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英语一
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数学一
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计划
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transnational litigation
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______no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom.
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head-hunting company
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B汉译英/B
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burden of proof
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Currency Appreciation
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电脑对社会行为有着深刻的影响。计算机处理的触手可及,使得那些在其他方面都被认为是好市民的人发现自己沉迷在不道德行为,甚至是非法行为中。对有版权软件的盗版行为四处可见,而近期大量报道的如黑客人侵、病毒制造、电脑行骗以及侵犯隐私等等事件,使得要求电脑业拥有新道德观和制定保护市民不受电脑化的无政府状态侵害的新法规的呼声越来越高了。 短短的40年期间,电脑已成为复杂社会的运转核心,没有电脑和通讯系统,许多生产制造业,工业,商业,运输和销售业,政府部门,军队,公共医疗卫生服务,教育,以及研究工作都会停滞下来。但是随着社会越来越依靠电脑,社会也越来越易受人类滥用电脑的影响。
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中国共产党全国代表大会
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国际标准化组织
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possible repercussions of our actions
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THE RISE OF ANTIBIOTIC - RESISTANT INFECTIONS [A]When penicillin became widely available during the Second World War, it was a medical miracle, rapidly vanquishing the biggest wartime killer—infected wounds. Discovered initially by a French medical student, Ernest Duchesne, in 1896, and then rediscovered by Scottish physician Alexander Fleming in 1928, penicillin crippled many types of disease-causing bacteria. But just four years after drug companies began mass-producing penicillin in 1943, microbes began appearing that could resist it. [B]"There was complacency in the 1980s. The perception was that we had licked the bacterial infection problem. Drug companies weren't working on new agents. They were concentrating on other areas, such as viral infections, " says Michael Blum, M.D., medical officer in the Food and Drug Administration's division of anti-infective drug products. " In the meantime, resistance increased to a number of commonly used antibiotics, possibly related to overuse. In the 1990s, we've come to a point for certain infections that we don't have agents available. " [C]The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcome of evolution. Any population of organisms, bacteria included, naturally includes variants with unusual traits—in this case, the ability to withstand an antibiotic's attack on a microbe. When a person takes an antibiotic, the drug kills the defenceless bacteria, leaving behind—or "selecting" in biological terms—those that can resist it. These renegade bacteria then multiply, increasing their numbers a million fold in a day, becoming the predominant microorganism. "Whenever antibiotics are used, there is selective pressure for resistance to occur. More and more organisms develop resistance to more and more drugs, " says Joe Cranston, Ph.D., director of the department of drug policy and standards at the American Medical Association in Chicago. [D]Disease-causing microbes thwart antibiotics by interfering with their mechanism of action. For example, penicillin kills bacteria by attaching to their cell walls, then destroying a key part of the wall. The wall falls apart, and the bacterium dies. Resistant microbes, however, either alter their cell walls so penicillin can't bind or produce enzymes that dismantle the antibiotic. Antibiotic resistance results from gene action. Bacteria acquire genes conferring resistance in different ways. Bacterial DNA may mutate spontaneously. Drug-resistant tuberculosis arises this way. Another way is called transformation where one bacterium may take up DNA from another bacterium. Most frightening, however, is resistance acquired from a small circle of DNA called a plasmid, which can flit from one type of bacterium to another. A single plasmid can provide a slew of different resistances. [E]Many of us have come to take antibiotics for granted. A child develops a sore throat or an ear infection, and soon a bottle of pink medicine makes everything better. Linda McCaig, a scientist at the CDC, comments that " many consumers have an expectation that when they're ill, antibiotics are the answer. Most of the time the illness is viral, and antibiotics are not the answer. This large burden of antibiotics is certainly selecting resistant bacteria. " McCaig and Peter Killeen, a fellow scientist at the CDC, tracked antibiotic use in treating common illnesses. The report cites nearly 6 million antibiotic prescriptions for sinusitis alone in 1985, and nearly 13 million in 1992. Ironically, advances in modern medicine have made more people predisposed to infection. McCaig notes that "there are a number of immunocompromised patients who wouldn't have survived in earlier times. Radical procedures produce patients who are in difficult shape in the hospital, and there is routine use of antibiotics to prevent infection in these patients. [F]There are measures we can take to slow the inevitable resistance. Barbara Murray, M.D., of the University of Texas Medical School at Houston writes that " simple improvements in public health measures can go a long way towards preventing infection". Such approaches include more frequent hand washing by health-care workers, quick identification and isolation of patients with drug-resistant infections, and improving sewage systems and water purity. Drug manufacturers are also once again becoming interested in developing new antibiotics. The FDA is doing all it can to speed development and availability of new antibiotic drugs. "We can't identify new agents—that's the job of the pharmaceutical industry. But once they have identified a promising new drug, what we can do is to meet with the company very early and help design the development plan and clinical trials, " says Blum. "In addition, drugs in development can be used for patients with multi-drug-resistant infections on an emergency compassionate use basis for people with AIDS or cancer, for example, " Blum adds. Appropriate prescribing is important. This means that physicians use a narrow spectrum antibiotics— those that target only a few bacterial types—whenever possible, so that resistances can be restricted. "There has been a shift to using costlier, broader spectrum agents. This prescribing trend heightens the resistance problem because more diverse bacteria are being exposed to antibiotics, " writes Killeen. So, while awaiting the next wonder drug, we must appreciate, and use correctly, the ones that we already have. Another problem with antibiotic use is that patients often stop taking the drug too soon, because symptoms improve. However, this merely encourages resistant microbes to proliferate. The infection returns a few weeks later, and this time a different drug must be used to treat it. The conclusion: resistance can be slowed if patients take medications correctly.Questions 1-6 Reading Passage 1 has 6 paragraphs(A - F). Which paragraphs concentrate on the following information? Write the appropriate letters(A-F)on your Answer Sheet.
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千川汇海阔,风好正扬帆。
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徇私舞弊
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消费品
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You may have complete______of action in dealing with the matter; do exactly what you think best.(free)
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Class shift
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居住证
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We have been told that under no circumstances______the telephone in the office for personal affairs.
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