York, Morris Benjaminson and his team are working on removing living tissue from fish, and then growing it in culture. This approach has the advantage that the tissue has a functioning system of blood vessels to deliver nutrients, so it should be possible to grow tissue cultures more than a millimetre thick--the current limit. Henk Haagsman, a meat scientist at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands, is trying to make minced pork from cultured stem cells with the backing of Stegeman, a sausage company. It could be used in sausages, burgers and sauces. But why would anyone want to eat cultured meat, rather than something freshly slaughtered and just off the bone? One answer, to mix metaphors, is that it would allow vegetarians to have their meatloaf and eat it too. But the sausage-meat project suggests another reason: hygiene. As Ingrid Newkirk of PETA, an animal-rights group, puts it, "no one who considers what's in a meat hot dog could genuinely express any reluctance at eating a clean cloned meat product." Cultured meat could be grown in sterile conditions, avoiding Salmonella, E. coli and other nasties. It could also be made healthier by adjusting its composition--introducing. heart-friendly omega-3 fatty acids, for example. You could even take a cell from an endangered animal and, without threatening its extinction, make meat from it.

单选题What similarities do the University Colleges and Institutes have with the Universities?______

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Culture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us. To the professional anthropologist, there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages. People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that languages in general began as a series of grunts and groans. It is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. Even in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, whether by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own systems. 2. The objects and activities requiring names and distinctions for "backward" languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the future. This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} There are a number of formats for reporting research, such as articles to appear in journals, reports addressed to funding agencies, theses or dissertations as part of the requirements for university degrees, and papers to be presented at conferences. These formats differ from one another mostly in their purposes and the audiences whom they address. We will now briefly describe them. The journal article is a way of reporting research for professional journals or edited collections. The research is reporting in a brief, yet informative way, focusing mostly on the main features of the research such as the purpose, review of the literature (often referred to as "background"), procedures used for carrying out the research accompanied by tables, charts, and graphs, and interpretations of the results (often referred to as discussion). The content and emphasis of the journal article will vary according to the intended readers (research or practitioners) and it is important for the researcher to be aware of the background and interest of the readers of the journal. Articles intended to be read by practitioners will emphasize the practical implications and recommendations of the research, while articles intended to be read by researchers will describe in detail the method used to collect data, the construction of data collection procedures, and the techniques used for analyzing the data It is important for the novice researcher to be aware of the fact that articles submitted to journals go through a process of evaluation by experts who make a judgment and recommend whether they should be published or not. The thesis or dissertation is a format for reporting research which graduate students write as part of fulfilling the requirements for an advanced academic degree. The student is expected to describe in great detail all the phases of the research so it can be examined and evaluated carefully by the reader. Thus the thesis or dissertation includes the purpose and significance of the study, the rationale, a thorough review of the literature, detailed information as to the research tools and the procedures involved in their development, a description of data analysis and the results, and an interpretation of the results in the form of conclusions, implications, and recommendation. This detailed description of the process of the research is needed to provide the professors with an indication of the student's ability to carry out research. The conference paper is a way of reporting research at conferences, seminars and colloquia. At such meetings research papers are usually presented orally. They are similar to the research article since research is reported in a concise, yet informative way, focusing on the most essential elements of the research. Handouts and transparencies can also accompany the presentations. As with the research article, here too, the content and emphasis of the oral report will depend to a large extent on the type of audience present at the meeting, and whether they are researchers or practitioners.

单选题The title which best expresses the main idea of the text would be

单选题A. what B. those C, where D. it

单选题Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. MySpace and other Web sites have unleashed a potent new phenomenon of social networking in cyberspace, {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}at the same time, a growing body of evidence is suggesting that traditional social {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}play a surprisingly powerful and under-recognized role in influencing how people behave. The latest research comes from Dr. Nicholas A. Christakis, at the Harvard Medical School, and Dr. James H. Fowler, at the University of California at San Diego. The {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}reported last summer that obesity appeared to {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}from one person to another {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}social networks, almost like a virus or a fad. In a follow-up to that provocative research, the team has produced {{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}findings about another major health {{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}: smoking. In a study published last week in the New England Journal of Medicine, the team found that a person's decision to {{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}the habit is strongly affected by {{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}other people in their social network quit—even people they do not know. And, surprisingly, entire networks of smokers appear to quit virtually {{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}. For {{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}of their studies, they {{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}of detailed records kept between 1971 and 2003 about 5,124 people who participated in the landmark Framingham Heart Study. Because many of the subjects had ties to the Boston suburb of Framingham, Mass., many of the participants were {{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}somehow-through spouses, neighbors, friends, co-workers—enabling the researchers to study a network that {{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}12,067 people. Taken together, these studies are {{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}a growing recognition that many behaviors are {{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}by social networks in {{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}that have not been fully understood. And {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}may be possible, the researchers say, to harness the power of these networks for many {{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}, such as encouraging safe sex, getting more people to exercise or even {{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}crime.

单选题A UFO is a general term used for any "unidentified flying object" in the sky which cannot be (1) by an observer. Most UFOs remain (2) as so even after they have been investigated. The UFO phenomenon dates back (3) the beginning of recorded history, but UFO sightings have (4) increased since the mid 1940s. From UFO videos to UFO pictures, stories and other real life (5) , thousands of people from all (6) of life claim to have seen these mysterious aerial phantoms. Many UFO sightings turn out to be nothing at all, mere airplanes, meteors or comets; (7) many sightings have gone unsolved for decades or even centuries. The term "flying saucer" came into (8) use after American Kenneth Arnold claimed a UFO sighting on June 24, 1947 near Mount Rainier, Washington. Arnold claimed to have seen as many as nine brightly lit objects soaring (9) the sky (10) he estimated as up to 1,200 miles per hour. Arnold also reported that the objects appeared to have a disc or "saucer" (11) . (12) final conclusion has ever been reached in the case. One of the most famous LIFO incidents to date also occurred in 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico. (13) unidentified debris was recovered from the (14) of a Roswell ranch, the Roswell Army Airfield (15) a statement saying that a "flying disk" had been discovered. The airfield (16) the statement just hours later, claiming it was just a weather balloon. This sparked (17) and nation-wide rumors of an alleged government (18) of an alien LIFO that had crashed in the New Mexico desert. No (19) proof has been produced to this day to (20) that theory.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, and D on ANSWER SHEET 1. Modern liberal opinion is sensitive to problems of restriction of freedom and abuse of power.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}, many hold that a man can be injured only by violating his will, but this view is much too{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. It fails to{{U}} (3) {{/U}}the great dangers we shall face in the{{U}} (4) {{/U}}of biomedical technology that stems from an excess of freedom, from the unrestrained{{U}} (5) {{/U}}of will. In my view, our greatest problems will be voluntary self-degradation, or willing dehumanization, as is the unintended yet often inescapable consequence of sternly and successfully pursuing our humanization{{U}} (6) {{/U}}. Certain{{U}} (7) {{/U}}and perfected medical technologies have already had some dehumanizing consequences. Improved methods of resuscitation have made{{U}} (8) {{/U}}heroic efforts to "save" the severely ill and injured. Yet these efforts are sometimes only partly successful: They may succeed in{{U}} (9) {{/U}}individuals, but these individuals may have sever brain damage and be capable of only a less-than-human, vegetating{{U}} (10) {{/U}}. Such patients have been{{U}} (11) {{/U}}a death with dignity. Families are forced to bear the burden of a{{U}} (12) {{/U}}"death watch". {{U}} (13) {{/U}}the ordinary methods of treating disease and prolonging life have changed the {{U}}(14) {{/U}}in which men die. Fewer and fewer people die in the familiar surroundings of home or in the{{U}} (15) {{/U}}of family and friends. This loneliness,{{U}} (16) {{/U}}, is not confined to the dying patient in the hospital bed. As a group, the elderly are the most alienated members of our society: Not yet{{U}} (17) {{/U}}the world of the dead, not deemed fit for the world of the living, they are shunted{{U}} (18) {{/U}}. We have learned how to increase their years,{{U}} (19) {{/U}}we have not learned how to help them enjoy their days. Yet we continue to bravely and feverishly push back the frontiers{{U}} (20) {{/U}}death.