问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Japanese firms have achieved the highest levels of manufacturing efficiency in the world automobile industry. 46) {{U}}Some observers of Japan have assumed that Japanese firms use the same manufacturing equipment and techniques as United States firms but have benefited from the unique characteristics of Javanese employees and the Javanese culture.{{/U}} However, if this were true, then one would expect Japanese auto plants in the United States to perform no better than factories run by United States companies. This is not the case. 47) {{U}}Japanese-run automobile plants located in the United States and staffed by local workers have demonstrated higher levels of productivity when compared with factories owned by United States companies.{{/U}} Other observers link high Japanese productivity to higher levels of capital investment per worker. But a historical perspective leads to a different conclusion. 48) {{U}}When the two top Japanese automobile makers matched and then doubled United States productivity levels in the mid-sixties, capital investment per employee was comparable to that of United States firms.{{/U}} Furthermore, by the late seventies, the amount of fixed assets required to produce one vehicle was roughly equivalent in Japan and in the United States. Since capital investment was not higher in Japan, it had to be other factors that led to higher productivity. A more fruitful explanation may lie with Japanese production techniques. Japanese automobile producers did not simply implement conventional processes more effectively; they made critical change in United States procedures. 49) {{U}}For instance, the mass-production philosophy of United States automakers encouraged the production of huge lots of cars in order to utilize fully expensive, component-specific equipment and to occupy fully workers who have been trained to execute one operation efficiently.{{/U}} Japanese automakers chose, to make small-lot production feasible by introducing several departures from United States practices, including the use of flexible equipment that could be altered easily to do several different production tasks and the training of workers in multiple jobs. 50) {{U}}Automakers could schedule the production of different components or models on single machines, thereby eliminating the. need to store the spare stocks of extra components that result when specialized equipment and workers are kept constantly active. {{/U}}

问答题Directions:You are annoyed by too many family comedies of a TV station. Write a complaint letter to the station. In your letter, you should tell them: 1) your annoyance at the programs, 2) the same feelings of others, 3) your request of the station to reform.You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Spain"s government is now championing a cause called "right to be forgotten". It has ordered Google to stop indexing information about 90 citizens who filed formal complaints with its Data Protection Agency . All 90 people wanted information deleted from the Web. Among them was a victim of domestic violence who discovered that her address could easily be found through Google. Another, well into middle age now, thought it was unfair that a few computer key strokes could unearth an account of her arrest in her college days. (47) They might not have received much of a hearing in the United States, where Google is based and where courts have consistently found that the right to publish the truth about someone"s past supersedes any right to privacy. But here, as elsewhere in Europe, an idea has taken hold —individuals should have a "right to be forgotten" on the Web. (48) In fact, the phrase "right to be forgotten" is being used to cover a batch of issues, ranging from those in the Spanish case to the behavior of companies seeking to make money from private information that can be collected on the Web . (49) Spain"s Data Protection Agency believes that search engines have altered the process by which most data ends up forgotten—and therefore adjustments need to be made. The deputy director of the agency, Jesfús Rubí, pointed to the official government gazette(公报), which used to publish every weekday, including bankruptcy auctions, official pardons, and who passed the civil service exams. Usually 220 pages of fine print, it quickly ended up gathering dust on various backroom shelves. The information was still there, but not easily accessible. Then two years ago, the 350 yearold publication went online, making it possible for embarrassing information—no matter how old—to be obtained easily. The publisher of the government publication, Fernando Pérez, said it was meant to foster transparency. Lists of scholarship winners, for instance, make it hard for the government officials to steer all the money to their own children. "But maybe, " he said, "there is information that has a life cycle and only has value for a certain time. " Many Europeans are broadly uncomfortable with the way personal information is found by search engines and used for commerce. When ads pop up on one"s screen, clearly linked to subjects that are of interest to him, one may find it Orwellian. A recent poll conducted by the European Union found that most Europeans agree. Three out of four said they were worried about how Internet companies used their information and wanted the right to delete personal data at any time. Ninety percent wanted the European Union to take action on the right to be forgotten. (50) Experts say that Google and other search engines see some of these court cases as an assault on a principle of law already established—that search engines are essentially not responsible for the information they corral from the Web, and hope the Spanish court agrees. The companies believe if there are privacy issues, the complainants should address those who posted the material on the Web. But some experts in Europe believe that search engines should probably be reined in. "They are the ones that are spreading the word. Without them no one would find these things. "

问答题 {{U}}While much of the attention on fighting AIDS and other diseases in poor countries has focused on access to affordable drugs, concern is now shifting to the question of who exactly, will deliver them.{{/U}} Unfortunately, there is a severe shortage of doctors, nurses and other health-care workers in these countries. According to a report published in this week's Lancet by the Joint Learning Initiative (JLI), an international consortium of academic centres and development agencies, sub-Saharan Africa has only one-tenth the number Of nurses and doctors per head of population that Europe does, though its health-care problems are far mom pressing. (47) {{/U}}The reasons for this are tw07fold, and well known—not enough health-care workers are trained in the fast place, and too many of those who are trained then leave for better-paid jobs in the rich world. {{/U}}What the report does is to put some numbers on these problems. A mere 5,000 doctors, it finds, graduate in Africa each year (a third of the number that graduate in America). Only 50 of 600 doctors mined in Zambia in recent years are still in the country. There are more Malawian doctors in Manchester than Malawi. (48) {{U}}And many rich countries exacerbate the problem by recruiting from poor ones to help deal with their own shortages.{{/U}} To overcome all this. the JLI reckons that the world needs 4m more health-care workers, of whom lm are required in sub-Saharan Africa alone. The question is. who will pay for them? The report floats some ideas. (49) {{U}}It recommends that roughly $400m, or 4% of the overseas aid currently spent on health, -be earmarked to help build up the health-care workforce in poor countries.{{/U}} (50) {{U}}But it also suggests that better use be made of existing resources, for example by employing local volunteers rather than highly trained doctors for many. routine matters. {{/U}}As Lincoln Chen of Harvard University, one of the report's authors, points out, a few countries, such as Brazil. Thailand and Iran. have taken steps in the right direction. Others need to follow their lead.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticle,youshouldcoverthefollowingpoints:1)describethephenomenon;2)analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "It is Good / Bad to Write about Martial Arts Novels in the Texbooks "In the essay, you should (1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning; (2) give your opinion and support it with some proof; (3) get the conclusion. You should write about 200 words neatly on AN SWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleonoverweightkidsinourcountry.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements:1)interpretethemessageconveyedbythepicture2)makeyourcommentsonthephenomenonYoushouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.(20points)

问答题Directions: Before you leave university you want to sell your computer. Write a note of about 100 words: 1) describing the condition of your computer; 2) how much you would like for it, and; 3) where you can be contacted. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Radiation occurs from three natural sources: radioactive material in the environment, such as in soil, rock, or building materials; cosmic rays; and substances in the human body, such as radioactive potassium in bone and radioactive carbon in tissues. These natural sources account for an exposure of about 100 millirems a year for the average American. The largest single source of man-made radiation in medical x-rays, yet most scientists agree that hazards from this source are not as great as those from weapons-test fallout, since strontium-90 and carbon-14 become incorporated into the body, hence delivering radiation for an entire lifetime. (46) The issue is, however, by no means uncontroversial; indeed, the last two decades have witnessed intensified examination and dispute about the effects of low-level radiation. A survey conducted in Britain confirmed that an abnormally high percentage of patients suffering from arthritis of the spine who had been treated with x-rays contracted cancer. Another study revealed a high incidence of childhood cancer in cases where the mother had been given x-rays. (47) These studies have pointed to the need to re-examine the assumption that exposure to low linear energy transfer presented only a minor risk. Recently, examination of the death certificates of former employees of a West Coast plant which produces plutonium for nuclear weapons revealed markedly higher rates for cancers of the pancreas, lung, bone marrow and lymph systems than would have been expected in a normal population. (48) While the National Academy of Sciences committee attributes these differences to chemical or other environmental causes, rather than radiation, other scientists maintain that any radiation exposure, no matter how small, leads to an increase in cancer risk. (49) It is believed by some that a dose of one rem, if sustained over many generations, would lead to an increase of one percent in the number of 1,000 disorders per million births. In the meantime, regulatory efforts have been disorganized, fragmented, and inconsistent, characterized by internecine strife and bureaucratic delays. A Senate freport concluded that coordination of regulation among involved departments and agencies was not possible because of jurisdictional disputes and confusion. (50) One Federal agency has .been unsuccessful in its efforts to obtain sufficient funding and manpower for the enforcement of existing radiation laws, and the chairperson of a panel especially created to develop a coordinated Federal program has resigned.

问答题Directions: You were invited to a gathering in Mary's house, but you forgot it and didn't show up. Write a letter to Mary to 1) apologize and explain why you were absent, 2) as for forgiveness and send a invitation back Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.

问答题 (1) Despite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child's individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. (2) In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easygoing, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easygoing, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity. There is some relationship between age and children's characteristic reaction to divorce. (3) As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be attributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8, and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection. Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls' adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? (4) The greater male aggression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self-control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. (5) Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents' fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.

问答题 It was an admission of cultural defeat; but then Hong Kong is nothing if not pragmatic about such things. {{U}} {{U}} 21 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}On June 6th its education minister lifted restrictions that forced four-fifths of the territory's more than 500 secondary schools to teach in the "mother tongue", i.e. Cantonese, the main language of its residents{{/U}}. Schools may switch to English, the language of the former colonial oppressor, from next year. Tiffs reverses a decade-old policy adopted after Hong Kong's reversion to China in 1997, in an assertion of independence from both formre and present sovereign powers. Emotion may have played a large role in the decision. But it made some sense. Students speak Cantonese at home, and so using it is the easiest way to impart information and promote discussion. {{U}} {{U}} 22 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}It is also the first language of most teachers: a study done at the time concluded that schools labeled "English-medium" were actually teaching in Cantonese but using English-language textbooks.{{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 23 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}After much bureaucratic rearrangement, 20% of schools were permitted to continue teaching in English, which may have made sense to teachers and administrators, but not to ambitious parents.{{/U}} They know that their offspring will need English to get ahead. Those who could flee the public system for costly private schools, or for the eight semi-private schools run on the British system, did so. The rest made extraordinary efforts to enter the minority of English-language schools. They have huge waiting lists; Cantonese ones gaping holes. That helps explain the minister's change of heart, for which no reason was given. {{U}} {{U}} 24 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}So does a survey published last year, which concluded that students from the Cantonese schools did far worse than their peers in getting into universities-a result that would horrify Hong Kong's achievement-obsessed parents.{{/U}} And whatever the educators think, employers from coffee bars to banks either require people to be bilingual or pay more to those who are. Private schools offering supplementary English tuition have mushroomed. {{U}} {{U}} 25 {{/U}} {{/U}}{{U}}Hong Kong's educational bureaucracy has devoted much thought to how English could be offered without harming other studies, and without sacrificing a generation of teachers with strong interest in a system based on their first language{{/U}}. The minister has skirted these difficult issues. A much debated but still undisclosed formula will allow an increasing number of subjects to be taught in English. Every step is controversial. Pragmatists want Hong Kong to drop Cantonese entirely in favor of English and Mandarin. But that may demand a level of cultural indifference which even Hong Kong cannot muster.

问答题 American and Japanese researchers are developing a smart car that will help drivers avoid accidents by predicting when they are about to make a dangerous move. The smart car of the future will be able to tell if drivers are going to turn, change lanes, speed up, slow down or pass another car. If the driver's intended action could lead to an accident, the car will activate a warning system or override the move. (46) {{U}}"By shifting the emphasis of car safety away from design of the vehicle itself and looking more toward the driver's behavior, the developers believe that they can start to build cars that adapt to suit people's needs,"{{/U}} New Scientist magazine said. Alex Pentland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated on the project with Andrew Liu who works for the Japanese carmaker Nissan. (47) {{U}}Tests of their smart car using a driving simulator have shown that it is 95 percent accurate in predicting a driver's move 12 seconds in advance.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}The system is based on driving behavior which the researchers say can be divided into chains of sub-actions which include preparatory moves.{{/U}} It monitors the driver's behavior patterns to predict the next move. "To make its predictions, Nissan's smart car uses a compute, r and sensors on the steering wheel, accelerator and brake to monitor a person's driving patterns. (49) {{U}}A brief training session, in which the driver is asked to perform certain maneuvers, allows the system to calculate the probability of particular actions occurring in two-second time segments, "the magazine said.{{/U}} Liu has also done work on tracking eye movement to predict driving behavior. (50) {{U}}He said the smart car could be adapted to monitor eye movement which could give even earlier predictions of when a driver is about to make a wrong move.{{/U}}

问答题For this part, you are allowed fifteen minutes to write an informal letter of congratulation to a friend of yours (Charles) based on the following notes. Do not sign your own name at the end of your letter, using "Anni" instead. 1) Congratulations on your friend's appointment to the General Manger of this company. 2) The promotion is due to his hard work. 3) You are going to New York very soon. You promise to call him after you come back. 4) Express your best wishes for the future.

问答题When the Vikings invaded Great Britain, they did more than slaughter the population, ransack the cities and scorch the earth. They also left substantial influence on the English language words like slaughter, ransack and scorch. (46) Now, a single word in an ancient manuscript has led a U. S. linguist to conclude that the influence of the Norse on the English language may have come as much as a century earlier than most scholars had thought. The find came when English professor Jonathan Evans of the University of Georgia was reading a passage to his Old English class from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and a Norse word, theora, jumped out at him. The 1122 text, according to generations of scholars, was supposed to be too early to contain evidence of Danish influence on Old English. (47) But the fact that the text used the Nordic form of "their" rather than the Old English hiera or heora, suggested that Norsemen and their English hosts were not only living side-by-side in England's East Midlands but also were in "frequent, peaceful communication", Evans contends. "I thought I had made a mistake," when he first saw the word, he said. "There it was, sitting there in plain sight. Nobody saw this Danish word sitting there. I kept it quiet because I thought I made a mistake. ' But he was urged to investigate by a visiting Danish scholar, Hans Nielsen. (48) So Evans spent several years pursuing a hunch that a Roman Catholic monk slipped into the local dialect while copying out the ancient historical work for his monastery. If so, that suggests to Evans that Norse and West-Saxon dialects of Old English had mingled significantly by the 12th century if not earlier. The result of Evans' research is a paper, recently published in the journal North-Western European Language Evolution. (49) His parer puts forth the theory that the monk's use of the Norse word is the first datable example in English of Scandinavian-derived plural pronouns, antecedents of the modern English words "they, them", and "their". (50) "This is a footnote in a much more well-known story--the story of Scandinavian borrowings in the English language. ' said Evans, who can read texts in Danish, French, Old English and Old Icelandic. "It's going to be interesting to see how other scholars view this discovery but I think I've made my case for it./

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. What is the good life? Aristotle acknowledges that luck has a role to play in the good life, but to what extent does luck affect the good life? If the good life is dependent on external factors, then it would appear that it could not be considered self-sufficient. However, Aristotle argues that the good life is self-sufficient, but communally self-sufficient. Why does Aristotle argue for what appears to be a contradiction in terms? {{U}}{{U}} 1 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}It is contended that luck's effect on the good life was much greater than Aristotle was prepared to acknowledge and that as a result of the good life being dependent on luck, the good life cannot be considered self-sufficient.{{/U}} Aristotle believed that the good for humans would be the maximum realization of the function that was unique to humans. Since reason was understood by Aristotle to be the unique quality that humans possessed, it followed that the good for humans was to reason well. {{U}}{{U}} 2 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Since part of the task of reason was to teach human beings how to act virtuously, the good for humans was the exercise of their faculties in accordance with virtue{{/U}}. The good life, then, was defined by Aristotle as the activity of the soul in accordance with virtue. {{U}}{{U}} 3 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}The circumstances that make it likely or unlikely that a person will lead the good life are external and not of one's own choosing, and are, therefore, dependent on luck{{/U}}. Why not, it might be postulated, limit luck's effects, specifically narrowing the scope of what constitutes the elements of the good life so as to limit, while not eliminating luck's role? {{U}}{{U}} 4 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Aristotle held that even if one could be viewed as leading the good life, should one experience any adverse circumstances such as illness, bereavement or isolation, then one could no longer be considered to be leading the good life{{/U}}. "For many reversals and all sorts of luck come about in the course of a life; and it is possible for the person who was most especially doing well to encounter great calamities in old age, as in the stories told about Priam in the Trojan war. But when a person has such misfortunes and ends in a wretched condition, nobody says that he is living well." Aristotle had argued that limiting the scope of luck's effect on the good life would render life meaningless, yet is this not what is happening here? {{U}}{{U}} 5 {{/U}}{{/U}}{{U}}Knowing that as one ages the probability of experiencing misfortune is heightened, and still maintaining that this is a yardstick by which to measure whether one can be considered to be leading the good life, severely limits the chances of anyone attaining the good life{{/U}}. Limiting the scope of the external factors that affected the good life would render the good life too limiting, according to Aristotle; yet Aristotle has placed such severe limitations on the criteria that needs to be met in order to lead the good life that the probability of anyone ever leading the good life are practically non-existent.