填空题While Americans have become ever more dependent upon electricity in their daily lives, a crucial part of the system that supports their way of life has not kept up. Yes, the country has built more power plants-enough to create a glut of power in most parts of the country. (41) __________. California's disastrous partial energy deregulation and the role played by Enron and other energy marketing companies in its power crisis have impeded changes in the national ability to deliver power. (42) __________. Moreover, the deficiency also includes inadequate coordination among the regions in managing the flow of electricity. These interregional weaknesses are so far the most plausible explanation for the blackout on Thursday. (43) __________. The problem is with the system of rules, organization, and oversight that governs the transmission networks. It was set up for a very different era and is now caught in a difficult transition. The transmission networks were built to serve a utility system based on regulated monopolies. In the old days, there was no competition for customers. Today, the mission is to connect buyers and sellers seeking the best deal, irrespective of political boundaries and local jurisdictions. (44) __________. Yet the power industry is probably not even halfway there in its shift from regulation to the marketplace. The California power crisis and the power-trading scandals sent regulators back to the drawing board, slowing the development of new institutions, rules and investment to make competitive markets work. (45) __________.[A] Over all, for more than a decade, the power industry has been struggling with how to move from the old regulation to the new marketplace. This shift was driven by the view that half a century of state regulation had produced power prices that were too high and too varied among states. Factories and jobs were migrating from states with high electric power prices to those with lower prices.[B] But the transmission system is caught in the middle of the stalled deregulation of the American electric power industry.[C] As a result, the development of the regional transmission organizations is erratic. More than one-third of the power transmitted is not under the control of regional transmission organizations. Some states fear that their cheap power would be sucked away to other markets; others do not want to subordinate state authority to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.[D] It was unclear when the waters would recede, never mind when life would return to normal. Power may not be restored for weeks. Looting, too. Began to spiral out of control. Mr Nagin, who said the city might be uninhabitable for three months, was forced to order police to concentrate on stopping crime, not saving people.[E] What's preventing greater connection and coordination between regions? The technology exists, and is available; the economic benefits of relieving the bottlenecks between regions far exceeds the costs by many billions of dollars.[F] Yet, despite claims in the wake of last week's blackout that the nation has a "third world" power grid, the regional networks are first world. But in one critical aspect, the system has become increasingly vulnerable: in the interconnections among the different regions. Both the number and size of the wires on the borders between regions are inadequate for the rising flow of electricity. This missing part creates the worst bottlenecks in the system.[G] Since entering the overseas power market in 1993, KEPCO has established several achievements through its distinguished international business strategies to promote electric power development of the world. Based on its long experience and advanced technology gained over 100 years in Korea, KEPCO continues to build up its outstanding reputation as a leading utility company. Moreover, KEPCO embraces challenges and makes bold steps into wider markets in the world by its flair for dynamic activities, which is favorably received in the Philippines, China, Vietnam and Libya.

填空题A.NoteveryoneinChileishappy.Investorsinthesmallercompanieswhosemineshavebeenclosedinthesafetyclamp-downareparticularlydispleased.Butaswellascomplyingwithsafetystandards,itishelpfulifminingcompanieshavetheresources,technicalandfinancial,tocopewhenaccidentsdohappen,astheyinevitablywill.AsBPhasdemonstrated,beingabig,well-financedbusinessisnoguaranteeofanimpeccablesafetyrecord.ButBPdidhaveonethinggoingforit—deeppockets.Ithasmettheestimated$10billioncostofthecleanupsofar,withoutrecoursetothetaxpayer.B.Likeunhappyfamilies,everycorporatedisasterisunhappyinitsownway.ExcepttheChileanminingdisaster,whichappearstobethatrarephenomenon—acorporatedisasterwithahappyending.C.Ofcourse,somepeoplemaketheirownluck.UnlikeTonyHayward,whosailedhisyachtintheChannelwhileBPspewedoilintheGulfofMexico,PresidentPineradidn'ttakeituponhimselftogopotholinginthemiddleoftheChileanrescueeffort.D.ThesecondhopefulsigninFhileisthatsofarthegovernmentworkedconstructivelywithbusinessduringrescueeffort.Thiswasledbystate-ownedCodelco,theworld'slargestcopperproducer,whichpulledinhelpfromBHPBilliton,FreeportMcMoRanCopperGoldandotherprivatesec-torspecialists,wellasNASA.Contrastthatwiththeblame-shiftingandresponsibility-dodging—bothcorporateandpolitical—afterBPsDeepwaterHorizonoilspill.Itisnotidealthattheestimated$10m-$20mcostoftheChileanminingrescuehasbeenshoulderedbythegovernment,buttheSanEstebanminingcompany'sobvioususelessnessatleastmadeiteasierforeveryoneelsetopulltogether.E.However,themainreasonChilehasagoodchanceoflearningthelessonsfromitsdisasteristhattheyarerelativelystraightforward:miningisariskybusinesssosafetyregulationsmustbeen-forcedTheChileantriumphistobecelebrated,buttheelementofluck,astherescueengineersnoted,shouldnotbeoverlooked.Somedisasters,suchasHungary'schemicalsludgespill,justaren'treversible.F.First,pastmistakeshavebeenacknowledged.TheSanJosemine,ownedbyCompaniaMineraSanEstebanPrimerahadapoorsafetyrecord:byallaccounts,itshouldnothavebeenallowedtoreopenafterapreviousaccident(companyfundsarenowfrozenafterlegalactionbyminers'families).ThedisasterhashighlightedpoorsafetystandardsatmanyofChile'ssmallermines,partlybecauseofin-adequatesupervision.Thechiefminingregulatorhasbeensackedandashake-up,includingmoremoneyformoreinspectors,isunderway.PresidentPinerashouldfinditrelativelyeasytodrawalineunderpreviousinadequacies,becausemostpredatehistermofoffice(althoughconsiderablepushingbyminers'relativeswasrequiredbeforetherescueeffortswungintoaction).G.Thehighdramaofthepast48hours—nottosaythepast69days—isover.Butthatisnottheendofthestoryfortheminers—orfortheChileancopperindustry.Dealingwiththeaftermathofadisastermayturnouttobeasdifficult,initsownway,astherescue.WillPresidentPinera'snextfeatbetoproduceasensibleanddurablereformprogramtoimproveminingsafetyandreinforcehiscountry'spositionastheworld'slargestcopperproducer?Therearesomegroundsforoptimismthatthelessonsofthisparticularcorporatedisasterwillbetakenseriously.Order:

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. In this latest facet of the ongoing information revolution, millions of personal computers are connected by the Internet and other computer networks and have started a global revolution in business and interpersonal communications. The personal computer today functions as a combination of personal printing press, radio, telephone, post office, and television set. {{U}} 1 {{/U}}______ The stunning possibilities of the Internet for journalism and the news business are somewhat obvious. Publishers, broadcasters and journalists are aware of this explosive information revolution and believe they should be involved. {{U}} 2 {{/U}}______ A newspaper is, of course, a business operation. At a time when some publishers are downsizing staffs and trimming costs to increase profitability, other papers are investing heavily in the new electronic or interactive journalism. {{U}} 3 {{/U}}______ In early 1996 , the National Newspaper Association listed 162 newspapers that had electronic pages on the Web, triple the number in 1994.By early 1997, the number of online newspapers rose to 700.These numbers keep going up to date and include such heavy hitters as The New York Times, The Chicago Tribune, and The Wall Street Journal. For newspapers, two basic uncertainties currently exist about interactive journalism: first, will the public pay for electronic news on a medium where information, after a basic user's fee, is free? Second, will advertising displayed on web pages "sell" on a medium that so far lacks both an effective way to count the number of people who eyeball web pages or to ascertain the demographics of those views? {{U}} 4 {{/U}}______ The fear comes from the threat to the newspapers' advertising base, especially classified advertisements, from the computer's point-and-click technology and the ease of getting answers quickly, complete with pictures and sounds. {{U}} 5 {{/U}}______ So far, the numbers of potential users of interactive newspapers are still small compared with total newspaper readership but the numbers are growing fast. The only certainty, promoters of electronic publishing say, is that the breakthrough to make the Internet economically viable for the newspaper business will come someday. A. A website can be simply a screen or two of information, or it can be an extensive and complex number of offerings, with news items plus advertisements, illustrations, documents, and background stories not included in a printed daily. B. Hence, the press's rush to online services is seen as driven by both fear and greed. C. Although no one seems to know whether they will ever make money on the WWW, the Internet multi-media information retrieval system is on the verge of becoming a mass medium itself. D. However, neither they, nor anyone else, seem to know where this brave new world of communications headed. No consensus exists as to when and how journalism as we know it will get involved and be changed by the Internet, but no one doubts that change is coming-and fast. E. While someone argue that the computer may not replace any of these media, which are, or course, heavily involved in journalism, still the Internet has the potential to transcend them all, providing not just one-to-one communications, or one to many, but the creation of whole new communities of people sharing ideas and interests regardless of where they live. F. The access for this fledgling news source is established, but so far the number of news readers is small and no one in making much money out of providing the news. Online news users tend to be young male adults who log on from office computers. G. Greed is stimulated by the possibility of large sums to be made if a system is developed that counts and categorizes every visitor to a web site. If this happens, Internet publishing could be a profitable marriage of newspapers' advertising bases with franchise strengths. Publishers also hope to attract the younger users who no longer read newspapers.

填空题A."Itisalwaysbettertobuyahouse;payingrentislikepouringmoneydownthedrain."Foryears,suchadvicehasencouragedpeopletoborrowheavilytogetonthepropertyladderassoonaspossible.Butisitstillsoundadvice?Housepricesarecurrentlyatrecordlevelsinrelationtorentsinmanypartsoftheworldanditnowoftenmakesmorefinancialsense—especiallyforfirst-timebuyers—torentinstead.B."IfIdon'tbuynow,I'llnevergetonthepropertyladder"isacommoncryfromfirst-timebuyers.Ifhousepricescontinuetooutpacewages,thatistrue.Butitnowlooksunlikely.Whenpricesgetoutoflinewithwhatfirst-timerscanafford,astheyaretoday,theyalwayseventuallyfallinrealterms.Themyththatbuyingisalwaysbetterthanrentinggrewoutofthehighinflationeraofthe1970sand1950s.First-timebuyersthenalwaysendedupbetteroffthanrenters,becauseinflationerodedtherealvalueofmortgagesevenwhileitpusheduprents.Mortgage-interesttaxreliefwasalsoworthmorewheninflation,andhencenominalinterestrates,washigh.Withinflationnowtamed,homeownershipisfarlessattractive.C.Homebuyerstendtounderestimatetheircosts.Oncemaintenancecosts,insuranceandpropertytaxesareaddedtomortgagepayments,totalannualoutgoingsnoweasilyexceedthecostofrentinganequivalentproperty,evenaftertakingaccountoftaxbreaks.Ah,butcapitalgainswillmorethanmakeupforthat,itispopularlyargued.Overthepastsevenyears,averagehousepricesinAmericahaverisenby65%,thoseinBritain,Spain,AustraliaandIrelandhavemorethandoubled.Butitisunrealistictoexpectsuchgainstocontinue.Makingthe(optimistic)assumptionthathousepricesinsteadriseinlinewithinflation,andincludingbuyingandsellingcosts,thenoveraperiodofsevenyears,—theaveragetimeAmericanownersstayinonehouse—ourcalculationsshowthatyouwouldgenerallybebetteroffrenting.D.Bewarned,ifyoumakesuchaboldclaimatadinnerparty,youwillimmediatelybesetupon.Payingrentisthrowingmoneyaway,itwillbeargued.Muchbettertospendthemoneyonamortgage,andbysodoingbuildupequity.Thesnagisthatthetypicalfirst-timebuyerkeepsahouseforlessthanfiveyears,andduringthattimemostmortgagepaymentsgooninterest,notonrepayingtheloan.Andifpricesfall,itcouldwipeoutyourequity.E.Inanycase,arentercanaccumulatewealthbyputtingthemoneysavedeachyearfromthelowercostofrentingintoshares.Thesehave,historically,yieldedahigherreturnthanhousing.Puttingallyourmoneyintoahousealsobreaksthebasicruleofprudentinvesting:diversify.Andyes,itistruethatamortgageleveragesthegainsonyourinitialdepositonahouse,butitalsoamplifiesyourlossesifhousepricesfall.F.Thedivergencebetweenrentsandhousepricesis,ofcourse,evidenceofahousingbubble.Somedaypriceswillfallrelativetorentsandwages.Aftertheydo,itwillmakesensetobuyahome.Untiltheydo,thesmartmoneyisonrenting.G."Iwanttohaveaplacetocallhome"isapopularretort.Rentingprovideslesslong-termsecurityandyoucannotpaintallthewallsorangeifyouwantto.Homeownershipisanexcellentpersonalgoal,butitmaynotalwaysmakefinancialsense.Theprideof"owning"yourownhomemayquicklyfadeifyouaresaddledwithamortgagethatcostsmuchmorethanrenting.Also,rentingdoeshavesomeadvantages.Rentersfinditeasiertomoveforjoborfamilyreasons.Order:

填空题(41) Conflicts: If you do get a place in the student dormitory, it is likely that you will have to share your living space with one other student. While having an American roommate will help you to learn more about American ways, there will probably be many times that discomfort or conflict will arise due to cultural differences. (42) Sex: With regard to sex in general, American behavior is quite different from the norms found in China. (43) Relationship Between Teachers & Students: On the campus, particularly where classes are small, I found a strange informality that characterized the relationship between students and their professors. (44) Gifts: In my interaction with American friends, I noticed that the concept of a gift is quite different here. Many things we give to each other in China are not called "gifts" but are considered to be a reflection of ordinary duties and mutual obligations. Accustomed as we are to using the word "gift" to refer to something valuable given on special occasions, it comes as a surprise to see how often the word is used in America. In the United States, "gifts", given on many different occasions, are only services. (45) Social Intercourse. When you do enter American homes, you will have an opportunity to observe different ways of greeting people. On the whole, Americans tend to be far more physical than we in their greetings. [A] I was astonished, for example, when a friend told me that he was offering to care for his younger brother and sister so that his father could take a vacation for his birthday--this was a gift to him. For us, this would be considered duty rather than a gift. Even between friends gestures of this sort might be considered "gifts" here. [B] While many students do call their professors, "Professor" so and so or "Dr. " so and so, some professors prefer to be called familiarly by their first names. And in the spirit of informality, many professors may invite students to their homes or can be seen chatting with students over a meal or a cup of coffee in the school cafeteria. A good number of instructors even request that students fill out class evaluation forms which assess the content and presentation of the course. [C] My roommate was very sociable and had many boyfriends who came to visit often very late. One night, after midnight, I had to stay in the bathroom for an extra 40 minutes because I had heard a man's voice in my room. My roommate did not realize how awkward I would feel meeting a man while I was in my nightgown. You see, American students tend to be much more casual about these matters. [D] On many occasions, for instance, close friends or sometimes even casual acquaintances embrace or kiss each other on the cheeks in greeting or bidding farewell. It may even happen that where couples are close friends, the two husbands will kiss the other man's wife! [E] In the United States, for example, if a student wants to invite his teacher to a dinner party, the invitation should be sent a week or so before the party date. If the invitation is extended only three or four days before the party date, the teacher will feel he is not highly regarded. [F] For example, many American students seem to like to listen to popular and sometimes loud music while studying in their rooms. Sometimes they will even leave the music on when they leave the room. For some reason, many will tell you, music helps them to relax and concentrate, an idea which other foreign students and I found very strange and disturbing. We'd like to study quietly without any disturbance.

填空题It is hardly necessary to point out that we live in a world of increasing industrialization. While this process enables us to raise our standard of living at an ever-accelerating rate, it also leads to a corresponding growth of interdependence between the different regions of the world. 41) ______ What, then, is to be done? Although it is difficult to know where to begin to deal with such a large subject, the first step is perhaps to consider the main economic difficulties an underdeveloped or emerging region has to face. 42) ______ A number of quite common occurrences are therefore sufficient to cause immediate and serious interference with this export production- unfavorable weather conditions, plant or animal epidemics, the exhaustion of soil fertility or mineral deposits, the development of substitute products in the industrialized regions, etc. The sensitivity of the economy is greatly intensified in cases where exports are confined only to one or two products--"monocultures" as they are sometimes called. 43) ______ This also applies to the manufactured goods required to provide their populations with the "necessities of life". This economic structure makes it difficult for them to avoid being politically dependent on the countries which absorb their exports and provide their essential imports. Since, under modern conditions, a rapid rise in population is a phenomenon closely associated with underdevelopment. This cause alone can subject the economy to severe and continuous stress. 44) ______ In the first place, to set up modern industries necessitates capital on a large scale, which only industrialized regions are able to provide; secondly, they lack the necessary trained manpower; thirdly, their industries -- when established -- are usually not efficient enough to compete with foreign imports, and any restriction on these imports is likely to lead to counter-action against their own exports. From another point of view, it is necessary to bear in mind that there are invariably political, educational, social and psychological obstacles which tend to interfere seriously with any measures taken to deal with the economic difficulties outlined above. 45) ______ To conclude, it seems clear that if we are to succeed in solving the many inter-related problems of underdevelopment, only the fullest and most intelligent use of the resources of all branches of science will enable us to do so.[A] For example, the economies of such countries are orientated primarily toward the production of raw materials, i. e. agricultural and mineral products; these are then exported to the industrialized countries.[B] Given these conditions, it is easy to see that any permanent economic or political instability in one area is bound to have an increasingly serious effect upon the rest of the world. Since the main source of such instability is underdevelopment, it is clear that this now constitutes a problem of international dimensions.[C] As far as "necessities of life" are concerned, they represent a concept which is continually being enlarged through the mass media of communication such as newspapers, films, the radio and advertising.[D] Although it is obvious that industrialization is the key to development, it is usually very difficult for emerging countries to carry out plans of this nature.[E] Being under-industrialized, these countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipment needed to produce the raw materials they export.[F] To consider only one point: it is obviously useless to devote great efforts and expense to education, technical training and planning if, for psychological reasons, the population as a whole fails to turn theory into effective action.[G] This sudden increase in the population of the underdeveloped countries has come at a difficult time. Even if their population had not grown so fast they would have been facing a desperate struggle to bring the standard of living of their people up.

填空题[A] Assumed inhospitableness to social development[B] Price paid for misconceptions[C] Evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology[D] False believes revised[E] Extreme impoverishment and backwardness[F] Ignorance of early human impact In 1942 Allan R Holmberg, a doctoral student in anthropology from Yale University, USA, ventured deep into the jungle of Bolivian Amazonia and searched out an isolated band of Siriono Indians. The researcher described the primitive society as a desperate struggle for survival, a view of Amazonia being fundamentally reconsidered today. 41. ____________ The Siriono, Holmberg wrote, led a "strikingly backward" existence. Their villages were little more than clusters of thatched huts. Life itself was a perpetual and punishing search for food: some families grew manioc and other starchy crops in small garden plots cleared from the forest, while other members of the tribe scoured the country for small game and promising fish holes. When local re-sources became depleted, the tribe moved on. As for technology, Holmberg noted, the Siriono "may be classified among the most handicapped peoples of the world". Other than bows, arrows and crude digging sticks, the only tools the Siriono seemed to possess were "two machetes worn to the size of pocket-knives". 42. ____________ Although the lives of the Siriono have changed in the intervening decades, the image of them as Stone Age relics has endured. To casual observers, as well as to influential natural scientists and regional planners, the luxuriant forests of Amazonia seem ageless, unconquerable, a habitat totally hostile to human civilization. The apparent simplicity of Indian ways of life has been judged an evolutionary adaptation to forest ecology, living proof that Amazonia could not—and cannot—sustain a more complex society. Archaeological traces of far more elaborate cultures have been dismissed as the ruins of invaders from outside the region, abandoned to decay in the uncompromising tropical environment. 43. ____________ The popular conception of Amazonia and its native residents would be enormously consequential if it were true. But the human history of Amazonia in the past 11,000 years betrays that view as myth. Evidence gathered in recent years from anthropology and archaeology indicates that the region has supported a series of indigenous cultures for eleven thousand years; an extensive network of complex societies—some with populations perhaps as large as 100,000—thrived there for more than 1,000 years before the arrival of Europeans. Far from being evolutionarily retarded, prehistoric Amazonian people developed technologies and cultures that were advanced for their time. If the lives of Indians today seem "primitive", the appearance is not the result of some environmental adaptation or ecological barrier; rather it is a comparatively recent adaptation to centuries of economic and political pressure. 44. ____________ The evidence for a revised view of Amazonia will take many people by surprise. Ecologists have assumed that tropical ecosystems were shaped entirely by natural forces and they have focused their research on habitats they believe have escaped human influence. But as the University of Florida ecologist, Peter Feinsinger, has noted, an approach that leaves people out of the equation is no longer tenable. The archaeological evidence shows that the natural history of Amazonia is to a surprising extent tied to the activities of its prehistoric inhabitants. 45. ____________ The realization comes none too soon. In June 1992 political and environmental leaders from across the world met in Rio de Janeiro to discuss how developing countries can advance their economies without destroying their natural resources. The challenge is especially difficult in Amazonia. Because the tropical forest has been depicted as ecologically unfit for large-scale human occupation, some environmentalists have opposed development of any kind. Ironically, one major casualty of that extreme position has been the environment itself. While policy makers struggle to define and implement appropriate legislation, development of the most destructive kind has continued apace over vast areas. The other major casualty of the "naturalism" of environmental scientists has been the indigenous Amazonians, whose habits of hunting, fishing, and slash-and-burn cultivation often have been represented as harmful to the habitat. In the clash between environmentalists and developers, the Indians have suffered the most. The new understanding of the pre-history of Amazonia, however, points toward a middle ground. Archaeology makes clear that with judicious management selected parts of the region could support more people than anyone thought before. The long-buried past, it seems, offers hope for the future.

填空题Is Harvard worth it? Conventional wisdom says yes. But with the price of a degree from America's most famous university and other elite private colleges now surpassing $125,000, many families — and a number of economists — aren't so sure. Here's a look at the evidence. For American's high school, seniors, April is the cruelest month. That's when colleges flood the postal system with news of who has won a place in next fall's freshman class. For more than a few families, a difficult decision will follow: Is it worth paying some $125,000 to give their child an education at an elite best private college? Or would her future be just as bright if she went to less expensive school? 41. ______ Certainly many neurotic boomer parents — and their stressed-out resume-building teenagers — assume that it is always better to choose Harvard over Big State U. because of Harvard' s presumably superior educational environment, better alumni connections, and more lucrative (profitable) on-campus recruiting opportunities. 42. ______ It's also true that if you want a career in big leading firms in the US, a gilt-edged diploma is a distinct advantage. Then again, there's plenty of anecdotal evidence that an elite education is hardly necessary. The majority of top CEOs (chief executive officer) surveyed by FORTUNE in 1990 did not attend an elite college. 43. ______ The academic evidence is murky to start with the basics: College pays. On average, a person with an undergraduate degree now earns almost twice as much as someone with only a high school diploma, up from 1.5 times in 1975. The economic literature on the payoff of graduating from an elite college, however, as opposed to any college, is far less conclusive. Several studies during the past decade found a connection between higher future earnings and attendance at a college with high SAT scores. Most of the research concluded that for each 100-point increase in the average SAT score, a graduate could expect a 3% to 7% increased in lifetime's earnings. 44. ______ You would expect graduates of selective schools — which attract successful students — to have successful careers. (It would be stunning if they didn't.) What such studies do not measure is how an individual's earnings are affected by the choice of college. Researchers found that those who went to the more prestigious schools reported higher earnings. 45. ______ Admissions offices at elite schools include many other criteria in their decisions — grades, extracurricular activities, recommendations, essays, interviews. These factors may reveal abilities, like good communication skills, that are far more valuable in the workplace than a perfect 1600. Because economists have no data on these traits, they term them" unobserved." But they are hardly unimportant. Until recently, no one had tried to control for unobserved characteristics in measuring the effect of an elite education on earnings.[A] What is less clear to many parents and their college-bound youngsters is whether it makes economic sense to attend an elite school with a total four-year price tag big enough to buy a nice suburban house in many parts of the country.[B] So what kind of return is there likely to be on that $125,000 investment? And how does it compare with the return on a less expensive but also less prestigious education?[C] These questions have no easy answers. Of course, that's not the impression you get from the $500-million-a-year college-admissions industry, with its magazine rankings, test prep courses, and guidebooks.[D] But the studies compared schools, not people.[E] School selectivity, measured by the average SAT score of the students at a school, doesn't pay off in a higher income over time.[F] It's true that big law firms, major teaching hospitals, and investment banks — even the offices of FORTUNE — are stuffed with Ivy Leaguers.[G] But SAT scores are not everything.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}}Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder,forQuestions41--45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistAHtofillineachnumberedboar.Threeparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinboxes.MarkyouranswersonAnswerSheet1.A.Dothechildren'sversesofEdwardLear,HilaireBellocortheAhlbergscountasnurseryrhymes,orarcthosesomethingdifferentaltogether?Whataboutplaygroundrhymes,clappingorskippinggames,footballchants,popsongsoroldmusic-hallsongs?WhatabouttheworkofRobertGraves,W.H.Auden,l.ouisMacNeice,evenWordsworthandByronthatusestheformandmetreofnurseryrhymes,oftentohauntinglycomplexemotionaleffect.See,it'snotassimpleasitappears.B.Ifthisanalysisofthestrangephenomenonthatisnurseryrhymesresemblesoneofthosemaddeninglyopaqueriddleswithwhichourrudeforefathersusedtoamusethemselvesaroundthefiresideofadarkwinter'sevening,itisprobablybecausethelineageofnurseryrhymesoccupiestwoquiteseparateandcontradictorytraditions--theoralandthewritten.C.Fromthisdiminutivebeginning(thebookmeasuredjust3inbyin),andfromALittlePrettyPocket-Book,publishedinthesameyearbyJohnNcwbery,thefirstspecialistchildren'spublisher,anentireliteraturesprang.Suddenly,therandomcacophonyoftheoraltradition--thelullabies,countinggames,fragmentsoffolksongs,mummer'splays,politicalsquibs,doggerel,scurrilousadultballads,riddlesandwhathaveyoubegantobecollectedandcodifiedintoaformalcanon,towhichthenameof"nurseryrhymes"becameattachedintheearly19thcentury.D.Thesatellitechildren'schannelNickJr.isrunningacompetitioncalledTimeforaNewRhyme.Thechannelislookingfora"modernnurseryrhymeforthenewmillennium",whichcouldbe"aboutanythingandeverythingfrompoliticalandcurrenteventstofamilylife".So,offyougo.Except,whatisanurseryrhyme,exactly?Andhowdoesitdifferif,indeeditdiffersatall--fromanyothersortofchildren'spoetry?E.Collectorsofanythingtendtohaveobsessive,eccentricandproprietorialtendencies,andfromtherealmofnurseryrhymethereemergedsomemagnificentspecimens.StrangestofallwasJohnBellendenKer,whodevelopedalaborioustheorydesignedtoprovethatEnglishnurseryrhymeshademergedfromakindofpoliticalprotestliteraturecomposedinaformofearlyDutch(whichwasinfacthisowninvention).F.Itiscertainthatthehistoryofnurseryrhymesisasoldasthehistoryoflanguage.Rhythmandrhymearenotmerelythefoundationsoflanguagelearning,but--togetherwiththeirnaturalpartners,thephysicalactivitiesofskipping,clapping,jumping,dancingtheyarethegreat,free,unbreakable,ever-readyplaythingsofchildhood.IonaOpie,theleadingauthorityonchildren'sloreandliterature,andherlatehusband,Peter,intheirintroductiontotheOxfordDictionaryofNurseryRhymes,noteafragmentofachildren'ssongintheBible("Wehavepipeduntoyou,andyehavenotdanced;wehavemourneduntoyou,andyehavenotwept.")G.Butonthewhole,referencestorhymesspecificallyintendedforchildrenarecomparativelyrarebeforethe18thcentury.Allthischangedswiftlyinthemid-18thcentury,whenthefirstbookofnurseryrhymesappeared:TommyThumb'sPrettySongBook,publishedbyawoman,MaryCooper,andeditedby"N.Lovechild',appearedin1744intwovolumes,at4dapiece.AsinglecopyofvolumetwosurvivesintheBritishMuseum,containingrhymesthatareasfamiliartothemodernastheGeorgiannursery:"Bah,bah,ablacksheep","WhodidkillCockRobbin?"and"TherewasalittleMan/AndhehadalittleGun."H.Theambiguityofwhatisandisn'tanurseryrhymeiscompoundedbythefactthateveryexpertyouconsultseemstohaveadifferenttheory.NickTucker,aformerseniorlecturerattheUniversityofSussex,comesupwiththemostenigmaticdefinition."It'scompletelyselfdefining,"hesays."Anurseryrhymeissomethinginanurseryrhymebook.Mostanthologiesarenotinterestedinexpandingthecanon,becausewhenpeoplebuyananthology,theydon'twantalotofchange.Athome,theyaresingingbitsofBeatlessongsorfootballchantstotheirchildren,whichwouldoncehavegotintothenurseryrhymecanon,ifafolkloristhadcomeandcollectedthem--butwehavegotpastthatstagenow."{{B}}Order:{{/B}}