完形填空 41 Conflicts: If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have to share your living space with one other student. While having an American roommate will help you to learn more about American ways, there will probably be many times that discomfort or conflict will arise due to cultural differences. 42 Sex: With regard to sex in general, American behavior is quite different from the norms found in China. 43 Relationship Between Teachers Students: On the campus, particularly where classes are small, I found a strange informality that characterized the relationship between students and their professors. 44 Gifts: In my interaction with American friends, I noticed that the concept of a gift is quite different here. Many things we give to each other in China are not called 'gifts' but are considered to be a reflection of ordinary duties and mutual obligations. Accustomed as we are to using the word 'gift' to refer to something valuable given on special occasions, it comes as a surprise to see how often the word is used in America. In the United States, 'gifts', given on many different occasions, are only services. 45 Social Intercourse. When you do enter American homes, you will have an opportunity to observe different ways of greeting people. On the whole, Americans tend to be far more physical than we in their greetings. A. I was astonished, for example, when a friend told me that he was offering to care for his younger brother and sister so that his father could take a vacation for his birthday--this was a gift to him. For us, this would be considered duty rather than a gift. Even between friends gestures of this sort might be considered 'gifts' here. B. While many students do call their professors, 'Professor' so and so or 'Dr. ' so and so, some professors prefer to be called familiarly by their first names. And in the spirit of informality, many professors may invite students to their homes or can be seen chatting with students over a meal or a cup of coffee in the school cafeteria. A good number of instructors even request that students fill out class evaluation forms which assess the content and presentation of the course. C. My roommate was very sociable and had many boyfriends who came to visit often very late. One night, after midnight, I had to stay in the bathroom for an extra 40 minutes because I had heard a man's voice in my room. My roommate did not realize how awkward I would feel meeting a man while I was in my nightgown. You see, American students tend to be much more casual about these matters. D. On many occasions, for instance, close friends or sometimes even casual acquaintances embrace or kiss each other on the cheeks in greeting or bidding farewell. It may even happen that where couples are close friends, the two husbands will kiss the other man's wife! E. In the United States, for example, if a student wants to invite his teacher to a dinner party, the invitation should be sent a week or so before the party date. If the invitation is extended only three or four days before the party date, the teacher will feel he is not highly regarded. F. For example, many American students seem to like to listen to popular and sometimes loud music while studying in their rooms. Sometimes they will even leave the music on when they leave the room. For some reason, many will tell you, music helps them to relax and concentrate, an idea which other foreign students and I found very strange and disturbing. We'd like to study quietly without any disturbance.

完形填空 What's your earliest childhood memory? Can you remember learning to walk? Or talk? The first time you heard thunder or watched a television program? Adults seldom 1 events much earlier than the year or so before entering school, 2 children younger than three or four 3 retain any specific, personal experiences. A variety ofexplanations have been 4 by psychologists for this 'childhood amnesia', One argues that the luppocampus, the region ofthe brain which is 5 for forming memories, does not mature until about the age of two. But the most popular theory 6 that, since adults don't think like children, they cannot 7 childhood memories. Adults thinkin words, and their life memories are like stories or 8 —one event follows another as in a novel or film. 9 , when they search through their mental 10 for early childhood memories to add to this verbal life story, they don't find any that fit the 11 . It's like trying to find a Chinese word in an English dictionary. Now psychologist Annette Simms of the New York State University offers a new 12 for childhood amnesia. She argues that there simply aren't any early childhood memories to recall. According to Dr. Simms, children need to learn to use someone else's spoken 13 oftheir personal 14 in order to turn their own short-term, quickly forgotten 15 of them into long-term memories. 16 , children have to talk about their 17 and hear others talk about them—Mother talking about the afternoon 18 looking for seashells at the beach or Dad asking them about their day at Ocean Park. Without this 19 reinforcement, says Dr. Simms, children cannot form 20 memories oftheir personal experiences.

完形填空Whatever else historians say about the Copenhagen talks on climate change, they may be remembered as a time when the world concluded that it must protect forests, and pay for them. In the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, forests were a big absentee: that was partly because the nations like Brazil were unwilling, at any price, to accept limits on their freedom to fell. All that is history. 41 Over the past two years, skillful campaigning by pro-forest groups has successfully disseminated the idea that trees cannot be ignored in any serious deliberation on the planet's future. Most people at the summit accepted the case that is endlessly made by friends of the forest: cutting down trees contributes up to 20% of global greenhouse emissions, and avoiding this loss would be a quick, cheap way of limiting heat-trapping gases. 42 On December 16th six rich nations gave advocates of that view a boost when they pledged $ 3.5 billion as a down payment on a much larger effort to 'slow, halt and eventually reverse' deforestation in poor countries. The benefactors—Australia, France, Japan, Norway, Britain and the United States—endorsed tree protection in terms that went beyond the immediate need to stem emissions. 43 Impressive as it was, the rich nations offer did not settle the questions that need resolving in any global forest deal. 44 The most ambitious proposals called for a 50% reduction in deforestation by 2020 and a complete halt by 2030. But forested nations were unwilling to accept those ideas until they saw what the rich world was offering. The other question was how so much money will be ladled out, how it will be raised and who would receive it: national governments, regional authorities or local people, including the indigenous. Any plan that did not give local people cause to keep their trees standing would surely fail. Tony La Vina, the chief negotiator on the UN initiative known as 'Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)' was optimistic, as of December 16th, that the issues left to settle were 'manageable.' The question of how much money to raise from government transfers, and how much from carbon trading, is not merely of concern to radical greens. Some Europeans fear that throwing forests into the carbon market will depress the price; but for America's Congress, a healthy market in offsets may be the only thing that makes payment to protect forests palatable. Supporters of REDD say it offers performance-related finance for saving forests on a far larger scale than ever before. It aims to ensure rigorous verification. 45 These may come from inflated national baselines for deforestation, or allowances that permit some sorts of tree-felling to be ignored. Sceptics also claim that REDD ignores some causes of deforestation, like the demand for soy, beef, palm oil, and timber which tempts people to act illegally. A. The proposal's critics insist that a superficially good deal could prove terrible because of loopholes in carbon accounting. B. As the UN talks went into their second week, trees looked like being one of the few matters on which governments could more or less see eye to eye. C. One was whether or not to include timetables and targets. D. Keeping trees standing would protect biodiversity and help development of the right sort, they said. E. In the longer term, Copenhagen's decisions may do a lot more to make the forests lucrative in themselves. F. The fact that REDD has been broadened to include rewards for countries that have conserved their forests (as opposed to repentant sinners) is an encouraging sign. But that does not mean the problems are negligible. G. Unless forests are better protected, so their argument goes, dangerous levels of climate change look virtually inevitable.

完形填空 Science has now proved humans can't help talking about themselves. It just feels too good. In a new study, Harvard University researchers conducted a series of experiments to 1 how much people liked talking about themselves and why. In one study, they scanned people's brains 2 those people either revealed personal information about themselves or 3 the opinions of others. In another experiment, researchers tested whether people preferred to answer questions about themselves, other people or 4 facts—participants got differing levels of monetary compensation 5 on the question they chose. No matter the test, the researchers found the results pointed the same way: humans get a biochemical excitement from 6 . That's 7 we spend almost 40% of conversation talking about ourselves, says the study—our brain chemistry 8 us to do it. In the first experiment, researchers found that sharing personal information led to 9 in the reward areas of the brain—the same ones that are 10 in response to rewards like food. Talking about other people did not 11 the circuits as much. In the second experiment, people were willing to 12 17% of their earnings in order to answer questions about themselves. The researchers also noted that people 13 enjoyed self-disclosure if they knew other people were listening. When people were given a choice to share their responses with others or to keep them 14 , they sacrificed 25% of their potential earnings in order to 15 the personal information. Previously, humans' 16 for talking about themselves was thought to be caused by a desire for 17 with others, a way to open up to people and get them to trust us 18 in hopes of setting the foundation for friendship. 19 this appears to be the first study to 20 that people talk about themselves mainly because they like the way it feels.

完形填空A. Is there still a place for the tiddlers? 'That's an explicit yes,' says Bob Shea of NACUBO, 'but do there need to be mergers and acquisitions? That's an unequivocal yes as well.' Many small colleges serve niche markets, including a large faith-based one. 'Many students wouldn't go to college at all or would be lost in a large one,' says Ms. Brown. B. Part of the problem, at least for small liberal arts institutions, is that parents and would-be students are questioning the value of the liberal arts. They want a solid return, in the form of a well-paying job, for their four-year investment. There are still an awful lot of small places: about 40% of degree-granting colleges have fewer than 1,000 students. But enrolment at these institutions has fallen by more than 5% since 2010, while the student population has increased overall. C. Some tiny colleges rely on donations to save the day. Alumni are concerned about the value of their own degree if the college closes, but donors can grow weary. Marlboro, meanwhile, is using its endowment to offer scholarships to one student from each state in an effort to expand its usual pool from New England and to open up new student pipelines. It saw success straight away. It increased its student population by 6% this academic year, after years of falling enrolment. D. Visitors stand out at Marlboro College's pastoral campus in the woods of Vermont, but not because they are special or even unexpected. With 190 enrolled students and just a few dozen faculty and staff, everyone knows everyone. The student-faculty ratio is five to one, about the lowest in the country. The college administration has worked hard to stay small: the student population has rarely topped 350. But in the years since its founding after the Second World War, Marlboro has often skirted financial ruin. In 1993 it had only a few payrolls left in the bank. It was rescued by a foundation. Today it is looking for ways to save itself and already seeing some success. E. To attract students, some colleges are reducing their sticker price, but this is not sustainable for colleges without healthy endowments. According to the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO), 49% of independent colleges and universities give discounts, up from 38% a decade ago. F. Alice Brown, a former head of the Appalachian College Association, a network of tiny colleges in the Appalachian Mountains, thinks more must merge or close. The Berklee College of Music (4,371 students) and the Boston Conservatory (730 students) merged in June. Small colleges often share accountants or laboratories already. G. Marlboro is not alone in facing revenue and enrolment pressures. Burlington College (70 students), also in Vermont, shut its doors over the summer. Sweet Briar, a well-regarded women's college in Virginia, nearly closed to its 245 students last year. A last minute bout of fundraising by alumni saved it, for now. Moody's, a credit-ratings agency, said in 2015 that the pace of closures and mergers will accelerate and could triple from an average of five per year over the next few years. Dennis Gephardt of Moody's says closures and mergers will be concentrated among the smallest colleges. D→ 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → 45

完形填空A. Created 150 years ago, the Periodic Table (元素周期表) is a triumph of form and function. Now this design classic has been updated for the 21st century—and opened up to a new audience. It's a vital part of chemistry teachers' educational content. With its array of digits and chemical abbreviations, it appears everywhere, from pencil cases to posters. B. So why are we still so interested in the periodic table? 'The standard physicists' criticism of chemists is that they are stamp collectors,' says periodic table expert and 'The Elements' creator Theodore Gray. 'That's because physicists think they study the fundamentals of what makes everything work. In their view, chemists just collect all of these manifestations of physics—the physical properties of elements-and don't concern themselves with what makes these things the way they are.' C. But scientists, always eager to eke out a closer model of the truth, have been trying to improve it for 150 years. Amateur enthusiasts obsessed by the table's design, have transferred Mendeleyev-inspired charts onto T-shirts, even toy elephants. It's no coincidence that iPad champion-in-chief Stephen Fry has described the new 'Elements' iPad App as alone worth the gadget's retail price. Released in Britain last month, the App's creators hope this country will take to it like the Americans, who have already bought 30, 000 copies. D. Whether you love chemistry or not, the modern periodic table, first successfully mapped out by Russian academic Mendeleyev in 1869, occupies a space in science-lovers' psyches. This traditional chart has persisted because of its efficient systematisation of a disparate array of elements. E. Mendeleyev's brain wave in fact followed on from hundreds of years of scientific research. In 1862 a French geologist, Alexandre de Chancourtois, had written a list of elements on a piece of tape, which he then wound around a cylinder. He noticed that chemically similar elements came below one another-in other words, the elements were 'periodic'—and that as they grew in size, their properties repeated with regularity. F. 'But stamp collecting is a very popular hobby. It's fun to collect things. And the periodic table has a nice number of elements: around 100. It's a good number, and fits well with, say, a collection of beer or vegetables, which people have categorised using the periodic table's principles online. Also, people love it because it's universally known. It's like the Nike logo—everyone is familiar with its shape.' G. Around this time, in Russia Mendeleyev was throwing his intellectual heft behind the problem too. He wrote each of the elements on a different piece of card, along with their atomic weight and the formula (分子式) of their compound with oxygen (their 'oxide'). He arranged the cutouts in order of weight, putting similar oxides in rows. Order: A→ 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → 45 →G

完形填空 A. Plan for the Financial Transition B. Examine Your Investment Portfolio C. Contribute to an IRA D. Save Before You Spend E. Max Out Your Retirement Plans F. Set a Retirement Savings Goal G. Review Your Own Retirement Plan Take Time to Review Your Retirement Game Plan One month into the new year, it's time to check in on your promises to yourself to start saving more for retirement. Fully 70 percent of Americans are concerned about not having enough money for a comfortable retirement, a recent Fidelity Investments study found. Here are strategies to boost your retirement savings in 2007. 41 'Pay yourself first, and find ways to invest automatically,' says Heather Dzielak of Lincoln Financial Group. 'Get in the discipline of setting aside money for your retirement.' Many companies will let you automatically deposit part of your paycheck into savings or investment accounts. 42 Most Americans are counting on individual retirement accounts (IRA) to help fund their retirement. But as of 2004, only 29 percent of families owned an IRA or Keogh, with a median value of ＄30,000, according to the Employee Benefit Research Institute (EBRI). The deadline for making a 2006 contribution to a tax-advantaged IRA is April 17, the date your federal tax return is due. 43 Be sure to contribute enough to get your employer's full match. 'The way to really do well,' says Ed Slott, author of Your Complete Retirement Planning Road Map, 'is to keep putting more money in as much as you can. I try to fund all the retirement accounts I can to the max.' You should also account for all 401 (k) plans you've had at previous employers and consolidate them in your current employer's plan or transfer them into a rollover IRA, says Dallas Salisbury, EBRI president. Rolling a 401 (k) over into an IRA allows you to avoid most fees and penalties. 44 Only 4 in 10 workers have actually calculated how much they need to save for retirement, according to EBRI. And many of those created their own estimate or guessed. It's a good idea to sit down with a financial adviser or use an online calculator or retirement worksheet. You should review your retirement accounts annually to make sure you are getting a good return on your investments. 'Over the long term, diversified stocks and bonds should return you 7 percent,' says Jonathan Pond, the author of You Can Do It! The Boomer's Guide to a Great Retirement. 'The average investor makes about 4 percent.' Pond recommends constructing a diversified portfolio and regularly monitoring it. 45 You'll need a plan to convert retirement savings into a stream of income. 'It's the way you take it out that will determine how much you and your family keep and how much goes to the government,' says Slott. 'If you take it out the wrong way, it all goes back to the government.' A financial adviser can help you determine the most tax-advantaged way to withdraw money from retirement accounts. You'll also want to double-check the beneficiary forms on all your retirement accounts. Says Slott: 'Most people think that somebody else took care of this The beneficiary form is the key document that's going to determine who gets all this money you've saved.'

完形填空Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding yes!_____(1)helping you feel close and _____(2)to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a _____(3)of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you _____(4)getting sick this winter. 　In a recent study _____(5)over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____(6)the participants susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____(7)to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____(8)with a cold, and the researchers_____(9)that the stress-reducing effects of hugging _____(10)about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. _____(11)among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____(12).Hugging protects people who are under stress from the _____(13)risk for colds thats usually _____(14)with stress, notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie, Hugging is a marker of intimacy and help _____(15)the feeling that others are there to help_____(16)difficulty.Some experts_____(17)the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called the bonding hormone_____(18)it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it _____(19)in the brain, where it _____(20)mood, behavior and physiology.

完形填空 Culture shock might be called an occupational disease of people who have been suddenly transplanted abroad. Like most ailments, it has its own 1 and cure. Culture shock is 2 by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one 3 in which we orient ourselves to the 4 of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to 5 purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statement seriously and when not. These cues, 6 may be words, gestures, facial 7 customs, or norms, are 8 by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a 9 of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us 10 for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, 11 of which we do not carry on the 12 of conscious awareness. Now when an individual 13 a strange culture, all or most of these familiar cues are removed. He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or 14 of goodwill you may be, a series of props have been 15 under you, followed by a feeling of frustration and 16 . People react to the frustration in much the 17 way. First they reject the environment which causes the 18 . 'The ways of the host country are bad because they make us feel bad.' When foreigners in a strange land get together to 19 about the host country and its people, you can be sure they are 20 from culture shock.

完形填空 Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now, the food police are determined that this 3 should be rendered yet another guilty pleasure 4 to damage our health. The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public warning about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans. Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof. 12 the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 , it was rumored that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15 . Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 , the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but to reduce their lifetime intake. However, its 19 risks coming across as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with no one listening.

完形填空 A. Analyzing your own taste B. Being cautious when experimenting C. Finding a model to follow D. Getting the final look absolutely right E. Learning to be realistic F. Making regular conscious choices G. How to judge people When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they look. And, of course it's something that works both ways, for we too are being judged on our appearance. When we look good, we feel good, which in turn leads to a more confident and self-assured manner. People then pick up on this confidence and respond positively towards us. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's important, but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals simply by wearing inappropriate clothing or not spending enough time thinking about how others see us. 41 For example, people often make the mistake of trying to look like someone else they've seen in a magazine, but this is usually a disaster as we all have our own characteristics. Stand in front of a full-length mirror and be honest with yourself about what you see. There is no need to dwell on your faults—we all have good points and bad points—but think instead about the best way to emphasize the good ones. 42 When selecting your clothes each day, think about who you're likely to meet, when you're going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your choice to an extent. However, there's no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you dress to please somebody else's idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not quite yourself. 43 But to know your own mind, you have to get to know yourself. What do you truly feel good in? There are probably a few favorite items that you wear a lot—most people wear 20 percent of their wardrobe 80 percent of the time. Look at these clothes and ask yourself what they have in common. Are they neat and tidy, loose and flowing? Then look at the things hanging in your wardrobe that you don't wear and ask yourself why. Go through a few magazines and catalogues and mark the things that catch your eye. Is there a common theme? 44 Some colors bring your natural coloring to life and others can give us a washed-out appearance. Try out new colors by all means, but remember that dressing in bright color when you really like subtle neutral tones, or vice versa, will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down where your own taste boundaries lie. And although it's good to challenge those sometimes with new combinations or shades, take care not to go too far all at once. 45 So, you've chosen an outfit that matches your style, your personality, your shape and your coloring. But does it fit? If something is too tight or too loose, you won't achieve the desired effect, and no matter what other qualities it has, it won't improve your appearance or your confidence. Sometimes, we buy things without thinking. Some people who dislike shopping grab the first thing they see, or prefer to use mail-order or the Internet. In all cases, if it doesn't fit perfectly, don't buy it, because the finer details are just as important as the overall style. Reappraising your image isn't selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit. You'll look better and you'll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor Albert Mehrabian's book Silent Messages to remind yourself how important outward appearances are. His research showed that the impact we make on each other depend 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak and only 7 percent on what we actually say. So, whatever stage you are at in your life, whatever role you play, isn't it time you made the most of yourself?

完形填空A. For governments that overcome tobacco-company lobbying and political inertia, the benefits can be huge. After Turkey adopted its comprehensive package, the male smoking rate dropped from 52% to 41% in eight years. In Europe 30% of those who have ever smoked are now ex-smokers. Getting people to quit at that rate in China, where 1.4m a year die early from tobacco, would avoid 35m premature deaths. B. Bans on smoking in public places can have immediate benefits. In eight countries in Europe and the Americas, admissions to hospital for heart disease fell by an average of 17% in the year after the implementation of such a ban. Gruesome public-information campaigns can help. America's 'Tips From Former Smokers' campaign, which showed people crippled by smoking-related diseases, persuaded around 100,000 people to quit. At a cost of $ 480 per person, it was a good investment: according to a Danish study, the lifetime benefits to men of giving up smoking at 35 are around 25,000 ($ 27,400), most of that in increased productivity. Costa Rica and the Philippines send aspiring quitters text messages with handy tips on giving up: a trial suggested that doubled quit rates. And electronic cigarettes can help: 7% of British quitters use them. C. Solving some of the world's great health problems, such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease, remains beyond the wit of science. Not smoking. For over a decade, it has been clear what countries need to do to get people to quit. Yet although rates continue to fall in some countries—such as America and Britain-elsewhere they are rising. That's true not just in the poor world, where people are getting prosperous enough to take up the habit, but also in bits of the rich world: on some measures rates are plateauing in Germany, France, Belgium and Portugal after decades of decline. It is time to push them down. D. But according to a WHO report published on July 7th, Turkey is the only country to have introduced all the necessary measures. Some countries, such as Indonesia, still have hardly any regulations. Others have too many loopholes. In France, for instance, the availability of covered patios undermines the ban on smoking in restaurants. E. Banning smoking would be wrong. It would be not only illiberal—people should be allowed to indulge in their pleasures, even lethal ones—but also ineffective. As the decades-long 'war on drugs' shows, when people really want to get hold of a mind-altering substance, be it heroin or tobacco, they will. Bans on legal sales fuel illegal ones. But discouraging smoking is entirely legitimate: smokers pollute the air other people breathe, they damage their families when they die prematurely, and the addictive nature of the habit weakens the argument that smoking is a freely chosen pleasure. F. The idea of developing countries leapfrogging rich ones is familiar in technology, but it can apply to social policy, too. Over the past half-century, the rich world has learned slow and painful lessons about how to persuade people not to take up smoking, or to quit it if they already have. Low and middle-income countries can adopt those measures before their citizens get addicted. At virtually no cost, many millions of people can be saved from painful, premature deaths, and their families from misery. G. The most effective measure against smoking is taxation. Fiscal engineers need to be careful to set the rate neither so high that it encourages smugglers, nor so low that it fails to deter smokers. The WHO reckons that it should be at least three-quarters of the value of a pack. And, as they raise the tobacco tax, governments need simultaneously to tighten their borders. Britain cut the smugglers' share of the market from 21% to 9% by sharpening customs operations. Order: 41 →E→ 42 →B→ 43 → 44 → 45

完形填空 Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding 'yes!' 1 helping you feel close and 2 to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a 3 of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you 4 getting sick this winter. In a recent study 5 over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs 6 the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being 7 to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come 8 with a cold, and the researchers 9 that the stress-reducing effects of hugging 10 about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. 11 among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe 12 . 'Hugging protects people who are under stress from the 13 risk for colds that's usually 14 with stress,' notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie. Hugging 'is a marker of intimacy and helps 15 the feeling that others are there to help 16 difficulty.' Some experts 17 the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called 'the bonding hormone' 18 it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mother and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it 19 in the brain, where it 20 mood, behavior and physiology.

完形填空 Even if families don't sit down to eat together as frequently as before, millions of Britons will nonetheless have got a share this weekend of one of that nation's great traditions: the Sunday roast. 1 a cold winter's day, few culinary pleasures can 2 it. Yet as we report now. The food police are determined our health. That this 3 should be rendered yet another quality pleasure 4 to damage our health. The Food Standards Authority (FSA) has 5 a public worming about the risks of a compound called acrylamide that forms in some foods cooked 6 high temperatures. This means that people should 7 crisping their roast potatoes, reject thin-crust pizzas and only 8 toast their bread. But where is the evidence to support such alarmist advice? 9 studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no 10 evidence that it causes cancer in humans. Scientists say the compound is 11 to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof 12 the precautionary principle it could be argued that it is 13 to follow the FSA advice. 14 , it was rumoured that smoking caused cancer for years before the evidence was found to prove a 15 . Doubtless a piece of boiled beef can always be 16 up on Sunday alongside some steamed vegetables, without the Yorkshire pudding and no wine. But would life be worth living? 17 , the FSA says it is not telling people to cut out roast foods 18 , but reduce their lifetime intake. However its 19 risks coming a cross as being pushy and overprotective. Constant health scares just 20 with one listening.

完形填空We have more genes in common with people we pick to be our friends than with strangers.Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study publishedfrom the University of California and Yale University in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 . The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 . While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As co-author of the study James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin. The team 9 developed a friendship score which can predict who will be your friend based on their genes.The study also found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 , as the team suggests, it draws us 11 similar environments but there is more to it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 functional kinship of being friends with 14 ! One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar et 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.

完形填空 Vienna was one of the music centers of Europe during the classical period, and Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven were all active there. As the 1 of the Holy Roman Empire (which included parts of present-day Austria, Germany, Italy, Hungary, Czech and Slovakia), it was a 2 cultural and commercial center 3 a cosmopolitan character. Its population of almost 250,000 (in 1800) made Vienna the fourth largest city in Europe. All three 4 masters were born elsewhere, but they were 5 to Vienna to study and to seek 6 . In Vienna, Haydn and Mozart became close friends and influenced each other's musical 7 . Beethoven traveled to Vienna at sixteen to play for Mozart; at twenty-two, he returned to study with Haydn. Aristocrats from all over the Empire spent the winter in Vienna, sometimes bringing their private 8 Music was an important part of court life, and a good orchestra was a 9 of prestige. Many of the nobility were excellent musicians. Much music was heard in 10 concerts where aristocrats and wealthy commoners played 11 professional musicians. Mozart and Beethoven often earned money by performing in these intimate concerts. The nobility 12 hired servants who could 13 as musicians. An advertisement in the Vienna Gazette of 1789 14 : 'Wanted, for a house of the gentry, a manservant who knows how to play the violin well.' In Vienna there was also 15 music, light and popular in 16 . Small street bands of wind and string players played at garden parties or under the windows of people 17 to throw 18 money. Haydn and Mozart wrote many outdoor entertainment 19 , 20 they called divertimentos or serenades. Vienna's great love of music and its enthusiastic demand for new works made it the chosen city of Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.

完形填空　　The differences in relative growth of various areas of scientific research have several causes. 71. Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating. Some, however, are less reasonable processes of different growth in which preconceptions of the form scientific theory ought to take, by persons in authority, act to alter the growth pattern of different areas. This is a new problem probably not yet unavoidable; but it is a frightening trend. 72.This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. It can be predicted, however, that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers. It is therefore generally valuable to treat the scientific establishment as a resource or machine to be kept in functional order. 73. This seems mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future. 　　This kind of support, like all government support, requires decisions about the appropriate recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting "good" as opposed to "bad" science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to become confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. 74. However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world''s more fascinating and delightful aspects. 75. New forms of thought as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future as they have in the past, giving rise to new standards of elegance.

完形填空 Walter Schloss was by no means a celebrity. He was never a face on financial television programs, 1 was he known for marketing his skills to investors. His death last month, at the age of 95, 2 little public comment but among a certain crowd it meant the 3 of a mind that was brave, independent and 4 distinct from much of modern finance. Mr. Schloss was part of a small group who worked with Benjamin Graham, a Columbia Business School professor whose most famous 5 is Warren Buffett. Mr. Schloss did not spend time 6 corporate managers. His research team doubled in size when his son joined. He favored discarded 'cigar butt' stocks that could be 7 off the floor. Often, they weren't worth much but they sold for far 8 . As for high-flying shares, he was not afraid to go 9 . During the late 1990s, when a 'new era' caused many people to 10 any normal valuation measures as hopelessly 11 , Mr. Schloss stayed 12 and bet against some of the most popular and inflated names. In part, he could do so 13 a famous cost saving structure. In part, he was protected by an extraordinary long-term record. When he 14 managing money for outsiders, his returns were reported to have 15 16% annually, six percentage points higher than the market. He had other 16 , too. In 1999, when his portfolio was composed of everything no one wanted, he was asked how, 17 his own convictions were unshaken, he could ensure that his investors 18 with him. Being a true 19 required just one rule, he said: ' 20 tell a client what they own.'

完形填空A. The first published sketch, 'A Dinner at Poplar Walk' brought tears to Dickens's eyes when he discovered it in the pages of The Monthly Magazine. From then on his sketches, which appeared under the pen name 'Boz' in The Evening Chronicle, earned him a modest reputation. B. The runaway success of The Pickwick Papers, as it is generally known today, secured Dickens's fame. There were Pickwick coats and Pickwick cigars, and the plump, spectacled hero, Samuel Pickwick, became a national figure. C. Soon after Sketches by Boz appeared, a publishing firm approached Dickens to write a story in monthly installments, as a backdrop for a series of woodcuts by the then-famous artist Robert Seymour, who had originated the idea for the story. With characteristic confidence, Dickens successfully insisted that Seymour's pictures illustrate his own story instead. After the first installment, Dickens wrote to the artist and asked him to correct a drawing Dickens felt was not faithful enough to his prose. Seymour made the change, went into his backyard, and expressed his displeasure by committing suicide. Dickens and his publishers simply pressed on with a new artist. The comic novel, The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, appeared serially in 1836 and 1837, and was first published in book form in 1837. D. Charles Dickens is probably the best-known and, to many people, the greatest English novelist of the 19th century. A moralist, satirist, and social reformer. Dickens crafted complex plots and striking characters that capture the panorama of English society. E. Soon after his father's release from prison, Dickens got a better job as errand boy in law offices. He taught himself shorthand to get an even better job later as a court stenographer and as a reporter in Parliament. At the same time, Dickens, who had a reporter's eye for transcribing the life around him, especially anything comic or odd, submitted short sketches to obscure magazines. F. Dickens was born in Portsmouth, on England's southern coast. His father was a clerk in the British navy pay office—a respectable position, but wish little social status. His paternal grandparents, a steward and a housekeeper, possessed even less status, having been servants, and Dickens later concealed their background. Dickens' mother supposedly came from a more respectable family. Yet two years before Dickens' birth, his mother's father was caught stealing and fled to Europe, never to return. The family's increasing poverty forced Dickens out of school at age 12 to work in Warren's Blacking Warehouse, a shoe-polish factory, where the other working boys mocked him as 'the young gentleman.' His father was then imprisoned for debt. The humiliations of his father's imprisonment and his labor in the blacking factory formed Dickens' greatest wound and became his deepest secret. He could not confide them even to his wife, although they provide the unacknowledged foundation of his fiction. G. After Pickwick, Dickens plunged into a bleaker world. In Oliver Twist, he traces an orphan's progress from the workhouse to the criminal slums of London. Nicholas Nickleby, his next novel, combines the darkness of Oliver Twist with the sunlight of Pickwick. The popularity of these novels consolidated Dickens' as a nationally and internationally celebrated man of letters. D→ 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 →B→ 45

完形填空 Just because more men pursue careers in science and engineering does not mean they are actually better at math than women are. The 1 is that men think they are much better at math than they really are. Women, 2 , tend to accurately estimate their arithmetic prowess, says Shane Bench of Washington State University in the U. S., leader of a study in Springer's journal Sex Roles. There is a 3 gap between the number of men and women who choose to study and follow careers in the so-called STEM 4 of science, technology, engineering and mathematics in the U. S. This is true 5 women outperform their male 6 on mathematical tests in elementary school. Bench's study examined how people's biases and 7 experiences about their mathematical abilities make them more or less 8 to consider pursuing math-related courses and careers. Gender gaps in STEM fields are not necessarily the result of women's 9 their abilities, but rather may be due to men's overestimating their abilities, 10 Bench. His team also found that women who had more positive past experiences 11 mathematics tended to rate their numerical abilities higher than they really were. This 12 the value of positively reinforcing a woman's knack for mathematics 13 at a young age. 'Despite 14 that realism and objectivity are always best in 15 the self and making decisions, positive illusions about math abilities may be 16 to women pursuing math courses and careers,' says Bench. 'Such positive illusions could 17 to protect women's self-esteem 18 lower-than-desired performance, leading women to 19 to pursue courses in STEM fields and ultimately 20 their skills.'