单选题With U.S. companies sitting on an estimated $1.8 trillion in cash, it raises the question: Why aren"t they deploying more of their hoard to expand their businesses? Or one might channel John Maynard Keynes to ask: Where have the "animal spirits" gone? Although capital spending in the U.S. is up 12 percent since the lows of early 2009, it"s still running $88 billion below the peak of $1.34 trillion reached in the first quarter of 2008, says Joseph LaVorgna, chief U.S. economist at Deutsche Bank. He doesn"t expect capital spending to catch up to that peak level and officially start to expand until the second quarter of 2011. (LaVorgna"s definition of capital spending includes physical equipment and software, but not structures such as new stores or manufacturing plants. Spending on structures is about 2 percent of gross domestic product, one-third the size of capital sending"s contribution to GDP, he says.) "The trend and momentum have definitely turned and it"s just a matter of time before you see other companies give way to capital spending, and eventually that will result in hiring," says LaVorgna. But with spending running $88 billion below peak, he says employment "should be farther along than it is." Companies that have built up a lot of cash are starting to take some chances such as expanding into new markets, which requires hiring new workers, says John Challenger, chief executive officer of Challenger, Gray & Christmas, an employment consulting firm. U.S. companies have announced the hiring of 118,209 new employees through August, according to data collected by the firm. So who"s stepping up to the plate? Some companies refuse to be cowed and are taking big, if calculated, chances, including ambitious capital projects, hiring new workers, and expanded investment in research and development, according to growth-oriented mutual fund managers contacted by Businessweek.com. If there"s a common denominator, it"s a perceived opportunity and confidence in sustainable demand, whether due to new trends in technology or to new markets that need certain products. Other names came from a list of the top-hiring U.S. companies through July 2010 compiled by Challenger, Gray & Christmas. "We don"t spend capital unless we have a new contract to supply oxygen, nitrogen, or hydrogen to our customers," says James Sawyer, Praxair"s chief financial officer. "Those are 15-year contracts with minimal take-or-pay clauses written into them, which ensure we will get a good return on our capital investment, regardless of how the rest of the economy is doing." Some younger outfits with entrepreneurial managers who have lived through a few business cycles think their companies may be able to steal a march on competitors more reluctant to spend, says Aram Green, manager of Clear Bridge Advisors Small Cap Growth Fund. "There"s clearly been a decision by management that "This is not the time to take our foot off the accelerator. In fact, it"s time to push harder and further distance our product from the competition.""

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. Now there are many reasons for this, some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place. Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher: the first, knowledge; the second, technique. It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students' pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time-wasted. But it does not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully as soon as you have read the necessary books. It depends, after that, on what use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique. Now the first and most important part of a language teacher's technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language, in every detail of articulation as well as in fluent speaking, so that the student's latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then, should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own performance, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings, radio, television and video, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a native speaker himself or speaks just like one, then to vary the method of presenting the language material. (537 words){{B}}Notes:{{/B}} set about 着手，试图。articulation 发音。latent 潜在的，不明显的。at one's disposal 供某人任意支配使用。

单选题The "the world's miracle economy" in the beginning of the second paragraph refers to

单选题In this article the author states that blood test has______.

单选题The author asserts that in the face of excessive amounts of child-care literature, parents are

单选题Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of unfortunate circumstances deprived of one of the greatest twentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits? So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow-citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life. It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modern education try to reach again. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding on all. There are no "illiterates"--if the term can be applied to peoples without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1976, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we considered it necessary to make sure that all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry that, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents; therefore the jungles and the savages know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children, and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.Notes: juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪。

单选题Directions :Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. In the United States, older people rarely live with their adult children. But in many other cultures children are expected to care{{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}their aged parents. In some parts of Italy, the percentage of adult children who{{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}with their parents{{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}65 to 70 percent. In Thailand, too, children are expected to take care of their elderly parents; few Thai elderly live{{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. What explains these differences in living arrangements{{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}cultures? Modernization theory{{U}} {{U}} 6 {{/U}} {{/U}}the extended family household to low levels of economic development. In traditional societies, the elderly live with their children in large extended family units for economic reasons. But with modernization, children move to urban areas, leaving old people{{U}} {{U}} 7 {{/U}} {{/U}}in{{U}} {{U}} 8 {{/U}} {{/U}}rural areas. Yet modernization theory cannot explain why extended family households were never common in the United States or England, or why families in Italy, which is fully modernized,{{U}} {{U}} 9 {{/U}} {{/U}}a strong tradition of intergenerational living. Clearly, economic development alone cannot explain{{U}} {{U}} 10 {{/U}} {{/U}}living arrangements. Another theory associated intergenerational living arrangements with inheritance patterns. In some cultures, the stem family pattern of inheritance{{U}} {{U}} 11 {{/U}} {{/U}}.{{U}} {{U}} 12 {{/U}} {{/U}}this system, parents live with a married child, usually the oldest son, who then{{U}} {{U}} 13 {{/U}} {{/U}}their property when they die. The stem family system was once common in Japan, but changes in inheritance laws,{{U}} {{U}} 14 {{/U}} {{/U}}broader social changes brought{{U}} {{U}} 15 {{/U}} {{/U}}by industrialization and urbanization, have{{U}} {{U}} 16 {{/U}} {{/U}}the{{U}} {{U}} 17 {{/U}} {{/U}}.In 1960 about 80 percent of Japanese over 65 lived with their children; by 1990 only 60 percent did-a figure that is still high {{U}} {{U}} 18 {{/U}} {{/U}}U.S. standards, but which has been{{U}} {{U}} 19 {{/U}} {{/U}}steadily. In Korea, too, traditional living arrangements are{{U}} {{U}} 20 {{/U}} {{/U}}: the percentage of aged Koreans who live with a son declined from 77 percent in 1984 to 50 percent just 10 years later. Although most elderly Koreans still expect to live with a son, their adult children do not expect to live with their children when they grow old.

单选题{{B}}Text 3{{/B}} Charles Reznikoff (1894～1976) worked relentlessly, never leaving New York but for a brief stay in Hollywood, of all places. He was admired by Pound and Kenneth Burke. and often published his own works; in the Depression era, he managed a treadle printing press in his basement. He wrote three sorts of poems: exceptionally short imagistic lyrics; longer pieces crafted and cobbled from other sources, often from the Judaic tradition: and book-length poems wrought from the testimony both of Holocaust trials and from the courtrooms of mm-of-the-century America. Two of these full-length volumes were indeed titled Testimony, as was an earlier prose work; {{U}}it was a word that kept him close company.{{/U}} When asked late in life to define his poetry, it was not the word he chose. "Objectivist,' he wrote, naming his longstanding group, and mimicking poetic style with a single prose sentence: "images clear but the meaning not stated but suggested by the objective details and the music of the verse: words pithy and plain: without the artifice of regular meters: themes, chiefly Jewish. American. urban." If the sentence sounds hard-won, this is perhaps because it was. Four decades earlier, he wrote in a letter to friends, "There is a learned article about my verse in Poetry this month, from which I learn that I am an objectivist." The learned fellow was Louis Zukofsky, brilliant eminence of the Objectivists. "with whom I disagree as to both form and content of verse, but to whom I am obliged for placing some of my things here and there." So read Reznikoffs conclusion in 1931. with its fillip of polite resentment. Movements and schools are arbitrary and immaterial things by which poetic history is told. This must have {{U}}rankled{{/U}} Reznikoff. who spent his writing life tracing the material and the necessary. Born a child of immigrants in Brooklyn in 1294. he was in journalism school at 16, took a law degree at 21. Though he was little interested in legal practice, the ideas would be near the heart of his writing. Ideal poetic language, he wrote, "is restricted almost to the testimony of a witness in a court of law." If this suggests a congenital optimism about the law. it made for astonishingly care-filled poetry. Reznikoff is unsurpassed in conveying the sense that the world is worth getting right. Not the glorious or the damaged world, but the world that is everything that is the case. Reznikoffs faith in the facts of the case takes on an intensity no less social than spiritual, no greater when surveying the Old Testament than New York This collection gathers all his poems (but for those already book-length) by the technique of compressing onto single pages as many as five or six at a time. This can lessen the force; each is a sort of American haiku, though no more impressionistic than a hand-operated printing press. One such. numbered 69 in the volume Jerusalem the Golden, runs in its length: "Among the heaps of brick and plaster lies f a girder, still itself among the rubbish." This exemplary couplet is sometimes taken to represent Reznikoff's poetry itself, immutable and certain amid the transitory.

单选题Friday marks the 40th anniversary of one of the biggest, most expensive, most destructive social policy experiments in American history: The war on drugs. On the morning of June 17, 1971, President Richard Nixon, speaking from the Briefing Room of the White House, declared: "America's public enemy No. 1 in the United States is drug abuse. In order to fight and defeat this enemy, it is necessary to wage a new, all-out offensive. I have asked the Congress to provide the legislative authority and the funds to fuel this kind of an offensive. This will be a worldwide offensive dealing with the problems of sources of supply, as well as Americans who may be stationed abroad, wherever they are in the world. " So began a war that has waxed and waned, ,sputtered and sprinted, until it became an unmitigated disaster, an abomination of justice and a self-perpetuating, trillion-dollar economy of wasted human capital, ruined lives and decimated communities. Since 1971, more than 40 million arrests have been conducted for drug-related offenses. And no group has been more targeted and suffered more damage than the black community. As the American Civil Liberties Union pointed out last week, "The racial disparities are staggering: despite the fact that whites engage in drug offenses at a higher rate than African-Americans, African-Americans are incarcerated for drug offenses at a rate that is: 10 times greater than that of whites. " An effort meant to save us from a form of moral decay became its own insidious brand of moral perversion-turning people who should have been patients into prisoners, criminalizing victimless behavior, targeting those whose first offense was entering the world wrapped in the wrong skin. It feeds our overwhelming thirst for punishment. Last week, the Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy, a 19-member commission that included Kofi Annan, a former U. N. secretary general, declared that: "The global war on drugs has failed, with devastating consequences for individuals and societies around the world. Fifty years after the initiation of the U.N. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and 40 years after President Nixon launched the U. S. government's war on drugs, fundamental reforms in national and global drug control policies are urgently needed. " The White House immediately shot back: no dice. The Obama administration presented a collection of statistics that compared current drug use and demand with the peak of the late 1970s, although a direct correlation between those declines and the drug war are highly debatable. In doing so, it completely sidestepped the human, economic and societal toll of the mass imprisonment of millions of Americans, many for simple possession. No need to put a human face on 40 years of folly when you can wrap up its inefficacy in a patchwork quilt of self-serving statistics.

单选题As dean of admissions at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Marilee Jones was responsible for ensuring that applicants represented their academic backgrounds honestly. So it was more than a shock when the 55-year-old resigned Thursday, admitting that she had misled school officials over a 28-year period into believing that she held three degrees from New York institutions. In fact, she had never received even an undergraduate degree from any school. While Jones's case is extreme, it points to a major concern for any corporation or institution that hires employees: embellishments and outright lies on resumes. But if an employer doesn't catch the falsehoods, how does an employee live with such a big lie in Jones's case, a falsehood that she maintained for 28 years? Psychologist Paul Ekman speculates that Jones's case is likely related to self-esteem. MIT officials noted that a college degree probably wasn't required for the entry-level position that Jones took on in 1979, and apparently no one checked her credentials with each successive promotion. Still, by all accounts, Jones was good at her job. "Even though the fake degrees didn't initially give her tangible benefits, she personally needed them in order to get people to respect her," Ekman says. "And in time it appears she did get a lot of respect, but by then she couldn't reveal she had lied without losing her position." Ekman says many people are tempted to exaggerate their credentials for the same reason a kid exaggerates his father's strength, but that most people resist. "They either know from past experience that they could never get away with it—perhaps because they are bad liars, they don't like taking risks—some people are risk takers so it attracts them to lying, or they are religiously observant," Ekman says. Early in her career, Jones didn't resist the temptation, and it may have become too difficult to rectify the situation as she climbed the workplace ladder. "My bet is that it was never out of her mind completely that she had taken such a risk, but I doubt she spent many nights worrying someone would catch her," Ekman says. "She had done such a great job and was so admired, that she probably became confident after all these years that no one was going to check." But the potential damages caused by hiring a poorly qualified employee are serious for companies. Depending on the position applied for, different background-information firms offer different service packages. For example, a credit check may not be necessary for a person applying for an administrative job; but an executive or financial position may call for a check of references, a credit check, a criminal-records check and even a check of driving records. With such diligence, it's much riskier for today's job hunters to lie than it was 30 years ago when Jones filled out her first application at MIT.

单选题Everywhere you look in contemporary America you see a people engaged in the pursuit of happiness. You can see it in work habits. Americans on average not only work longer and harder than most Europeans, but endure lengthy commutes to and from work. You can see it in geographical mobility. About 40 m of them move every year. They are remarkably willing to travel huge distances in pursuit of things like bowling conventions and so on. And you can see it in the country's general hopefulness: two-thirds of Americans are optimistic about the future. Since Americans are energetic even in deconstructing their own founding principles, there is no shortage of people who have taken exception to the happiness pursuit. They range from conservatives like Robert Bork, believing the phrase summarizes the "emptiness at the heart of American ideology", to liberals who think that it is a justification for an acquisitive society. One criticism is that the pursuit is self-defeating. The more you pursue the illusion of happiness the more you sacrifice the real thing. The other side of mobility is turmoil and anxiety, broken marriages and unhappy children. Americans have less job security than ever before. They even report having fewer close friends than a few decades ago. And international studies of happiness suggest that people in certain poor countries, such as Mexico, are apparently happier than Americans. Another criticism is that Americans have confused happiness with material possessions. It is notable that Thomas Jefferson's call echoes Adam Smith's phrase about "life, liberty and the pursuit of property". Do all those pairs of Manolo Blahnik shoes really make you happy? Or are they just a compensation for empty lives like in the soap opera Sex in the City? If opinion polls on such matters mean anything—and that is dubious—they suggest that both these criticisms are flawed. A 2006 Pew Research Centre study—"Are we happy yet?"—claims that 84% of Americans are either "very happy" or "pretty happy". The Harris Poll's 2004 "feel good index" found that 95% are pleased with their homes and 91% are pleased with their social lives. The Pew About sponsorship polls show that money does indeed go some way towards buying happiness. They also suggest that Americans, devotion to religion makes them happier still. The pursuit of happiness accounts for all sorts of peculiarities of American life: from the $700/m spent on self-help books per year to the irritating dinner guests constantly looking at their BlackBerry cell phones. This pursuit may even help to explain the surge of anti-Americanism. Many people dislike it precisely because it is doing exactly what Jefferson intended. For some Europeans, the pursuit of happiness in the form of monster cars and mansions is objectionable on every possible ground. You cannot pursue happiness with such conspicuous enthusiasm without making quite a lot of people around the world rather unhappy.

单选题War may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural (1) of anger, hostility, and territoriality are expressed (2) acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans (3) with animals. Aggression is a kind of (4) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that (5) animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, human violent (6) evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression violence can not be (7) reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give (8) to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social (9) : It is a strategy for (10) the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical patterns within which human violence has been (11) . The violence within society is controlled through (12) of law. The more developed a (13) system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violence acts. In most tribal societies the only (14) to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility of personally carrying out judgment and punishment (15) the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and (16) .The society assumes the responsibility for (17) individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for (18) punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge (19) by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility of their protection. The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. (20) the one protects the individual form violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state.

单选题The major task facing adolescents is to create a stable identity. There are some developmental tasks that enable them to create an identity. It's important to accept one's physique. The beginning of puberty and the rate of body changes for adolescent varies tremendously. How easily adolescents deal with those changes will (1) reflect how closely their bodies match the well-defined (2) of the "perfect" body for young women and young men. Adolescents who do not match it may need (3) support from adults to improve their feelings of comfort and self-worth regarding their physique. Try to achieve emotional independence from parents. Children derive strength from (4) their parents' values and attitudes. Adolescents, (5) , must redefine their (6) of personal strength and move toward self-reliance. This change is (7) if the adolescent and parents can agree on some level of (8) that increases over time. (9) , parents and adolescents should set a time by which children must be back home. That time should be increased (10) the adolescent matures. Prepare for an economic career. In our society, an adolescent (11) adult status when he or she is able to (12) support himself or herself. This task has become more (13) than in the past because the job market demands increased education and skills. Today, this developmental task is generally not achieved (14) late adolescence or early adulthood, after the individual completes her/his education and gains some entry level work experience. Adolescents can think abstractly and about possible situations. With these (15) in thinking, the adolescent is able to develop his or her own (16) of values and beliefs. Thus, it is essential to take an ideology as a guide to behavior. The family is where children define themselves and their world. Adolescents (17) themselves and their world from their new social roles. Status (18) the community, beyond that of family is an important achievement for older adolescents and young adults. Adolescents and young adults become members of the larger community (19) employment (financial independence) and (20) independence from parents.

单选题One factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to over-predict the amount of economic hardship is

单选题According to the passage, all these following are problems resulting from the tourism EXCEPT

单选题{{B}}Text 4{{/B}} Virtually everything astronomers know about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photons-quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos. With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Not a single, validated observation of an extraterrestrial neutrino has so far been produced despite the construction of a string of elaborate observatories, mounted on the earth from Southern India to Utah to South Africa. However, the detection of extraterrestrial neutrinos are of great significance in the study of astronomy. Neutrinos carry with Their information about the site and circumstances of their production; therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe. How can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years passed between Pauli's hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection; since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleon's reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles. Fortunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the sea water itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere. The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars, and pulsars. Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtlessly bring its own share of surprises.