填空题{{B}}Part C{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Traditionally, the woman has held a low position in marriage partnerships. While her husband went his way, she had to wash, stitch and sew. Today the move is to liberate the woman, which may in the end strengthen the marriage union. Perhaps the greatest obstacle to friendship in marriage is the amount a couple usually sees of each other. Friendship in its usual sense is not tested by the strain of daily, year-long cohabitation. (46) {{U}}Couples need to take up separate interests (and friendship) as well as mutually shared ones, if they are not to get used to the more attractive elements of each other's personalities{{/U}}. (47){{U}} Married couples are likely to exert themselves for guests--being amusing, discussing with passion and point--and then to fall into dull exhausted silence when the guests have gone{{/U}}. As in all friendship, a husband and wife must try to interest each other, and to spend sufficient time sharing absorbing activities to give-them continuing common interests, (48) {{U}}But at the same time they must spend enough time on separate interests with separate people to preserve and develop their separate personalities and keep their relationship fresh{{/U}}. (49) {{U}}For too many highly intelligent working women, home represents chore obligations, because the husband only tolerates her work and does not participate in household chores{{/U}}. For too many highly intelligent working men, home represents dullness and complaints--from an over-dependent wife who will not gather courage to make their own life. In such an atmosphere, the partners grow further and further apart, both love and liking disappearing. (50) {{U}}For too many couples with children, the children are allowed to command all time and attention, allowing the couple no time to develop liking and friendship, as well as love, allotting exclusive parental roles.{{/U}}

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about studying in the United States. followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A--F for each numbered subheading (41-- 45). There is one extra example which you de not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (41){{B}}Conflicts:{{/B}} If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have to share your living space with one other student. While having an American roommate will help you to learn more about American ways, there will probably be many times that discomfort or conflict will arise due to cultural differences.(42) {{B}}Sex:{{/B}} With regard to sex in general, American behavior is quire different from the norms found in China.(43) {{B}}Relationship Between Teachers & Students:{{/B}} On the campus, particularly where classes are small. I found a strange informality that characterized the relationship between students and their professors.(44){{B}}Gifts:{{/B}} In my interaction with American friends. I noticed that the concept of a gift is quite different here. Many things we give to each other in China are not called "gifts" but are considered to be a reflection of ordinary duties and mutual obligations. Accustomed as we are to using the word "gift" to refer to something valuable given on special occasions, it comes as a surprise to see how often the word is used in America. In the United States. "gifts", given on many different occasions, are only services.(45) {{B}}Social Intercourse:{{/B}} When you do enter American homes, you will have an opportunity to observe different ways of greeting people. On the whole. Americans tend to be far more physical than we in their greetings: [A] I was astonished, for example, when a friend told me that he was offering to care for his younger brother and sister so that his father could take a vacation for his birthday this was a gift to him. For us this would be considered duty rather than a gift. Even between friends gestures of this sort might be considered "gifts" here.[B] While many students do call their professors, "Professor" so and so or "Dr." so and so. some professors prefer to be called familiarly by their first names. And in the spirit of informality, many professors may invite students to their homes or can be seen chatting with students over a meal or a cup of coffee in the school cafeteria. A good number of instructors even request that students fill our class evaluation forms which assess the content and presentation of the course.[C] My roommate was very sociable and had many boyfriends who came to visit often very late. One night, after midnight, I had to stay in the bathroom for an extra 40 minutes because I had heard a man's voice in my room. My roommate did not realize how awkward I would feel meeting a man while I was in my nightgown. You see. American students tend to be much more casual about these matters.[D] On many occasions, for instance, close friends or sometimes even casual acquaintances embrace or kiss each other on the cheeks in greeting or bidding farewell. It may even happen that where couples are close friends, the two husbands will kiss the other man's wife![E] In the United States. for example, if a student wants to invite his teacher to a dinner party, the invitation should be sent a week or so before the party date. If the invitation is extended only three or four days before the party date. the teacher will feel he is not highly regarded.[F] For example, many American students seem to like to listen to popular and sometimes loud music while studying in their rooms. Sometimes they will even leave the music on when they leave the room. For some reason, many will tell you, music helps them to relax and concentrate, an idea which other foreign students and I found very strange and disturbing. We'd like to study quietly without any disturbance.

填空题The first two stages in the development of civilized man were probably the invention of primitive weapons and the discovery of fire, although nobody knows exactly when he acquired the use of the latter. 41)______Animals have a few cries that serve as signals, but even the highest apes have not been found able to pronounce words, even with the most intensive professional instruction. The superior brain of man is apparently a necessity for the mastering of speech. When man became sufficiently intelligent, we must suppose that he gradually increased the number of cries for different purposes. It was a great day when he discovered that speech could be used for narrative. There are those who think that in this respect picture language preceded oral language. A man could draw a picture on the wall of his cave to show in which direction he had gone, or what prey he hoped to catch. 42)______ Two important stages came not so long before the dawn of written history. The first was the domestication of animals; the second was agriculture. Agriculture made possible an immense increase in the number of the human species in the regions where it could be successfully practiced. 43)______ 44)______ These inventions and discoveries—fire, speech, weapons domestic animals, agriculture, and writing made the existence of civilized communities possible. From about 3000 B. C. until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution less than two hundred years ago there was no technical advance comparable to these. During this long period man had time to become accustomed to his technique, and to develop the beliefs and political organizations appropriate to it. There was, of course, an immense extension in the area of civilized life. At first it had been confined to the Nile, the Euphrates, the Tigris, and the Indus, but at the end of the period in question it covered much the greatest part of the inhabitable globe. I do not mean to suggest that there was no technical progress during the time. 45)______A. Probably picture language and oral language developed side by side. I am inclined to think that language has been the most important single factor in the development of man.B. Another fundamental technical advance was writing, which, like spoken language, developed out of pictures, but as soon as it had reached a certain stage, it was possible to keep records and transmit information to people who were not present when the information was given.C. With the development of civilization, primitive people who lived in caves at that time badly needed a language, which would help them to communicate with one another.D. The origin of language is also obscure. No doubt it began very gradually.E. In fact, there was progress--there were even two inventions of very great importance, namely, gunpowder and the mariner's compass--but neither of these can be compared in their revolutionary power to such things as speech and writing and agriculture.F. These were, at first, only those in which nature fertilized the soil after each harvest. Agriculture met with violent resistance from the pastoral nomads, but the agricultural way of life prevailed in the end because of the physical comforts it provided.G. But industry was a step in human progress to which subsequently there was nothing comparable until our own machine ag

填空题 Canadians like to think that although they are the junior partner in their trade relations with the United States, the 174 billion barrels of proven reserves in the oil sands of Alberta provide a powerful ace up their sleeve in any dealings with their energy-hungry neighbor. That belief has now been shaken by an American law that appears to prohibit American government agencies from buying crude produced in the oil sands of the western province. 41. ______. But that is the effect of banning federal agencies from buying alternative or synthetic fuel, including that from non-conventional sources, if their production and use result in more greenhouse gases than conventional oil. Transforming Alberta’s tarry muck into a barrel of oil is an energy-intensive process that produces about three times the emissions of a barrel of conventional light sweet crude. Having woken belatedly to the danger, the Canadian government is now scrambling to secure an exception. Michael Wilson, Canada’s ambassador in Washington, has written to America’s secretary of defense, Robert Gates (whose department is a big purchaser of Canadian oil), stressing American dependence on Canadian oil, electricity, natural gas and uranium imports, and noting that some of the biggest players in the Alberta oil patch are American companies. Mr. Wilson added plaintively that both George Bush and his energy secretary, Samuel Bodman, have publicly welcomed expanded oil-sands production, given the increased contribution to American energy security. 42. ______. The fear in Canada is that the American purchasing restriction, which at present applies only to federal agencies, is the start of a wholesale shift to greener as well as more protectionist policies under a Congress and potentially a White House controlled by the Democrats. 43. ______. Yet environmentalists point out that Canada is now paying for its own foot-dragging at the federal level on green initiatives. Having signed the Kyoto agreement under a previous Liberal government, Canada did little to stop its emissions rising. They are now almost 35% above the Kyoto target. And although Mr. Baird likes to describe his plan as tough, it will not bring Canada into line with Kyoto. 44. ______. The vagueness of the proposed federal rules did not stop the premier of Alberta, Ed Stelmach, from giving a defiant warning that he will stand up for the interests of Albertans (read oil industry) and will be examining the constitution to ensure that the federal government’s proposed plan does not intrude on provincial jurisdiction. His province has one of the weakest environmental regimes in Canada. 45. ______. But even if a deal is reached with the outgoing Bush administration, any exception for Canada may be short-lived if greening Democrats take the White House in November. [A] Since 1999, Canada has been the largest supplier of U. S. crude and refined oil imports. In 2007, Canadian crude oil and petroleum products represented 18% of U. S. crude oil imports, at nearly 2.5 million barrels per day. From 2005 to 2007, the volume of Canadian crude oil exports to the United States increased by 7.4% per year. [B] John Baird, the Canadian environment minister, referred this week to the American move when he unveiled new proposals to reduce industrial emissions in Canada, including the oil sands, by 20% by 2020. Big states like California were making similar pronouncements, he told reporters. The oil sands were an important national resource, but had to be expanded in an environmentally friendly way. [C] As Canada’s representative in Washington, Mr. Wilson is the point man on Canada’s lobbying efforts either to kill the Buy American clause, or to get a special exemption for Canada. [D] The Energy Independence and Security Act 2007 did not set out to discriminate against Canada, America’s biggest supplier of oil. [E] With energy exports, mainly from Alberta, driving the Canadian economy, this is not a happy thought for Canadians. [F] Although the Canadian embassy says that there has been no official response to Mr. Wilson’s letter, there are reports of talks going on in Washington aimed at addressing Canada’s concerns. [G]The rules for the oil sands, now the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases, have yet to be finalized and will not come into force until 2010. Furthermore, they rely on carbon capture, a promising but unproven technology.

填空题[A] The golden wedding-ring was put on her finger[B] The foreign groom and the local bride[C] Angels, children escorting the bride[D] Wedding hall[E] Temple and atheistic groom[F] Town hall, a happy bride and groom Ornamenting the two fingers is only the first step of the "long march". Angel was never as overloaded as today, running from here to there, busy ordering invitation cards and wedding clothes, booking church and restaurant, checking availability of the photographer, the pastor and the official in the town hall, looking for a new home. She was happy and excited. However this long wedding preparation process loaded down with trivial details, gave me a big headache. In France, more and more French cohabit instead of marrying. However, when they decide to marry, they still take their wedding ceremony seriously and usually follow the never changing three traditional chapters.41．_______________________. The third chapter is the wedding breakfast followed by a dance. (The first and the second chapter are the civil wedding and the church wedding). After the church wedding, the newly-weds normally invite their parents and friends to take part in a sumptuous meal and dance in the evening. After champagne flutes are raised all around, the dancing starts. The newly-weds take the lead, dancing lightly and finish the evening by tiredly tripping in to their bridal chamber and thus terminate the last chapter of the French marriage.42．_______________________. I grew up in the last seventies and early eighties, the "simple wedding" advocated by the Chinese government had been ingrained in my mind. One day finally I could not help revealing my wish for a simple wedding: "Darling, your wedding plans are far too long and over-elaborate. Let's simplify them and reduce three chapters to only one. It's enough to get married in the town hall! .... No! Marriage is the most important event in my life. I want to make it grand and unforgettable." Angel refused to concede. However I really wanted to escape the church wedding. "Honey, I wasn't baptized and being an atheist, I am not allowed to go to church. A church wedding is a burden for an atheist like me, and the church wedding for an atheist is also against church rules!" I presented my views vehemently, believing I had the best excuse in the world. "My dear, marriage is a sacred affair; we must go to the church. You are only aware of one aspect of a thing, but ignorant of another. I am a Protestant; there are no strict canons and mumbo-jumbos in Protestantism. If one of the two is Protestant, they are still allowed to marry in a Protestant church." I was rendered speechless.43．_______________________. The sacred moment arrived. The foreign groom and the local bride, surrounded by her family members, arrived at the marriage hall. "Do you take this woman as your wife?" "Yes!" A myriad of thoughts welled up in my mind: "I'd quit my highly-coveted job in China and gone through innumerable trials and tribulations to come to Europe to join my Chinese lover, but I was jilted. Now I'd found an oasis of love, but far from my homeland. The girl with me today, though from a different cultural background, with a different way of thinking and behaving, is simple, pure and kind hearted like an angel. I'd suffered from the wandering life in Europe. But after suffering comes happiness. In a few minutes she will proclaim the end of my wandering and homeless life." Full of deep feeling I gazed at this western beauty, shining with dazzling splendor and held her hand tight in mine.44．_______________________. "Do you take this man as your husband?" Brimming with tears, choking with sobs, Angel nodded her approval. Being a traditional French girl, she'd never expected that she would have fallen into the temptation of the "good but cheap Chinese merchandise" before her and would have crossed the frontier between Chinese and French cultures to marry a man with an exotic accent and a flat nose!45_______________________. The church was resounding with the wedding sonata, angel and I walked up to the pastor to the beat of the music. Hand in hand, heart with heart, full of tender affection, we gave all the right answers to his questions. The golden wedding-ring on her left finger and paired up with her engagement ring on the right ring finger, both complementing each other's radiance and beauty. Angel, now with two rings, became a real "valuable" bride. She slipped my finger with a simple ring onto my finger, and at the same time capturing my wandering heart. That evening, I, the foreign groom, with my Erru, two-stringed Chinese violin, together with Angel, the local bride, with her violin, successfully performed the most beautiful concerto of cross border marriage. "That spring is coming, the earth is smiling..." the hall was resounding to the strains of Strauss' joyful waltz while we were tripping away in a dance. At the climax of the music we swirled so quickly that both of us felt ourselves swoon in the glamour of our cross border marriage.

填空题Have you ever considered what makes a good boss good? The answer to that question is admittedly mercurial, as one person's view of a topnotch employer will differ from somebody else's. However, there are a number of traits, attitudes and abilities that are common to all good bosses. Moreover, the need for solid leadership skills is especially telling with smaller businesses. "Being a good boss is important in any organization, but it's particularly important for small business," says Rob Sheehan, director of executive education at the James MacGregor Burns Academy of Leadership at the University of Maryland. "With smaller businesses, you really have the opportunity to set the tone for the entire company. " Bearing in mind the importance of good leadership to business, consider the following lineup of skills, strategies and attributes: (41) With a smaller operation, it's essential that everyone feels like an equal and involved part of the team. A good employer is certain to treat each employee fairly, not only in terms of salary and other forms of compensation, but also in how that employee is involved in the daily function of the business. Encourage feedback, innovation and creativity so employees feel genuinely engaged. "You need to create an environment of integrity, trust and respect to make absolutely certain that everyone is treated fairly, regardless of the differences they may have," says Sheehan. (42) Very few businesses operate out of sheer altruism, but that's not to say that turning a profit is the primary philosophical and practical focus. Rather, an effective boss establishes a genuine business mission. How that takes shape depends both on the business and on the overriding focus the boss wants to set. For instance, a restaurant owner may push speedy lunchtime service as a way of serving the time-strapped business community. By contrast, a medical supply outfit may emphasize how its products improve customers' health. Not only can a clear mission(responsibility) serve to motivate employees, it can also infuse a sense of importance in their jobs. (43) Many of us have had bosses who would be right at home with a knife next to their desk calendars. Make one mistake on the job and feel tree to slip your head right in beneath the blade. Conversely, an effective boss encourages his or her employees not to be gun-shy about an occasional chaos along the road toward better job performance. "This requires a mentality that encourages learning rather than being afraid of making a mistake. Try something new and different, but know we're not going to kill each other if things don't work out," says Sheehan. "I was a swimmer in college and I swam fast when I imagined a shark was after me. I swam just as fast when I imagined I was in the Olympics. It's a question of what you want to focus on. " (44) Don't forget that the people who work for you are looking to you to help them navigate and advance their careers. As I said, it's not all about money. But it is all about making your employees see how to improve and create meaningful careers for themselves. If an employee has a goal of becoming a manager or running his or her own business someday, nurture that goal. Tell them the traits they need to work on to achieve their ultimate plans. (45) One final aspect of being a good boss is recognizing that much of what goes into being an effective reader is, in fact, learned behavior. Of course, there always have been and will be bosses who seem to have a flawless touch in leading and motivating. But for every natural, there are just as many top-flight bosses who got that way by attending management classes and seminars, reading books on effective leadership, and, just as important, understanding that a good employer naturally attracts first-rate employees. "People can definitely develop good leadership capabilities," says Sheehan. "To a certain degree, we all have innate traits that make us good bosses. All you really have to do is work to develop those traits to their utmost. " A. Good employer, good employees. B. Be inclusive. C. Made, not necessarily born. D. Nothing to fear but fear itself. E. Mission, not just money. F. The focus, the boss wants to set. G. It's their careers, too.

填空题It is difficult to overstate how the reforms since 1978 have improved the life of the average citizen in China. According to China's Office on Poverty Alleviation and Development, well over 100 million individuals have risen out of destitution and now live above the official poverty line (set at annual per capita income below 640, which equals $ 77). At present, 42 million Chinese still live below the poverty line. Much work, of course, remains to be done in this regard. In addition to helping alleviate poverty, the economic reforms in China have brought overall gains as well as the gains per capital income for both urban and rural residents suggest. While there is some question on the veracity of data. The overall quality of life for the average citizen in China has improved dramatically since the reform in 1978. Citizens now have access to better services in crucial areas such as health care and 'education. 41. ______. The better lives that citizens in China now lead is a direct result of the decision by China's leadership in 1978 to pursue the path of economic reform in a more marked-oriented direction. Despite the overall importance of the domestic economy in determining China's economic future, there still are two reasons why China's entry to the WTO will help its citizens lead better lives. 42. ______. As noted above, government officials in China report that roughly 20% of the increase in GDP during the 1990's is attributable to growth in exports. Still, exports in some key sectors such as textiles and other labor-intensive sectors would expand. Overall, in light of long-term dynamic effects, the Chinese government predicts that China's entry to the WTO would increase its GDP by 95.5 billion ($ 23.64 billion), or 1.5 percent by 2005. And while acknowledging that some 10 million jobs will be lost in agriculture, auto and machinery sectors. 43. ______. Chinese firms will also face a more stable export environment, one less subject to anti-dumping and special safeguard provisions. The country will be able to enjoy stable multilateral preferential trade polices in a rules-based market. 44. ______. As noted above, China's transition to a market-oriented economy is not complete and elements of centralized planning remain. And it is quite clear that despite the impressive gains, China has made economically over the past 20 years, many intractable problems remain, such as the restructuring of state-owned enterprises half of which are losing money. China's industrial landscape is littered with" empty-shell enterprises" and state officials routinely argue that some 30% of the workforce in SOEs is superfluous. China's banking system is in precarious position as well, given declining capital adequacy and the continued reliance of the state-banking system on policy-based lending as opposed to examination of market criteria. To a large extent these economic problems reflect the inherent difficulty of trying to recover from 30 years of horribly misguided economic policies. 45. ______.[A] Millions more now have electricity (and consequently, refrigeration) and telephone service as well.[B] The second and more important reason that China's entry to the WTO will help China's citizenry is that it will strengthen the hand of pro-reform elements in the government.[C] The best way out of this economic dilemma, however, is for China to continue to strengthen its reform effort, not to restrict.[D] In the late-1990s and early-2000s, the focus was also on industrial reform, which involved the painful closing of unprofitable state-owned factories and the development of social security systems.[E] First, as China's largest export market after Hong Kong, the United States plays a primary role in enriching Chinese companies, primarily non-state-owned entities.[F] Surprisingly, many international companies now spend a lot of money on training.[G] Chinese economists predict that WTO membership will create 12 million jobs in other sectors such as textiles, toys, and footwear.

填空题A. Get moving B. Follow your interest C. Explore other perspectives D. Reduce screen time E. Forget brainstorming F. Allow for more flexibility Brainstorming in a group became popular in 1953 with the publication of a business book, Applied Imagination. But it's been proven not to work since 1958, when Yale researchers found that the technique actually reduced a team's creative output: the same number of people generate more and better ideas separately than together. In fact, according to University of Oklahoma professor Michael Mumford, half of he commonly used techniques intended to spur creativity don't work, or even have a negative impact. As for most commercially available creativity training, Mumford doesn't mince words: it's "garbage". Whether for adults or kids, the worst of these programs focus solely on imagination exercises, expression of feelings, or imagery. They pander to an easy, unchallenging notion that all you have to do is let your natural creativity out of its shell. However, there are some techniques that do boost the creative process. (1) . Almost every dimension of cognition improves from 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, and creativity is no exception. The type of exercise doesn't matter, and the boost lasts for at least two hours afterward. However, there's a catch: this is the case only for the physically fit. For those who rarely exercise, the fatigue from aerobic activity counteracts the short-term benefits. (2) . Those who study multi-tasking, report that you can't work on two projects simultaneously, but the dynamic is different when you have more than one creative project to complete. In that situation, more projects get completed on time when you allow yourself to switch between them if solutions don't come immediately. This corroborates surveys showing that professors who set papers aside to brew ultimately publish more papers. Similarly, preeminent mathematicians usually work on more than one proof at a time. (3) . According to University of Texas professor Elizabeth Vandewater, for every hour a kid regularly watches television, his overall time in creative activities—from fantasy play to arts projects—dr0ps as much as 11 percent. With kids spending about three hours in front of televisions each day, that could be a one-third reduction in creative time—less time to develop a sense of creative self-efficacy through play. (4) . Five experiments by Northwestern's Adam Galinsky showed that those who have lived abroad outperform others on creativity tasks. Creativity is also higher on average for first or second generation immigrants and bilinguals. The theory is that cross-cultural experiences force people to adapt and be more flexible. Just studying another culture can help. In Galinsky's lab, people were more creative after watching a slide show about China: a 45-minute session increased creativity scores for a week. (5) . Rena Subotnik, a researcher with the American Psychological Association, has studied children's progression into adult creative careers. Kids do best when they are allowed to develop deep passions and pursue them wholeheartedly at the expense ofwell-roundedness. "Kids who have deep identification with a field have better discipline and handle setbacks better," she noted. By contrast, kids given superficial exposure to many activities don't have the same centeredness to overcome periods of difficulty. If you want to increase innovation within an organization, one of the first things to do is tear out the suggestion box, advises Isaac Getz, professor at ESCP Europe Business School in Paris. Formalized suggestion protocols, whether a box on the wall, an e-mailed form, or an internal Web site, actually stifle innovation because employees feel that their ideas go into a black hole of bureaucracy. Instead, employees need to be able to put their own ideas into practice. One of the reasons that Toyota's manufacturing plant in Georgetown, Ky., is so successful is that it implements up to 99 percent of employees' ideas.

填空题A.Dothechildren'sversesofEdwardLear,HilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymes,orarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogether?Whataboutplaygroundrhymes,clappingorskippinggames,footballchants,popsongsoroldmusic-hallsongs?WhatabouttheworkofRobertGraves,W.H.Auden,l.ouisMacNeice,evenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymes,oftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.See,it'snotassimpleasitappears.B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter'sevening,itisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten.C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginning(thebookmeasuredjust3inbyin),andfromALittlePrettyPocket-Book,publishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwbery,thefirstspecialistchildren'spublisher,anentireliteraturesprang.Suddenly,therandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabies,countinggames,fragmentsoffolksongs,mummer'splays,politicalsquibs,doggerel,scurrilousadultballads,riddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanon,towhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury.D.Thesatellitechildren'schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium",whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".So,offyougo.Except,whatisanurseryrhyme,exactly?Andhowdoesitdifferif,indeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren'spoetry?E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessive,eccentricandproprietorialtendencies,andfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKer,whodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutch(whichwasinfacthisowninvention).F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearning,but--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartners,thephysicalactivitiesofskipping,clapping,jumping,dancingtheyarethegreat,free,unbreakable,ever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpie,theleadingauthorityonchildren'sloreandliterature,andherlatehusband,Peter,intheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymes,noteafragmentofachildren'ssongintheBible("Wehavepipeduntoyou,andyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyou,andyehavenotwept.")G.Butonthewhole,referencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcentury,whenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb'sPrettySongBook,publishedbyawoman,MaryCooper,andeditedby"N.Lovechild',appearedin1744intwovolumes,at4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseum,containingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bah,bah,ablacksheep","WhodidkillCockRobbin?"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun."H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn'tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTucker,aformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussex,comesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It'scompletelyselfdefining,"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanon,becausewhenpeoplebuyananthology,theydon'twantalotofchange.Athome,theyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildren,whichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanon,ifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow."Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}You are going to read a text about the tips on preparing a new garden, followed by a list of examples, Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example, which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Whether you recently moved into a new home or you've just got the gardening itch, planning a new garden can be a great deal of fun. The opportunity to act as creator can be very appealing. But anyone who has gardened for long has learned the necessity of accommodating nature and has developed a sense of humility in the process.{{B}}(41) Weather matters{{/B}} The first thing to determine is what will grow in the spot available for your garden. This is where many gardeners make their first mistake. Too often plants are purchased before thought has been given to the conditions under which they will have to grow. One of chief factors determining what will grow in a particular spot is the weather conditions the plants will be subjected to.{{B}}(42) Lay of the land{{/B}} Next, you will need to determine what type of soil you'll be working with. The three main constituents of soil are sand, silt and clay, Silt particles are of intermediate size. An ideal garden soil, or loam, would be about 40% sand, 40% silt and 20% clay.{{B}}(43) Amend your soil{{/B}} The best way to amend a poor soil, whether sandy, clay or silty, is to add organic matter. Add a combination of topsoil and peat moss or compost will do a great help.{{B}}(44) Keep a watch on moisture{{/B}} Soil moisture is obviously tied to the climate of the area where you live, but even in a small yard there can be wide variations. If your garden is at the bottom of a hill, the soil may remain wet for long periods of time. In this situation, you can try creating a raised bed, but it is best to stick to plants that enjoy having their feet wet.{{B}}(45) Don't fight mother nature{{/B}} While some measures can be taken to make your garden a hospitable place for particular plants, your experience will be much more rewarding if you learn to work with nature. You will save yourself a lot of time, money and grief. The hardest thing to convince new gardeners of is the need for patience. With the first warm day of spring they are eager to begin planting and nothing can stop them. Many of these bursts of enthusiasm yield ill-conceived gardens doomed to failure. The plants wither and the would-be gardeners become convinced that they lack some secret knowledge or inherent skill. In most of these cases, however, a few hours of planning and preparation would have made all the difference. It is quite easy to dig up a plot and throw some plants in the ground. It is another thing entirely to create a healthy, living garden.[A] Azaleas in bloom might look great when the sun's out, but if they were planted beneath some protection from the glare, they might not be constantly infested with bugs. Of course, you can spray them regularly with insecticide, but now your garden is becoming about as environmentally friendly as an oil refinery.[B] A colleague of mine had just bought a new house, and was brimming with excitement about his new garden. He planted a splendid garden, filled with plants unsuitable for our comparatively cold climate, and in a few months, most of his plants had either withered or become diseased. He thought he lacked some secret knowledge, but I knew why![C] My neighbor complained that the earth in his garden was poor and didn't drain easily. I advised him to do as I had done, and go down to the beach for his solution.[D] The water table is very high in my area. At first I tried to fight this in my garden, but eventually I realized that I could use this to my advantage—now I have a beautiful pond full of lilies.[E] Unfortunately, my own garden does not have the best of soil. My solution to this problem is to keep all the cuttings when I mow the lawn. Once these have rotted down, I dig them into the soil to make it richer and much better for growing.[F] My friend's garden is very beautiful, but unfortunately, his house looks a little drab. My advice to him was to purchase some climbing plants that he could encourage to grow on trellises fixed to his wall—now his house looks very natural.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a text about tips of how to make a good speech, followed by a list of examples and explanations. Choose the best example or explanation from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. Before you speak to any audience, you should learn as much about its members as possible. Only in that way can you best adapt the level of your language and the content of your talk to your listeners. 41. Speaking to someone you know well.__________ Where are you likely to speak? Certainly, in this class you'll give several talks, and since you know most, if not all, of the students, you should face no major problems in adapting your approach to them. Another speaking possibility exists in your workplace. A third speaking possibility exists in any organization (social, cultural, athletic, and so on) that you belong to. You may be asked to speak at the next meeting or at the annual banquet. Here again, you know the people involved, their background, their education level, and their attitudes, and that's a tremendous advantage for you. Since we're upbeat and positive in this course, we'll assume that you've given successful talks under all three circumstances, and with this course under your belt, you can do it again. Since good speakers are hard to find and word about them travels fast, suppose that one day you get an invitation to speak to an organization in which you don't know a soul. What do you do now? If you feel able to handle the topic you're asked to speak on, accept this rare challenge. Here's where audience analysis comes into play. Be sure to ask the person who invited you for information on the members, information that encompasses a broad spectrum, such as in the following areas. 42. How old are your listeners? 43. Sex composition of your listeners. 44. Interest in topic.__________ 45. Interests or hobbies of the listeners.__________ [A] If you're invited to speak to a women's or men's organization, you know the answer to this question at once. Quite often, however, audiences are mixed fairly evenly, although at times one sex may predominate. [B] Do members of your prospective audience spend evenings watching TV movies and drinking beer at a local tavern, or do they read the Harvard Classics and attend concerts of Beethoven and Mozart? Do they play bingo and 21, or do they pursue the questions the intriguing intricacies of contract bridge and chess? Answers to these questions can help you choose the most appropriate material and language for your audience. Your choices can be crucial in determining the success or failure of your presentation. [C] Are the members recent college graduates, senior citizens, or business executives in midcareer? Just remember, age exerts a powerful impact on people's attitudes, values and motivations. [D] For example, your department manager may ask you to explain and demonstrate a procedure to some fellow employee. Or she may select you to address your department on behalf of the local blood donor drive. In both speech situations—in class and on the job—you're familiar with your audience; you speak their language; you have things in common with them. [E] Are you aware of the educational background of your audience? How many of them have doctoral degrees, master degrees or bachelor degrees? This will decide what kind of language you should adopt and how much they can understand. [F] Are the members of the organization interested in the topic or are they required to attend regardless of their interest? If the latter is true, what types of material will most likely pique their curiosity?

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. While this process enables us to raise our standard of living at an ever-accelerating rate, it also leads to a corresponding growth of interdependence between the different regions of, the world. 41) ______. What, then, is to be done? Although it is difficult to know where to begin to deal with such a large subject, the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped or emerging region has to face. 42) ______ A number of quite common occurrences are therefore sufficient to cause immediate-and serious interference with this. export production: unfavorable weather conditions, plant or animal epidemics, the exhaustion of soil fertility or mineral deposits, the development of substitute products in the industrialized regions, etc. The sensitivity of the economy is greatly intensified in cases where exports are confined only to one or two products--"monocultures" as they are sometimes called. 43) ______ This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the "necessities of life". This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports. Since, under modern conditions, a rapid rise in population is a phenomenon closely associated with underdevelopment. This cause alone can subject the economy to severe and continuous stress. 44) ______ In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provider secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries--when established--are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counter-action against their own exports. From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above.45) ______. To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many inter-related problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so. {{B}}Notes:{{/B}} be orientated... toward 被引导到......。 monoculture 单一作物耕种。[A] For example, the economies of such countries are orientated primarily toward the production of raw materials, i. e. agricultural and mineral products; these are then exported to the industrialized countries.[B] Given these conditions, it is easy to see that any permanent economic or political instability in one area is bound to have an increasingly serious effect upon the rest of the world. Since the main source of such instability is underdevelopment, it is clear that this now constitutes a problem of international dimensions.[C] As far as "necessities of life" are concerned, they represent a concept which is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising.[D] Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature.[E] Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export.[F] To consider 0nly one point: it is obviously useless to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action.[G] This sudden increase in the population of the underdeveloped countries has come at a difficult time. Even if their population had not grown so fast they would have been facing a desperate struggle to bring the standard of living of their people up.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} You are going to read a text about Sexual harassment, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41- 45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. HERE'S A TALE OF TWO COMPANIES. Both are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals are foreign owned, both are embroiled in scandals involving allegations of sexual harassment. Company A is confronted with the problem and punishes top execs. Company B stonewalls and mounts an aggressive campaign to discredit its accusers and portray itself as a victim of corporate slander. (41) {{B}}For business schools looking for a few good case studies in damage control, last week was about as good as it gets.{{/B}} One was Swedish pharmaceuticals company Astra USA, a maker of asthma medications and the popular anesthetic Xylocaine. Facing similar charges, Mitsubishi Motor manufacturing of America opted for in your-face denial. Who did it right? It's too soon to know for sure. Astra's strategy may seem smarter. Financially speaking, at least, one can see why Mitsubishi is reluctant to issue a public mea culpa. Fessing up could expose it to as much as $ 200 million in damages. Such controversies are no rarity these days. The Equal Employment Opportunity commission alone received more than 15, 000 complaints of sexual harassment last year, more than twice as many as in 1991. Its suit against Mitsubishi, filed last month, may turn out to be by far the biggest ever—and could eventually involve as many as two thirds of the company's 900 female workers. (42){{B}} Mitsubishi's response was clear from the beginning.{{/B}} When the EEOC announced its case against the Illinois automaker, the company dispatched busloads of workers to picket the agency's Chicago offices. Attorneys for Mitsubishi will no doubt probe the private lives of the women lodging complaints, and may even accuse them of "Japanbashing." Mitsubishi's brass in Tokyo seemed a bit taken aback by the ferocity of the counteroffensive, to the point of suggesting that maybe the case could be quietly settled. (43){{B}}Could such tactics be effective?{{/B}} If aggressive PR makes people doubt the allegations against the company, or encourages federal investigators to settle on more favorable terms, then the strategy will have succeeded. But there are risks, especially for consumer companies like Mitsubishi. (44){{B}} That's no small threat, considering that Mitsubishi is struggling to turn a profit in this country.{{/B}} (45){{B}}Astra's strategy seems savier.{{/B}} Its openness and prompt response might help it evade punitive damages, should any of the complaints go to a jury. In fact, that may be a chief reason the company acted even before it completed its own investigation. That said, Astra is in the soup to begin with because it had no adequate mechanisms for reporting incidents, and because it failed to deal with its problems before they became public. Women have complained of harassment at the company for more than a decade. Business Week reports incidents ranging from gropings at company retreats to suggestions that female sales reps could advance their careers by putting out sexually for their bosses—including the head of the company, Lars Bildman. (His lawyer denies the allegations, as do the other executives.) So far, Astra itself has offered no evidence suggesting any of the three are guilty. Both companies now promise to do better. Astra is overhauling its corporate personnel policies and plans to train managers on how to handle issues of sexual discrimination. So is Mitsubishi. Says the automaker's general counsel Gary Shultz: "We are going to become the model in handing sexual-harassment and-discrimination cases." That remains to be seen. If these sorts of scandals force companies to set up rules that actually work, that may be the best case study of all. [A] That's precisely what the company did in response to a prior sexual-harassment suit filed by 29 women in 1994. [B] "A great deal of attention should be paid to these affairs." Says Mitsubishis's spokesman. [C] But "we're taking these allegations very seriously," says Astra spokesman Benjamin Kincannon. [D] Outraged by the automaker's seeming disregard of its problems, perennial presidential hopeful Jesse Jackson and the National Organization for Women called on car buyers to boycott the company. [E] When business Week published tales of wide-ranging abuse at Astra's American subsidiary, outside Boston, the company quickly faced up to the problem and suspended its U. S. chief executive, along with two top lieutenants. [F] Prof. Martin Stoller, a crisis-management expert at Northwestern University, thinks so. "The aim of crisis management is to stop the attackers," he says.