填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41--45, choose the most suitable one from the list A--G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. The U.S. space agency, NASA, is planning to launch a satellite that scientists hope will answer fundamental questions about the origin and destiny of our universe. (41) _________________. The prevailing theory of the universe's origin, the "Big Bang" theory, says all matter and energy were once compressed into a tiny point. The density and resulting temperature were so enormous that, about 13-to-15-billion years ago by current estimates, a mighty explosion flung the matter hurtling outward in all directions. (42) _________________. They also ask, is the expansion accelerating? Will the universe collapse? What is its shape? Scientists will seek explanations with NASA's new Microwave Anisotropy Probe, abbreviated as MAP. (43) _________________. "MAP will take the ultimate baby picture, an image of the infant universe taken in the fossil light that is still present from the Big Bang," he says. "This glow, this radiation, is the oldest light in the universe. Imprinted on this background, physicists knew, would be the secrets of the Big Bang itself." This background radiation is the light and heat that the early cosmic soup of matter emitted. Once roiling hot, it has cooled over the eons to just a few degrees above absolute zero. It was once thought to be distributed evenly. But in 1992, a highly sensitive NASA satellite named COBE detected nearly imperceptible variations in temperature as tiny as 30- millionths of a degree. (44) _________________. "These patterns result from tiny concentrations that were in the very early universe that were the seeds that grew to become the stars and the galaxies that we see today," he says. "The tiny patterns in the light hold the keys for understanding the history, the content, the shape, and the ultimate fate of our universe." (45) _________________. Princeton University scientist David Spergel says MAP will give us a much more accurate matter count than we have now. "Right now, we want to measure something like the matter-density of the universe," he says. "Today, we can estimate that to a factor of two. That's pretty good. What we want to do is be able to measure it to about the three-percent level, which is what MAP will be capable of doing." To do its job, the ＄145 million MAP spacecraft will settle into an orbit 1. 5 million kilometers from the Earth. This is where the Earth's and Sun's gravitational pull are equal, and well past the range of the Earth's own obscuring microwave radiation. While the older COBE satellite measured just a small part of the sky, Chalrles Bennett says MAP will scan the entire sky at 1,000 times better resolution. "The patterns that MAP measures are extremely difficult to measure," he says, "MAP will be measuring millionths of a degree temperature accuracies, and that's hard to do. That's like measuring the difference between two cups of sand to the accuracy of a single grain of sand." [A] The principal NASA scientist for the New MAP spacecraft, Charles Bennett, says the heat patterns represent slight differences in the density of the young universe, where denser regions evolved into the present web of structures. [B] NASA says the first results from the MAP mission will be ready in about 18 months after launch. [C] The spacecraft will orbit the Earth seeking answers from an extremely faint glow of microwaves that have existed since the beginning of time. [D] Scientists are trying to learn how it clumped together to produce stars, clusters of stars called galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. [E] Astronomers are reporting evidence that points to a massive star-eating black hole at the center of our Milky Way galaxy. [F] One of those keys is the amount of matter and its density. More matter with a higher density me, fins mole gravitational pull, suggesting a slowing of the universe's expansion, and perhaps even its collapse. [G] The head of NASA's Evolution of the Universe program, Alan Bunner, says MAP will measure what is thought h remnant of the Big Bang--an afterglow of microwaves bathing the universe that was emitted by the ancient cosmic matter.

填空题[A]AllthismobilitywillmakeEurope'scitiesnodesofnomadism(游牧、流浪生活),linkedtoeachotherbyhigh-speedtrainsandcheapairlineflights.Urbandesigners,withafreshlyprickedinterestintransienceratherthanstasis,areevennowdreamingupcityscapesthatfocusonflowsofpeopleandfungibleusesforbuildings.[B]ItwastheGreekswhoinventedtheideaofthecity,andurbanitycontinuesasathrivingtradition:with80percentofitspeoplelivingincities,Europeremainsthemosturbanizedcontinentonearth.[C]ThebustlearoundairportsandtrainstationswillmakethecrowdsinEurope'sgreatpiazzaslookthinbycomparison.Newcitynetworkswillspringup,followingtransportlines,notoldnationalties.Inthe1990stheEurostarbroughtLondonclosertoParisthanitwastoLiverpool.By2010,routeslikethePBKAL(Paris,Brussels,Cologne/Frankfurt,Amsterdam,London)linewillhaveredesignedthemapofEuropeevenfurther.[D]ThegrowingmobilityofEuropehasinspiredadebateaboutthelookandfeelofurbansprawl."Upuntilnow,allourculturalheritagehasbeenconcentratedinthecitycenter,"notesProf.HeinrichMdingoftheGermanInstituteofUrbanAffairs."Butwe'vegottoimaginehowit'spossibletohavejoyfulvibrancyintheseoutlyingparts,sothatthey'renotjustaboutgarages,highwaysandgasolinetanks."Thedesignsfornewbuildingsarealsochangingtoanticipatetheemergingcityasawaystation.Buildingshavebeenseenasdisconnecting,isolating,defining.Butincreasingly,thequalityofspacethat'sindemandismovement.[E]Butinthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,urbanlifeischanging.Citiesarelessfrequentlywherepeoplestaytoleadthegoodlife,andmoreoftenwaystationsforpeopleinpursuitofit."Citiesarenowjunctionsintheflowsofpeople,information,financeandfreight,"saysNigelHarris,aprofessorofdevelopmentplanning."They'relessandlessplaceswherepeopleliveandwork."TheenlargementoftheEuropeanUnionwillgiveresidentsofupto13newmembernationsfreedomofmovementwithinitsborders.Atthesametime,anadditional13.5millionimmigrantsayearwillbeneededintheEUjusttokeepastableratiobetweenworkersandpensionersoverthenexthalfcentury.[F]Meanwhile,urbansprawlisstretchingdailycommutes:whereastheaverageEuropeantraveled17kilometersadayin1970togettoandfromwork,hetraveled35kilometersadayin1998.Duringthelate1990s,flushdot-comersgrewusedtoflyingfromLondontoParisfortheday.Iftrade-liberalizationtrendscontinue,itwon'tjustbeglobaleliteswhocountry-hopforwork.Inthe20thcentury,businesstravelersoftenavoidedthehotelneartherailwaystation,butwithsomuchtravelinggoingon,railwaystationsandairportswillbecomestrongcivichubs,attractingshops,officesandrestaurants.[G]Otherpublicspacesaredueforarevamp(彻底改变)aswell.Earlierarchitectsconceivedoftrainstationsassinglebuildings;today'sdesignersarethinkingofthemastransitzonesthatlinktothecityaroundthem,pouringtravelersintobusstationsandsurroundingshops.InAmsterdam,urbanplannerBenvanBerkel,codirectorofthedesignfirmUNStudio,hasdevelopedwhathecallsDeepPlanningStrategy,whichinvertsthetraditional"topdown"approach:thecreationofaspacecomesbeforetheflowofpeoplethroughit.With3-Dmodelingandanimation,he'sabletolookathowdifferentpopulationgroupsusepublicspacesatdifferenttimesoftheday.Heusesthedatatodesignspacesthataccommodatemobsatrushhourandsparsercrowdsatothertimes.Order:

填空题[A] Knight acknowledges the challenge. "We have to be beautiful as well as big. It's no mean feat," says Scott Bedbury, former global ad chief for Nike. "The worst ease scenario would be to become Microsoft," says Kevin Keller, a marketing professor at Duke. Best ease: be like Coea-Cola. "They're everywhere, but no one seems to resent them for it. "[B] One answer is to play down the Swoosh, and some Nike watchers say it will do just that. Nike is marketing new products, including its ACG (All Condition Gear) line for hiking and outdoor styles.[C] Last week was particularly glum at Nike's headquarters in suburban Portland. Managers had warned of layoffs but hadn't revealed any names. On Wednesday, 250 employees were told to pack up their desks, while stunned colleagues looked on.[D] Phil Knight doesn't speak in public very often. And when you hear from him these days, he doesn't sound happy. Talking to Wall Street analysts from his Oregon headquarters last week, the founder and head of Nike Inc. didn't mince words: "This is a dark day around these halls. "[E] Yet Nike is now facing a marketing conundrum: can you be big and cool? When Teenage Research Unlimited did its latest survey, 40 percent of kids named Nike as one of the " coolest" brands, down from 52 percent just six months ago. Kim Hostetler of Paper, a New York magazine, says that the coolest things around now are brilliantly colored suede sneakers by New Balance. Even Adidas, torpedoed by Nike and Reebok in the [980s, is staging a comeback.[F] Knight's problems would worry any CEO: a stock price that has slid to the bottom from the top, a plunge in profits and warehouses lull of shoes that aren't selling. But most critical is a price war that has sliced U. S. sales and is a sign that Nike's lock as the champion of "cool" may be weakening. Although Nike prides itself on technical innovation, losing its cool would be tantamount to losing the game.[G] At most corporate offices, that scene, though painful, wouldn't be cataclysmic, but for Knight and his employees, even a setback bears the agony of defeat. Nike rose about as high and fast in the 1990s as any company can. It took on a new religion of brand consciousness and broke advertising sound barriers with its indelible Swoosh, "Just Do It" slogan and deified sports figures. Nike managed the deftest of marketing tricks: to be both anti-establishment and mass market, to the tune of $ 2 billion in sales last year. Order:[D]→41. ______ →42. ______ →43. ______ →44. ______→45. ______→

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41—45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]Generally,however,modernexaminationsarewritten.Twotypesoftestsarecommonlyusedinmodernschools.Thefirsttypeissometimescalledan"objective"test.Itisintendedtodealwithfacts,notpersonalopinions.Tomakeupanobjectivetesttheteacherwritesaseriesofquestion,eachofwhichhasonlyonecorrectanswer.Alongwitheachquestiontheteacherwritesthecorrectanswerandalsothreestatementsthatlooklikeanswerstostudentswhohavenotlearnedthematerialproperly,Thestudenthasjustonetask:hemustrecognizethecorrectanswerandcopyitsletter(ornumber)onhisexaminationpaper.[B]Foraclearerpictureofwhatthestudentknows,mostteachersuseanotherkindofexaminationinadditiontoobjectivetests.Theyuse"essay"tests,whichrequirestudentstowritelonganswerstobroad,generalquestionssuchasthefollowing:MentionseveralwaysinwhichMahatmaGandhihasinfluencedthethinkingofpeopleinhisowncountryandinotherpartsoftheworld.[C]Whetheranobjectivetestoranessaytestisused,problemsarise.Whensomeobjectivequestionsareusedalongwithsomeessayquestions,however,afairlyclearpictureofthestudent'sknowledgecanusuallybeobtained.[D]Fortestingastudent'smemoryoffactsanddetails,theobjectivetesthasadvantages.Itcanbescoredveryquicklybytheteacherorevenbyamachine.Inashorttimetheteachercanfindoutagreatdealaboutthestudent'srangeofknowledge.Fortestingsomekindsoflearning,however,suchatestisnotverysatisfactory.Aluckystudentmayguessthecorrectanswerwithoutreallyknowingthematerial.[E]Inancienttimesthemostimportantexaminationswerespoken,notwritten.IntheschoolsofancientGreeceandRome,testingusuallyconsistedofsayingpoetryaloudorgivingspeeches.IntheEuropeanuniversitiesoftheMiddleAges,studentswhowereworkingforadvanceddegreeshadtodiscussquestionsintheirfieldofstudywithpeoplewhohadmadeaspecialstudyofthesubject.Thiscustomexiststodayaspartoftheprocessoftestingcandidatesfordoctor'sdegree.[F]Oneadvantageoftheessaytestisthatitreducestheelementofluck.Thestudentcannotgetahighscorejustbymakingaluckyguess.Anotheradvantageisthatitshowstheexaminermoreaboutthestudent'sabilitytoputfactstogetherintoameaningfulwhole.Itshouldshowhowdeeplyhehasthoughtaboutthesubject.Sometimes,though,essaytestshavedisadvantages,too.Somestudentsareabletowritegoodanswerswithoutreallyknowingmuchaboutthesubject,whileotherstudentswhoactuallyknowthematerialhavetroubleexpressingtheirideasinessayform.[G]Besides,onanessaytestthestudent'sscoremaydependupontheexaminer'sfeelingsatthetimeofreadingtheanswer.Ifheisfeelingtiredorbored,thestudentmayreceivealowerscorethanheshould.Anotherexaminerreadingthesameanswermightgiveitamuchhighermark.Fromthisstandpointtheobjectivetestgiveseachstudentafairerchance,andofcourseitiseasierandquickertoscore.

填空题[A]Demographicdeclineworriespeoplebecauseitisbelievedtogohandinhandwitheconomicdecline.Attheextremesitmaywellbetheresultofeconomicfactors:pessimismmaydepressthebirthrateandpushupratesofsuicideandalcoholism.But,inthemain,demographicdeclineistheconsequenceofthelowfertilitythatgenerallygoeswithgrowingprosperity.InJapan,forinstance,birthratesfellbelowthereplacementrateof2.1childrenperwomaninthemid-1970sandhavebeenparticularlylowinthepast15years.[B]Duringthesecondhalfofthe20thcentury,theglobalpopulationexplosionwasthebigdemographicannoyance.RobertMcNamara,presidentoftheWorldBankinthe1970s,comparedthethreatofunmanageablepopulationpressureswiththedangerofnuclearwar.Nowthatworryhasevaporated,andthiscenturyisfrighteningitselfwiththeoppositefear:theonsetofdemographicdecline.[C]GovernmentshatetheideaofashrinkingpopulationbecausetheabsolutesizeofGDPmattersforgreat-powerstatus.Thebiggertheeconomy,thebiggerthemilitary,thegreaterthegeopoliticalclout:annualGDPestimateswerefirstintroducedinAmericainthe1940saspartofitswareffort.Companiesworry,too:theydonotliketheideaoftheirdomesticmarketsshrinking.Peopleshouldnotmind,though.WhatmattersforeconomicwelfareisGDPperperson.[D]Peoplelovetoworry--maybeit'sasymptomofageingpopulations--butthegloomsurroundingpopulationdeclinesmissesthemainpoint.Thenewdemographicsthatarecausingpopulationstoageandtoshrinkaresomethingtocelebrate.Humanitywasoncecaughtinthetrapofhighfertilityandhighmortality.Nowithasescapedintothefreedomoflowfertilityandlowmortality.Women'scontroloverthenumberofchildrentheyhaveisanunqualifiedgood--asistheaverageperson'senjoyment,inrichcountries,oftenmoreyearsoflifethantheyhadin1960.Politiciansmayfearthedeclineoftheirnations'economicpower,butpeopleshouldcelebratethenewdemographicsasheraldingagoldenage.[E]TheshrinkageofRussiaandeasternEuropeisfamiliar,thoughnotperhapsthescaleofit:Russia'spopulationisexpectedtofallby22%between2005and2050,Ukraine'sbyastaggering43%.Nowthephenomenoniscreepingintotherichworld:Japanhasstartedtoshrinkandothers,suchasItalyandGermany,willsoonfollow.EvenChina'spopulationwillbedecliningbytheearly2030s,accordingtotheUN,whichprojectsthatby2050populationswillbelowerthantheyaretodayin50countries.[F]Butifdemographicdeclineisnotgenerallyaconsequenceofeconomicdecline,surelyitmustbeacause?Inacrudesense,yes.Aspopulationsshrink,GDPgrowthwillslow.Someeconomiesmayevenstarttoshrink,too.Theresultwillbealossofeconomicinfluence.[G]ThecrucialquestionisthereforewhattheeffectofdemographicdeclineisonthegrowthofGDPperperson.Thebadnewsisthatthislookslikelytoslowbecauseworking-agepopulationsWilldeclinemorerapidlythanoverallpopulations.Yetthisneednothappen.ProductivitygrowthmaykeepupgrowthinGDPperperson:aslabourbecomesscarcer,andpressuretointroducenewtechnologiestoboostworkers'efficiencyincreases,sotheproductivityoflabourmayrisefaster.Anyway,retirementagescanbeliftedtoincreasethesupplyoflabourevenwhenthepopulationisdeclining.

填空题The tragic impact of the modern city on the human being has killed his sense of aesthetics, the material benefits of an affluent society have diverted his attention from his city and its cultural potentials to the products of science and technology, washing machines, central heating, automatic cookers, television sets, computers and fitted carpets. He is, at the moment, drunk with democracy, well-to-do, a car driver, and has never had it so good. He is reluctant to walk. Statistics reveal that the distance he is prepared to walk from his parking place to his shopping center is very short. (41) __________. Congestion has become the predominant factor in his environment, and statistics suggest that two cars per household system may soon make matters worse. (42) __________. "Putting land to its highest and best use" becomes the principal economic standard in urban growth. This speculative approach and the pressure of increasing population leads to the "vertical" growth of cities with the result that people are forced to adjust themselves to congestion in order to maintain these relatively artificial land values. Paradoxically the remedy for removing congestion is to create more of it. Partial decentralization, or rather, pseudo-decentralization, in the form of large development units away from the traditional town centers, only' shifts the disease round the anatomy of the town; if it is not combined with the remodeling of the town's transportation system, it does not cure it. (43) __________. It is within our power to build better cities and revive the civic pride of their citizens, but we shall have to stop operating on the fringe of the problem. We shall have radically to replan them to achieve a rational density of population. We shall have to provide in them what can be called minimum "psychological elbow room." (44) __________. We must collect, in an organized manner, all and complete information about the city or the town, if we want to plan effectively. The principal unit in this process is "IM' (one man). We must not forget that cities are built by people, and that their form and shape should be subject to the will of the people. (45) __________.The "man-educate' man, the human, will have to set the target, and using the results obtained by science and his own engineering skill, take upon himself the final shaping of his environment. He will have to use his high moral sense of responsibility to the community and to future generations.[A] New systems of city management may be necessary to cope with the needs of today's urban populations. Some planners insist that a decentralised decision-making process is fundamental to ensuring that cities work for and not against people.[B] As there are no adequate off-street parking facilities, the cities are littered with kerb parked cars and parking meters rear themselves everywhere.[C] Here the engineering solutions are strongly affected by the necessity for complicated intersections, which in turn, are frustrated by the extravagant cost of land.[D] Scientific methods of data collection and analysis will indicate trends, but they will not direct action. Scientific methods are only an instrument.[E] The convergence of economic growth, population growth and urban expansion offers both great challenges and great potentials for realizing metropolitan sustainability.[F] In the meantime, insult is added to injury by "land value." The value of land results from its use; its income is derived from the service it provides. When its use is intensified, its income and its value increase.[G] One of the ingredients of this will be proper transportation plans. These will have to be an integral part of the overall planning process which in itself is a scientific process where facts are essential.

填空题 World Health Organization (WHO) officials recently urged Asia-Pacific governments to shake off complacency and intensify the fight against tuberculosis (TB), which kills 1,000 people a day in the region. Shigeru Omi, regional director of WHO for the Western Pacific, said deaths caused by tuberculosis continue to rise in the region as 'more and more people are infected with the dreadful disease every year. "Every year, an additional two million tuberculosis cases are diagnosed in the region," Omi said at a news conference during the opening of a two-day meeting of Asian' parliamentarians to discuss strategies to control the disease.{{U}} (41) {{/U}}"When it comes to developed countries, the reason for the increase of TB is related to the ageing society," he said."{{U}} (42) {{/U}}""One common fact among developing countries and developed countries is complacency, "Omi added."{{U}} (43) {{/U}}" WHO said among the "high burden, high risk" countries in the region are Cambodis, China, Laos, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Vietnam.{{U}} (44) {{/U}}It noted that more that 40 million people are infected with the disease and "10 percent of them -will develop TB in their lifetime. "In Cambodia, more than 7 million people, or 60 percent of the population, are infected with the disease, while in Vietnam more than 145, 000 people are infected each year. "In several developed and newly industrialized countries in the Western Pacific region, TB prevalence has not decreased markedly during the last decade although economic growth should make more resources available to deal with the problem, "WHO said.{{U}} (45) {{/U}}. Omi expressed confidence that with renewed vigilance among health officials in the region. TB prevalence could be reduced by half by 2010.[A] If you become elderly, your immune system is becoming weaker and weaker.[B] In Japan, the number of diagnosed cases rose to 48, 264 in 1999 from 42, 472 cases in 1996.[C] Omi pointed out that the main factor for the rise of TB cases in developing countries is the rapid increase of people who migrate into the big cities and live in unsanitary conditions.[D] There is no doubt that tuberculosis will be eliminated completely everywhere in the world in the near future.[E] They thought we have already conquered tuberculosis, so they become a little bit complacent.[F] WHO records showed that in China, tuberculosis is one of the most common causes of death.[G] In Asia, the number of diagnosed cases rose to 148, 264 in 2001 from 42, 472 cases in 2005.

填空题 Should doctor-assisted suicide ever be a legal option? It involves the extreme measure of taking the life of a terminally ill patient when the patient is in extreme pain and the chances for recovery appear to be hopeless. Those who argue against assisted suicide do so by considering the roles of the patient, the doctor, and nature in these situations. Should the patient take an active role in assisted suicide? When a patient is terminally ill and in great pain, those who oppose assisted suicide say that it should not be up to that patient to decide what his or her fate will be. 41 ______. What role should the doctor have? Doctors, when taking the Hippocratic oath, swear to preserve life at all costs, and it is their ethical and legal duty to follow both the spirit and the letter of this oath. It is their responsibilities to heal the sick, and in the cases when healing is not possible, then the doctor is obliged to make the dying person comfortable. Doctors are trained never to hasten death. 42. ______ Doctors are also, by virtue of their humanness, capable of making mistakes. Doctors could quite possibly say, for instance, that a cancer patient was terminal, and then the illness could later turn out not to be so serious. There is always an element of doubt concerning the future outcome of human affairs. 43. ______ These general concerns of those who oppose assisted suicide are valid in certain contexts of the assisted-suicide question. For instance, patients cannot always be certain of their medical conditions. Pain clouds judgment, and so the patient should not be the sole arbiter of her or his own destiny. Patients do not usually choose the course of their medical treatment, so they shouldn't be held completely responsible for decisions related to it. Doctors are also fallible, and it is understandable that they would not want to make the final decision about when death should occur. 44. ______ I believe that blindly opposing assisted suicide does no one a service. If someone is dying of cancer and begging to be put out of his or her misery, and someone gives that person a deadly dose of morphine that seems merciful rather than criminal. If we can agree to this, then I think we could also agree that having a doctor close by measuring the dosage and advising the family and friends is a reasonable request. 45. ______ Life is indeed precious, but an inevitable part of life is death, and it should be precious, too. If life has become an intolerable pain and intense suffering, then it seems that in order to preserve dignity and beauty, one should have the right to end her or his suffering quietly, surely, and with family and friends nearby. [A] If one simply withholds treatment, it may take the patient longer to die, and so he may suffer more than he would if more direct action were taken and a lethal injection given. [B] The third perspective to consider when thinking about assisted suicide is the role of nature. Life is precious. Many people believe that it is not up to human beings to decide when to end their own or another's life. Only nature determines when it is the right time for a person to die. To assist someone in suicide is not only to break criminal laws, but to break divine laws as well. [C] Since doctors are trained to prolong life, they usually do not elect to take it by prescribing assisted suicide. [D] There are greater powers at work that determine when a person dies, for example, nature. Neither science nor personal preference should take precedence over these larger forces. [E] Without the doctor’s previous treatment, the person would surely be dead already. Doctors have intervened for months or even years, so why not sanction this final, merciful intervention? [F] There is no single, objectively correct answer for everyone as to when, if at all, one’s life becomes all things considered a burden and unwanted. If self-determination is a fundamental value, then the great variability among people on this question makes it especially important that individuals control the manner, circumstances, and timing of their death and dying. [G] Those who oppose assisted suicide believe that doctors who do help terminally ill patients die are committing a crime, and they should be dealt with accordingly.

填空题[A]Thiswork,though,wererelativelysmall-scale.Now,amuchlargerstudyhasfoundthatdiscriminationplaysaroleinthepaygapbetweenmaleandfemalescientistsatBritishuniversities.[B]Besidespay,herstudyalsolookedatthe"glass-ceiling"effect--namelythatatallstagesofawoman'scareersheislesslikelythanhermalecolleaguestobepromoted.Betweenpostdoctoralandlecturerlevel,menaremorelikelytobepromotedthanwomenare,byafactorofbetween1.04and2.45.Suchdifferencesarebiggerathighergrades,withthehardestmoveofallbeingforawoman'tosettleintoaprofessorialchair.[C]Sevenyearsago,agroupoffemalescientistsattheMassachusetts.InstituteofTechnologyproducedapieceofresearchshowingthatseniorwomenprofessorsintheinstitute'sschoolofsciencehadlowersalariesandreceivedfewerresourcesforresearchthantheirmalecounterpartsdid.Discriminationagainstfemalescientistshascroppedup.[D]SaraConnolly,aresearcherattheUniversityofEastAnglia'sschoolofeconomics,hasbeenanalyzingtheresultsofasurveyofover7,000scientistsandshehasjustpresentedherfindingsatthisyear'smeetingoftheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinNorwich.Shefoundthattheaveragepaygapbetweenmaleandfemaleacademicsworkinginscience,engineeringandtechnologyisaround￡1,500($2,850)ayear.[E]Toprovethepointbeyonddoubt,DrConnollyworkedouthowmuchoftheoverallpaydifferentialwasexplainedbydifferencessuchasseniority,experienceandage,andhowmuchwasunexplained,andthereforesuggestiveofdiscrimination.Explicabledifferencesamountedto77%oftheoverallpaygapbetweenthesexes.Thatstillleftasubstantial23%gapinpay,whichDrConnollyattributestodiscrimination.[F]Thatisnot,ofcourse,irrefutableproofofdiscrimination.Analternativehypothesisisthatthecoursesofmen'sandwomen'slivesmeanthegapiscausedbysomethingelse;womentaking"careerbreaks"tohavechildren,forexample,andthusrisingmoreslowlythroughthehierarchy.Unfortunatelyforthatidea,DrConnollyfoundthatmenarealsolikelytoearnmorewithinanygivengradeofthehierarchy.Maleprofessors,forexample,earnover￡4,000ayearmorethanfemaleones.[G]Ofcourse,itmightbethat,ateachgrade,mendomoreworkthanwomen,tomakethemselvesmoreeligibleforpromotion.Butthatexplanation,too,seemstobewrong.Unlikethepreviousstudies,DrConnolly'scomparedtheexperienceofscientistsinuniversitieswiththatofthoseinothersortsoflaboratory.Itturnsoutthatfemaleacademicresearchersfacemorebarrierstopromotion,andhaveawidergapbetweentheirpayandthatoftheirmalecounterparts,thandotheirsistersinindustryorresearchinstitutesindependentofuniversities.Privateenterprise,inotherwords,deliversmoreequalitythanthesupposedlyegalitarianworldofacademiadoes.

填空题[A] Convenient packaging[B] Health and wellness[C] Skeptical customers[D] Enormous markets[E] Soaring sales[F] Trendy drink In the last 40 years the bottled water industry has gone from a business prospect that few took seriously, to a global industry worth billions of pounds. The commodity itself remains simple. The way we think about it has changed fundamentally. Water is natural, pure and sourced at minimal cost. Its real value lies in its marketing and branding. "I think bottled water is the most revealing substance for showing us how the global capitalist market works today," says Richard Wilk, professor of anthropology at Indiana University. "In a sense we're buying choice, we're buying freedom. That's the only thing that can explain why you would pay money for a bottle of something that you can otherwise get for free. " 41. ______ Through a confection of advertising and marketing, bottled water has become one of the biggest success stories in the modern food and beverage industry. "The demand for bottle water has grown exponentially in the last few decades," says Dr. Peter Gleick, author of Bottled and Sold. "It's doubled, it's doubled again and it's doubled again. And the bottle water companies see enormous markets not just in the rich countries but also in the poorer countries. " No actual variety Some people think that bottled water is the high point of global capitalism, particularly the people in the bottled water business. "I think bottled water actually represents a kind of caricature of the global economy. It provides people in the developed world with 20 or 30 varieties of something for which there is no actual variety," says Charles Fishman, author of The Big Thirst. 42. ______. At the beginning there really was no variety and the bottled water phenomenon began with one brand. Perrier (佩绿雅，矿泉水品牌) was a triumph of advertising, creating a brand that was to define a generation. At the heart of the campaign to make the brand popular was Richard Wheatley, of the Leo Burnett advertising agency between 1979 and 1994. "Perrier popularised bottled water," he says. "It made it acceptable, more than acceptable, it made it... desirable. " But it was not an instant success. When Perrier UK was looking to increase its sales in the early 1970's, it faced a skeptical public. Many questioned why anyone would buy water when you could get it free from the tap. 43. ______. Faced with obstacles, Perrier turned to advertising with a campaign that was to change our consumer landscape for ever. The campaign was a marketing coup and sales went through the roof from 12 million bottles in 1980 to 152 million by the end of the decade. Perrier was no longer just a bottle of water. The marketing and advertising teams had established a crucial emotional link between the product and the consumers. "Perrier became a badge," says Michael Bellas, chairman of the Beverage Marketing Corporation. "When you held a Perrier bottle up, it said something about yourself, it said you were sophisticated, you understood what was happening in the world. It was a perfect beverage for the young and coming business executives, the trend-setters. " 44. ______. In an age of instant gratification, still water in portable bottles provided what people needed, exactly when they needed it. "People in general are more and more time pressed," says Mr. Fishman. "We don't cook our own meals any more, we eat prepared foods of all kinds. And there's nothing more appealing than a bottle of cold water at a moment when you're really thirsty. But I think bottled water is one of those products that on many occasions when people buy it, what they're buying isn't the water so much as the bottle. That is the package and the convenience at that moment. " 45. ______. When people bought this convenience, what they were really buying was Polyethylene Terephthalate, or PET, the single most important innovation in the industry's history. Strong, shatterproof and a highly valued form of polyester, PET is a by-product of the oil industry. It is now utilised in the packaging of everything from pharmaceuticals and soap, to ready meals. In years to come, the environmental impact of PET would haunt the industry and raise questions about its very survival, but in the 1990s this was a revolution. According to Mr. Bellas it was behind the subsequent incredible growth of the industry. "Starting with the introduction of the small premium PET waters, the category started to explode," says Mr. Bellas. "The bottled water industry before PET on the list of all beverage categories was number seven. With the advent of PET, water jumped to the number two spot, behind carbonated soft drinks. " By branding and marketing water, bottled water has been transformed from something that many of us took for granted into a product that now makes billions for global multinational companies.