问答题That Louise Nevelson is believed by many critics to be the greatest twentieth- century sculptor is all the more remarkable because the greatest resistance to women artists has been, until recently, in the field of sculpture. Since Neolithic times, sculpture has been considered the prerogative of men, partly, perhaps, for purely physical reasons: it was erroneously assumed that women were not suited for the hard manual labor required in sculpting stone, carving wood, or working in metal. (47) It has been only during the twentieth century that women sculptors have been recognized as major artists, and it has been in the United States, especially since the decades of the fifties and sixties, that women sculptors have shown the greatest originality and creative power. Their rise to prominence parallels the development of sculpture itself in the United States : (48) while there had been a few talented sculptors in the United States before the 1940's, it was only after 1945--when New York was rapidly becoming the art capital of the world--that major sculpture was produced in the United States. Some of the best was the work of women. By far the most outstanding of these women is Louise Nevelson, who in the eyes of many critics is the most original female artist alive today. One famous and influential critic, Hilton Kramer, said of her work, "For myself, I think Ms. Nevelson succeeds where the painters often fail. " Her works have been compared to the Cubist constructions of Picasso, the Surrealistic objects of Miro, and the Merzbau of Schwitters. (49) Nevelson would be the first to admit that she has been influenced by all of these, as well as by African sculpture, and by Native American and pre-Columbian art, but she has absorbed all these influences and still created a distinctive art that expresses the urban landscape and the aesthetic sensibility of the twentieth century. Nevelson says, "I have always wanted to show the world that art is everywhere, except that it has to pass through a creative mind. " (50) Using mostly discarded wooden objects like broken pieces of furniture and abandoned architectural ornaments, all of which she has hoarded for years, she assembles architectural constructions of great beauty and power. Creating very freely with no sketches, she glues and nails objects together, paints them black, or more rarely white or gold, and places them in boxes. These assemblages, walls, even entire environments create a mysterious, almost awe-inspiring atmosphere. Although she has denied any symbolic or religious intent in her works, their three-dimensional grandeur and even their titles, such as Sky Cathedral and Night Cathedral, suggest such connotations. In some ways, her most ambitious works are closer to architecture than to traditional sculpture, but then neither Louise Nevelson nor her art fits into any neat category.

问答题 Directions: After having finished the end-of-term exams, you have gone straight home without saying goodbye to your roommate Li Hong. Write a letter to her: 1) explaining the situation, and 2) inviting her home during the vacation. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not Sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

问答题Directions : You are planning to study in a foreign university. Write a letter of application to ask for some materials. Write to tell them 1) your educational background and 2) what major you want to study. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You don't have to write the address.

问答题 Once a circle missed a wedge. The circle wanted to be whole, so it went around looking for its missing piece. But because it was incomplete and therefore could roll only very slowly, it admired the flowers along the way. It chatted with worms. It enjoyed the sunshine. It found lots of different pieces, but none of them fit. So it left them all by the side of the road and kept on searching. Then one day the circle found a piece that fit perfectly. It was so happy. Now it could be whole, with nothing missing. It incorporated the missing piece into itself and began to roll. Now that it was a perfect circle, it could roll very fast, too fast to notice flowers or talk to the worms. (46) {{U}}When it realized how different the world seemed when it rolled so quickly, it stopped, left its found piece by the side of the road and rolled slowly away.{{/U}} (47) {{U}}The lesson of the story, I suggested, was that in some strange sense we are more whole when we are missing something.{{/U}} The man who has everything is in some ways a poor man. He will never know what it feels like to yearn, to hope, to nourish his soul with the dream of something better. He will never know the experience of having someone who loves him give him something he has always wanted or never had. (48) {{U}}There is a wholeness about the person who has crone to terms with his limitations, who has been brave enough to let go of his unrealistic dreams and not feel like a failure for doing so.{{/U}} There is a wholeness about the man or woman who has learned that he or she is strong enough to go through a tragedy and survive, she can lose someone and still feel like a complete person. Life is not a trap set for us by God so that he can condemn us for failing. Life is not a spelling bee, where no matter how many words you've gotten right; you're disqualified if you make one mistake. (49) {{U}}Life is more like a baseball season, where even the best team loses one third of its games and even the worst team has its days of brilliance.{{/U}} Our goal is to win more games than we lose. When we accept that imperfection is part of being human, and when we can continue rolling through life and appreciate it, we will have achieved a wholeness that others can only aspire to. (50) {{U}}That, I believe, is what God asks of us—not "Be perfect", not "Don't even make a mistake", but "Be whole."{{/U}}

问答题Directions: Suppose your friend Yolanda has won a prize in a speech contest. Write a letter to congratulate her. You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write the address.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing,2)analyzethepurposeofthepainter,and3)stateyourposition.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题One of the most fashionable treatments for disease, gene therapy, has so far made little headway in tackling one of the most modish of illnesses, AIDS and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes it. 46. The idea of gene-therapy treatment for HIV/AIDS would be to create a gene that, when placed in an infected person, would make all of the offspring of the cell into which it was inserted resistant to the virus. Even if the virus continued to destroy the patient's immune cells, new ones that could not be infected would replace them. Eventually, the disease would no longer threaten the health of the patient. A first step towards this has been achieved by researchers at the University of Pennsylvania and VIRXSYS, a biotechnology firm based near Baltimore. 47. Rather than inserting a gene directly, they removed the immune cells from people and replaced them with versions that had been modified to resist the virus. The results were published in this week's issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The team treated five infected patients who had not responded to at least two different programmes of treatment using conventional anti-retroviral drugs. They removed from each patient's blood the cells called "helper T-cells" that would normally mobilise the immune response to the virus. 48. These were purified and stuffed with a form of HIV that had been altered to carry a mirror image or "antisense" version of a molecule that enables it to multiply. This genetic fiddling disrupted the reproduction of the virus inside infected cells. Such a small experiment was designed merely to establish whether the approach was safe. But the researchers were pleasantly surprised to find that the number of viruses in each patient dropped. This suggests that the treatment was tackling the disease effectively in difficult patients for whom conventional drugs had failed. 49. According to Carl June of the University of Pennsylvania, their immune systems responded "as if they were on a vaccine" and it appeared as though their bodies were "vaccinating themselves" against HIV. The researchers are now moving to the next phase of study, which will involve more patients, including those whose disease is in its early stages. 50. If later trials confirm the early positive results, this approach could prove a useful complement to existing drugs or a future vaccine -- and may even replace them.

问答题Directions:Studythefollowingphotocarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethephotobriefly,2)interpretthemeaningreflectedbyit,and3)offerarelevantexample.Youshouldwrite160-200words.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.

问答题Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of 160—200 words on "Do minors have aright to privacy?" . You should state two opposite views on the issue. At the end of your essay you are required to give your own opinion. You should write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Directions: Study the picture above carefully and write an essay entitled "It is Good / Bad to Write about Martial Arts Novels in the Texbooks "In the essay, you should (1) describe the picture and interpret its meaning; (2) give your opinion and support it with some proof; (3) get the conclusion. You should write about 200 words neatly on AN SWER SHEET 2.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (46) {{U}}A "scientific" view of language was dominant among philosophers and linguists who affected to develop a scientific analysis of human thought and behavior in the early part of this century.{{/U}} Under the force of this view, it was perhaps inevitable that the art of rhetoric should pass from the status of being regarded as of questionable worth (because although it might be both a source of pleasure and a means to urge people to right action, it might also be a means to distort truth and a source of misguided action) to the status of being wholly condemned. 47) {{U}}If people are regarded only as machines guided by logic as they were by these "scientific" thinkers, rhetoric is likely to be held in low regard: for the most obvious truth about rhetoric is that it speaks to the whole person.{{/U}} It presents its arguments first to the person as a rational being, because persuasive discourse, if honestly conceived, always has a basis in reasoning. Logical argument is the plot, as it were, of any speech or essay that is respectfully intended to persuade people. 48) {{U}}Yet it is a characterizing feature of rhetoric that goes beyond this and appeals to the parts of our nature that are involved in feeling, desiring, acting, and suffering.{{/U}} It recalls relevant instances of the emotional reactions of people to circumstances--real or fictional--that are similar to our own circumstances. 49) {{U}}Such is the purpose of both historical accounts and fables in persuasive discourse: they indicate literally or symbolically how people may react emotionally, with hope or fear, to particular circumstances.{{/U}} A speech attempting to persuade people can achieve little unless it takes into account the aspect of their being related to such hopes and fears. Rhetoric, then, is addressed to human beings living at particular times and in particular places. From the point of view of rhetoric, we are not merely logical thinking machines, creatures abstracted from time and space. The study of rhetoric should therefore be considered the most humanistic of the humanities, since rhetoric is not directed only to our rational selves. It takes into account what the "scientific" view leaves out. If it is weakness to harbor feelings, then rhetoric may be thought of as dealing in weakness. 50) {{U}}But those who reject the idea of rhetoric because they believe it deals in lies and who at the same time hope to move people to action must either be liars themselves or be very naive.{{/U}} Pure logic has never been a motivating force unless it has been subordinated to human purposes, feelings, and desires, and thereby ceased to be pure logic. (447 words){{B}}Notes:{{/B}} rhetoric修辞学。discourse 论文，讲演，语篇。as it were 可以说是，姑且这么说。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}{{I}}Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould1)describethedrawing.2)analyzetheaimofthepainterofthedrawing,and3)suggestcounter-measures.Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.{{/I}}