问答题46. The classic difficulty felt with democracy arises from the fact that democracy can never express the will of the whole people because there never exists any such unchanging will (at least in any society that call itself democratic). The concept of government of the whole people by the whole people must be looked on as being in the poetry rather than in the prose of democracy; the fact of prose is that real democracy means government by some kind of dominant majority. 47. And the ever-present danger, repeatedly realized in fact, is that this dominant majority may behave toward those who are not of the majority in such a manner as to undermine the moral basis of the right of people, because they are people, to have some important say in the setting of their own course and in use of their own faculties. Other forms of government may similarly fail to respect human independence. But there is at least no contradiction in that; the underlying assumption of every kind of government by wiser and betters is that people on the whole are not fit to manage their own affairs, but must have someone else do it for them, and there is no paradox when such a treats its subjects without respect, or deals with them on the basis of their having no rights that the government must take into account. 48. But democracy affirms that people are fit to control themselves, and it cannot live in the same air with the theory that there is no limit to the extent to which public power -- even the power of a majority can interfere with the lives of people. Rational limitation on power is therefore not a contradiction to democracy, but is of the very essence of democracy as such. Other sorts of government may impose such limitations on themselves as an act of grace. 49. Democracy is under the moral duty of limiting itself because such limitation is essential to the survival of that respect for humankind which is in the foundations of democracy. Respect for the freedom of all people cannot, of course, be the only guide, for there would then be no government. Delicate ongoing compromise is what must be looked for. 50. But democracy, unless it is to deny its own moral basis, must accept the necessity for making this compromise and for giving real weight to the claims of those without the presently effective political power to make their claims prevail in elections.

问答题 Directions: You are supposed to write a letter to your university canteen, suggesting how to improve its service. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use 'Li Ming' instead. Do not write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on Answer Sheet 2. Washington, June 22--More than three decades after the Endangered Species Act gave the federal government tools and a mandate to protect animals, insects and plants threatened with extinction, the landmark law is facing the most intense efforts ever by the White House, Congress, landowners and industry to limit its reach. (46) {{U}}More than any time in the law's 32-year history, the obligations it imposes on government and, indirectly, on landowners are being challenged in the courts, reworked in the agencies responsible for enforcing it and re-examined in Congress.{{/U}} In some cases, the challenges are broad and sweeping, as when the Bush administration, in a legal battle over the best way to protect endangered salmon, declared Western dams to be as much. a part of the landscape as the rivers they control. (47) {{U}}In others, the actions are deep in the realm of regulatory bureaucracy, as when a White House appointee at the Interior Department sought to influence scientific recommendations involving the sage grouse(松鸡), a bird whose habitat includes areas of likely oil and gas deposits.{{/U}} Some environmentalists readily concede that the law has long overemphasized the stick (处罚)and provided fewer carrots(奖励) for private interests than it might. But some of them also fear that the law's defects will be used as a justification for a wholesale evisceration(修改法案使之失去效力). "There's an alignment of the planets of people against the Endangered Species Act in Congress, in the White House and in the agencies," said Jamie Rappaport Clark, executive vice president of Defenders of Wildlife, a lobbying group based in Washington. (48) {{U}}On the opposite side, Robert D. Thornton, a lawyer for developers and Indian tribes in Southern California, has argued for years that the government goes too far to protect threatened species and curtails(剥夺) people's ability to use their own land.{{/U}} "I've raised a child and sent him through college waiting for Congress to amend the Endangered Species Act," he said. "But I do think that a lot of forces are joining now." (49) {{U}}The Endangered Species Act of 1973 set out a goal that, polls show, is still widely admired: ensuring that species facing extinction be saved and robust populations be restored.{{/U}} Currently 1,264 species are considered threatened or endangered. Some, like the bighorn sheep of the Southern California mountains, have obvious popular appeal and a constituency, while others, like the Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle in South Texas, are an acquired taste. But in the past 30 years lawsuits from all sides have proliferated. (50){{U}}And more private land, particularly in the West, has been designated critical habitat for species, potentially subjecting it to federal controls that could limit construction, logging, fishing and other activities.{{/U}} A "critical habitat" designation gives the federal government no direct authority to regulate private land use, but it does require federal agencies to take the issue into account when making regulatory decisions about private development. The conflicts are becoming sharper as the needs of newly recognized endangered species are interfering more often with the demands of exurban development.

问答题Jack S. Kilby, an electrical engineer whose invention of the integrated circuit gave rise to the information age and heralded an explosion of consumer electronics products in the last 50 years, from personal computers to cellphones, died Monday in Dallas. He was 81. His death, after a brief battle with cancer, was announced yesterday by Texas Instruments, the Dallas-based electronics company where he worked for a quarter centurya (46) The integrated circuit that Mr. Kilby designed shortly after arriving at Texas Instruments in 1958 served as the basis for modern microelectronics, transforming a technology that permitted the simultaneous manufacturing of a mere handful of transistors(晶体管) into a chip industry that routinely places billions of Lilliputian(微小的) switches in the area of a fingernail. His achievement—the integration—yielded a thin chip of crystal connecting previously separate components like transistors, resistors and capacitors within a single device. For that creation, commonly called the microchip, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000. (47) During his career at Texas Instruments he claimed more than 60 patents and was also one of the inventors of the hand-held calculator and the thermal printer. But it was Mr. Kilby's invention of the integrated circuit that most broadly shaped the electronic era. "It's hard to find a place where the integrated circuit doesn't affect your life today," Richard K. Templeton, Texas Instruments' president and chief executive officer, said in an interview yesterday. "That's how broad its impact is." It is an impact, Mr. Kilby said, that was largely unexpected. (48) "We expected to reduce the cost of electronics, but I don't think anybody was thinking in terms of factors of a million," he said in an undated interview cited by Texas Instruments. (49) The remarkable acceleration of the manufacturing process based on the integrated circuit was later described by Gordon E. Moore, co-founder of the Intel Corporation, whose partner, Robert N. Noyee, invented another version of the integrated circuit just months after Mr. Kilby. In 1965, three years after the first commercial integrated circuits came to market, Dr. Moore observed that the number of transistors on a circuit was doubling at regular intervals and would do so far into the future. (50) The observation, which came to be known as Moore's law, became the defining attribute of the chip-making industry, centered in what is now known as Silicon Valley, where Intel was based, rather than in Dallas.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are ill and can not go to school. There fore you have to write a sick leave which should include: 1) the description of your illness; 2) your aim of writing the sick leave. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the note. Use "Li Ming" instead. (10 points)

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayto1)describethepicture,2)deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepicture,3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout160—200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions: You are supposed to invite Dr. King to make a speech about the future development of computer science at the annual conference of your department. Write a letter to Mr. King to 1) invite him on behalf of your department, 2) tell him the time and place of the conference, 3) promise to give him further details later. You should write about 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题Directions:A.Studythefollowingsetofpicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan160words.B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow:1)Interpretthefollowingpictures2)Analyzepossiblereasons3)Andpredictthetendencies.

问答题Exaggeration is an intoxication of words. Language temporarily loses its self-con- trol. In events of world-class exaggeration, the tongue likes to disconnect itself from the past and race off obviously astride any passing enthusiasm. Most excesses do not display the exaggerator's art in it's best light: they are merely blurbs and boasts. (46)In more complex usage, exaggeration does dynamic and suggestive work: it can be used to frighten or threaten, to reassure (oneself or others), to glorify, and, above all, to relieve the tedium of life to entertain. Exaggeration is one of the methods of all myth--from Olympian deities to giants like Paul Bunyan and John Henry, to mythic historical figures--Mao, say, or George Patton. (47)A child exaggerates his parents' powers to the point of myth; heroes and caricatures, of course, is based on the artists method of exaggerating one feature in proportion to the others. (48)The great difficulty with all exaggerations is that while most of the audience may understand that excess and ornament are in the air, and may automatically do a mental calculation discounting the rhetoric, the fact is that different auditors discount at different rates. It is often difficult to know just how much exaggeration is in- volved, and how much truth, ff Iranians pumping their fists in the air describe the U. S. the "Great Satan," how much of that is homicidal hostility, how much is merely Persian literary style? In simplest definition, exaggeration is a form of lying. Is it therefore bad, an instrument of untruth? It depends. Sometimes the artful exaggeration is a way of evoking, of discovering, an essential truth lying below the prosaic surface of things. (49)The very idea of exaggeration supposes some discoverable, objective reality in advance, so the task of the human eye and scientific intelligence, in this classic view, would be to describe that reality as dispassionately and accurately as possible. The world has its being outside the fanciful brain of the exaggerator, a romantic whose business is to distort reality. (50)Still, in the late 20th century, where reality is not stable, where it is instead discontinuous, mon- strously surprising, then it is hard to know what is an overstatement and what is not The Holocaust, for example, was an event far beyond the vocabularies of exaggeration. Nevertheless, distinctions must be made; there are times when exaggerations are highly useful; there are times when they may be fatal.

问答题Directions:Write a notice. Your class is going camping. Write a notice with a list of Dos and Dont's. Think of the following: where to put up your tents; shade; washing up; bathing; lighting fires; cooking; boiling water; storing food; animals; toilets You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: Suppose you are a college student and you intend to work part time during your vacation. In your letter, you are supposed to include the post you would like to apply for, your experience and your hobbies, etc. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are writing to launch a strong complaint about the impolite treatment that your guests, your colleague and you received when you met in a restaurant on the eve of the New Year last Friday evening. Your letter should include: 1) detailed description of your experience, 2) and your strong resentment. Write your letter in no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题 It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choices in this matter. (46) {{U}}You either have science or you don't, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.{{/U}} The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. (47) {{U}}It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering the way ahead seems.{{/U}} (48) {{U}}It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that' represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect.{{/U}} In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. (49) {{U}}It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not so bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.{{/U}} But we are making a beginning and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can't be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. (50) {{U}}To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter.{{/U}} Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.